Name: protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems
Uploaded: 2017-03-15T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 6 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

私たちは、研究分野を維持するために、ダスティン・コーベットとマーティ教区を含め、レイク・ウィーラー芝草フィールド研究所のサポートスタッフとしてだけでなく、フィールドと実験室での支援のためKhaliedアーメド、レイニーマクナイトとドリューPinnixに感謝します。この作品は、部分的に芝草環境研究と教育のためのノースカロライナ州立大学センターによってサポートされていました。

<ol>
	<li>Milesi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+and+modeling+the+biogeochemical+cycling+of+turf+grasses+in+the+United+States.">Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States.</a> Environ. Manag. 36, 426-438 (2005).</li><li>Turgeon, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Turfgrass management. , (2008).</li><li>Cisar, J. L., Synder, R. H., Sartain, J. B., Borgert, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+of+chloropyrifos+and+isazofos+and+implications+for+golfer+exposure.">Dislodgeable residues of chloropyrifos and isazofos and implications for golfer exposure.</a> Int. Turf. Soc. 9, 12-18 (2001).</li><li>Morgan, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+and+children's+exposure+to+2,4-D+from+multiple+sources+and+pathways.">Adult and children's exposure to 2,4-D from multiple sources and pathways.</a> J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18 (5), 486-494 (2008).</li><li>. Overview of Risk assessment in the Pesticide Program [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003">https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0157-0003</a> (2016)</li><li>. OCSPP Harmonized Test Guidelines - Master List [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf">https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/ocspp-testguidelines_masterlist-2015-11-19.pdf</a> (2015)</li><li>. Occupational and Residential Exposure Test Guidelines - OPPTS 875.1100 Dermal Exposure - Outdoor Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program">https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/overview-risk-assessment-pesticide-program</a> (1996)</li><li>Fuller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+California+roller+for+measuring+transferable+residues+on+treated+turfgrass.">Modified California roller for measuring transferable residues on treated turfgrass.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 787-794 (2001).</li><li>Klonne, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+five+transferable+turf+residue+methods.">Comparative study of five transferable turf residue methods.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 771-779 (2001).</li><li>Rosenheck, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+a+standardized+sampling+technique+for+pesticide+transferable+turf+residues.">Determination of a standardized sampling technique for pesticide transferable turf residues.</a> Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 67 (6), 780-786 (2001).</li><li>Kim, D. S., Marshall, E. J. P., Brain, P., Caseley, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+crop+canopy+structure+on+herbicide+deposition+and+performance.">Effects of crop canopy structure on herbicide deposition and performance.</a> Weed Res. 51 (3), 310-320 (2011).</li><li>Jeffries, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+dislodgeable+2,4-D+plant+residues+from+hybrid+bermudagrass+(Cynodon+dactylon+L.+x+C.+transvaalensis.)+athletic+fields.">Factors influencing dislodgeable 2,4-D plant residues from hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis.) athletic fields.</a> PLoS One. 11 (2), 1-16 (2016).</li><li>Sears, M. K., Bowhey, C., Braun, H., Stephenson, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislodgeable+residues+and+persistence+of+diazinon,+chloropyrifos+and+isofenphos+following+their+application+to+turfgrass.">Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon, chloropyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turfgrass.</a> Pestic. Sci. 20 (3), 223-232 (1987).</li><li>Campillo, C., Prieto, M. H., Daza, C., Mo&#324;ino, M. J., Garc&#237;a, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+digital+images+to+characterize+canopy+coverage+and+light+interception+in+a+processing+tomato+crop.">Using digital images to characterize canopy coverage and light interception in a processing tomato crop.</a> HortSci. 43 (6), 1780-1786 (2008).</li></ol>

著者らは、作るために開示全くありません。

規制機関は、芝草から譲渡の残留農薬を定量化するための具体的な方法は確認されていません。彼らはすべての人間のリスク評価のための有用性を持っているとして、この研究は、部位特異的および露出プロセス固有の基準に基づいて、さまざまな方法を利用してサポートしています。しかし、彼らはすべての研究者は、その使用に先立っを認識すべきである制限があります。最後に、芝草?...

芝草は、連続した米国（US）で百万16.3を超えるヘクタールで栽培されて-灌漑粒コーンの組み合わせの領域を超えて、[（Zea mays L.）の250万ヘクタール]、大豆[（ ダイズ L.）210万ヘクタール]とコットン[（ チョウ目害虫抵抗性ワタ L.）090万ヘクタール] -と土地と国民が利用されているが運動場、住宅/商業用芝生、ゴルフ場や公園1、2を含む使用しています。彼らは、ダストコントロール、放熱、レクリエーション面及び土壌の安定化を含む多くの肯定的な社会的属性を提供します。しかし、害虫の侵食が許容レベル3に芝を維持するために、殺虫剤（複数可）の使用を必要とする発生する可能性があります。 確立された芝草システムインターセプトにおける植物群落は、殺虫剤を噴霧しました。ヒューマン・農薬暴露は、治療から転送まし含め、様々な経路を介して可能です直接人間の上に、ならびにメンテナンス設備、ペットとレクリエーションアイテム4、5への転送などの間接ルートを通じてgetation。このような懸念に対処するために、人間の農薬暴露のリスク評価は、汚染された環境媒体6への曝露後の健康への悪影響の性質と確率を推定する前に米国で農薬登録と再登録に行われなければなりません。現在、USEPAによって採用職業や住宅暴露試験ガイドラインの範囲内、葉面譲渡残留物放散試験（OPPTS 875.2100）は、ヒトの皮膚/衣服の上に様々なプロセスを介して転送または、8は 7吸入することができる処理された表面上の残留農薬を定量化するために実施されています。 前の研究努力は、いくつかの葉への譲渡残留農薬の方法を比較したもの含めます鼎、既知の質量のローラーを移動ポリウレタンフォームローラー（（それに接続されている布で既知の質量の固体物体を引っ張って）、ドラッグそり（綿の布の上に、既知の質量のローラーを移動する）カリフォルニアローラーはポリウレタンフォームで覆われて）とすべての既知の領域で行われている靴のシャッフル（靴の綿のチーズクロスを装着）、殺虫剤処理した芝草9、10、11、12。前述の方法のうち、カリフォルニアロールベースのアプローチは、葉面譲渡残留農薬を定量化するための最も再現性のアプローチを提供します。しかし、このような靴のシャッフルのような比較的より積極的なアプローチはまた、リスク評価に有用性を有する複数の残留農薬を、転送することができます。ハンド拭く方法はユニークな処理された芝草の植生の表面に接触する比較的増強された能力を提供します。この方法は、nondietaのためのより多くの適用可能なデータを提供します手から口接点としてリュー農薬摂取は、この暴露経路に関連する一般的なプロセスです。 芝草キャノピーのダイナミクスは、種と使用部位の両方の間で大きく異なります。種は、一般的に殺虫剤スプレー傍受および生理学的プロセス3、13に影響を与えるブレード質感と密度、ならびに、成長習慣や季節で異なります。管理入力は、使用部位の間に広く変化し、サイト固有の予測に基づく使用のサイト内のすることができます。例えば、バミューダグラス（Cynodon属が。）一般的に&gt; 5 0.3 0.4センチメートルで、週回（切り抜きを収集）、ならびにnonirrigatedユーティリティグランドカバーを灌漑し、刈りされている緑色の表面を置くゴルフコースなどの適応気候に利用されていますこれは、1.5〜6.3センチメートルで（切り抜きが返される）&lt;週1回刈りすることができます。これまでの研究では、譲渡葉面残留農薬が使用サイト内の種間で変化させることができる示されています灌漑や草刈りプラクティス14、15の影響を受けています。最終的には、芝草のシステム間の変動は譲渡葉面残留農薬を定量化するための一般的な方法の実施を阻害します。したがって、人間のリスク評価を最適化する方法の選択は、殺虫剤によって、PROCESS-、部位特異的および種特異的な基準を包含すべきです。本研究の目的は、譲渡葉の残留農薬を定量化するために使用される様々な方法を特徴付けることであり、所与の実験のための方法を選択する際に考慮すべき条件をハイライト。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;General&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile gloves</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coolers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf paint</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Field plot measuring equipment</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protective foot apparel</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman 3 MM Chr Chromatography Paper</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-716-3E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Ball roll&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531137</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hacksaw for PVC cutting</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90&amp;deg; elbow (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>RCE-2000-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tee coupler (5 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>PVC024001600HD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC adhesive</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lag bolt (0.6 cm diameter by 7 cm length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>801366</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Size 4 soccer ball</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure gauge</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand air pump</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fabric scissors</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scott Rags-In-A-Box</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-12809</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Hand wipe&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton heavyweight inspection gloves</td><td>Uline</td><td>S-19284</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>National Institutes of Health</td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital scale that measures up to 400 g</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stopwatch</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket (23 cm diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>209313</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Modifed California roller&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal conduit (1.25 cm diameter by 1.8 m length)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>101543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC pipe (10 cm inner diameter)</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>531103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand + reebar to bring roller to 14.5 kg</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC plug</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>33403D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane foam sheet (1.25 cm thick) to cover PVC pipe</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 mm painter&#039;s plastic</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglass sheet (107 cm length by 76 cm width by 0.6 cm thick)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Toggle clamps</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal nails (10 to 15 cm length) to secure frame to ground</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100% cotton sheets (&gt;200 threadcount)</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32 oz sealable glass jar</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Turfgrass vegetation core collection&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>---</td><td>---</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lever action golf course cup cutter</td><td>Par Aide Product Company</td><td>1001-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knife</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiskars Herb Scissors</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>96086966J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Turf plug plastic container</td><td>Any</td><td>NA</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocols for quantifying transferable pesticide residues in turfgrass systems

確立された芝草システムにおける植物群落は、人間に様々な経路を介して転送することができ噴霧農薬、かなりの量を傍受することができます。このため、転写性残留農薬の実験は、米国環境保護庁（USEPA）の登録および再登録のために必要とされます。そのような実験が必要であるが、限られた特異性は、実験的なアプローチに関連する要求されます。綿手袋で拭い手を含む、ヒトへの農薬の転送を評価するために使用される実験的アプローチは、クリーピングベントグラスカリフォルニアロール（綿の布の上に、既知の質量のローラーを移動）と3つの処理された芝草種以上のサッカーボールロール（ボールが吸着剤ストリップでラップ）（修正しましたハイブリッドバミューダグラスとそれぞれ、0.4、5、9センチメートルに維持トールフェスク）が提示されています。修正されたカリフォルニアロールは、これまでで最も広く利用アプローチであり、かつ低草刈り高さでの使用に最適ですその再現性と大きなサンプリング領域に起因します。サッカーボールロールはあまり積極的な伝達手法です。しかし、それは最も人気のある国際的なスポーツでは非常に一般的発生を模倣し、手から口の接触からnondietary農薬暴露のための多くの意味を持っています。さらに、このアプローチは、制限された修飾を有する他の運動活動を調節することができます。ハンドワイピングは、ブレードの上に置くことができ、ローラベースのアプローチとして、高い刈り高さで農薬を転送するための最良の方法です。しかしながら、それは、より可変サンプリング圧によるより主観的です。芝草種を超えて、これらの方法の有用性が提示され、追加の考慮事項は、芝草のシステムが議論されているに譲渡残留農薬の研究を行います。

単一移譲残留農薬メソッド内以前のシングル芝草システム内で譲渡残留農薬の方法を比較する研究努力、および芝草システム上に構築さ、（ローリー、ノースカロライナ州、米国で2016年5月24日に開始された）現地調査では全体の方法を比較するために行きました芝草のシステム。 、トールフェスクを、短い、2,4-D、芝草システムで一般的に使用される広葉樹除草剤、...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems at JoVE.com

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

芝草システムでのTransferableの残留農薬の実験は、ヒトリスク・エクスポージャーの評価の不可欠なコンポーネントです。譲渡残基を測定するための実験的アプローチは、対象と芝草システムダイナミクスの人間の相互作用に調整する必要があります。三譲渡残留農薬プロトコルが提示され、3芝草システム間で適合性が議論されています。

芝草システムズに譲渡残留農薬を定量化するためのプロトコル

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

protocols-for-quantifying-transferable-pesticide-residues-turfgrass

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K ビュー.  North Carolina State University. 芝草システムでのTransferableの残留農薬の実験は、ヒトリスク・エクスポージャーの評価の不可欠なコンポーネントです。譲渡残基を測定するための実験的アプローチは、対象と芝草システムダイナミクスの人間の相互作用に調整する必要があります。三譲渡残留農薬プロトコルが提示され、3芝草システム間で適合性が議論されています。 

ビデオ: Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

環境学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

統合フィールドLysimetryと間隙水土壌中の化学物質の移動性の評価のためのサンプリングと設立植生

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

別の雑草種の堅牢な除草剤抵抗性試験のためのプロトコル

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we developed an excised leaf assay combined with a vegetative cloning strategy to normalize herbicide uptake and remove translocation as contributing factors in herbicide-resistant (R) and &#8211;sensitive (S) waterhemp populations. Biokinetic analyses of organic pesticides in plants typically include the determination of uptake, translocation (delivery to the target site), metabolic fate, and interactions with the target site. Herbicide metabolism is an important parameter to measure in herbicide-resistant weeds and herbicide-tolerant crops, and is typically accomplished with whole-plant tests using radiolabeled herbicides. However, one difficulty with interpreting biokinetic parameters derived from whole-plant methods is that translocation is often affected by rates of herbicide metabolism, since polar metabolites are usually not mobile within the plant following herbicide detoxification reactions. Advantages of the protocol described in this manuscript include reproducible, accurate, and rapid determination of herbicide degradation rates in R and S populations, a substantial decrease in the amount of radiolabeled herbicide consumed, a large reduction in radiolabeled plant materials requiring further handling and disposal, and the ability to perform radiolabeled herbicide experiments in the lab or growth chamber instead of a greenhouse. As herbicide resistance continues to develop and spread in dicot weed populations worldwide, the excised leaf assay method developed and described herein will provide an invaluable technique for investigating non-target site-based resistance due to enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and detoxification.

This manuscript describes how herbicide metabolism rates can be effectively quantified with excised leaves from a dicot weed, thereby reducing variability and removing any possible confounding effects of herbicide uptake or translocation typically observed in whole-plant assays.

摘出葉のアッセイで双子葉雑草除草剤代謝の速度を測定します

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

水中の農薬のモニタリングのための特性とパッシブサンプラーの応用

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often used on a limited number of stolons or rhizomes. For this reason, these traits are limited in their use for morphological characterization of plants. The use of digital image analysis software technology may overcome measurement errors due to human mistakes, which tend to increase as the number and size of samples also increase. The protocol can be used for any kind of crop but is particularly suitable for forage or grasses, where plants are small and numerous. Turf samples consist of aboveground biomass and an upper soil layer to the depth of maximum rhizome development, depending on the species of interest. In studies, samples are washed from the soil, and stolons/rhizomes are cleaned by hand before analysis by digital image analysis software. The samples are further dried in a laboratory heating oven to measure dry weight; therefore, for each sample, the resultant data are total length, total dry weight, and average diameter. Scanned images can be corrected before analysis by excluding visible extraneous parts, such as remaining roots or leaves not removed with the cleaning process. Indeed, these fragments normally have much smaller diameters than stolons or rhizomes, so they can be easily excluded from analysis by fixing the minimum diameter below which objects are not considered. Stolon or rhizome density per unit area can then be calculated based on sample size. The advantage of this method is quick and efficient measurement of the length and average diameter of large sample numbers of stolons or rhizomes.

A software-based image analysis system provides an alternative method to study the morphology of stoloniferous and rhizomatous species. This protocol permits measurement of the length and diameter of stolons and rhizomes and can be applied to samples with a large amount of biomass and to a wide variety of species.

ほふく茎と地下茎の芝草をデジタル画像解析システムを用いた測定

Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often ...

Quantification of the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Products on Microbiomes

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the shikimate pathway, which is virtually universal in plants. The inhibition of the enzyme stops the production of three essential amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSPS is also present in fungi and prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria; thus, the use of GBP may have an impact on the microbiome composition of soils, plants, herbivores, and secondary consumers. This article aims to present general guidelines to assess the effect of GBP on microbiomes from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses and provide a few testable hypotheses. Two field experiments are presented to test the GBP on non-target organisms. First, plant-associated microbes from 10 replicated control and GBP treatment plots simulating no-till cropping are sampled and analyzed. In the second experiment, samples from experimental plots fertilized by either poultry manure containing glyphosate residues or non-treated control manure were obtained. Bioinformatics analysis of EPSPS protein sequences is utilized to determine the potential sensitivity of microbes to glyphosate. The first step in estimating the effect of GBP on microbiomes is to determine their potential sensitivity to the target enzyme (EPSPS). Microbial sequences can be obtained either from public repositories or by means of PCR amplification. However, in the majority of field studies, microbiome composition has been determined based on universal DNA markers such as the 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS). In these cases, sensitivity to glyphosate can only be estimated through a probabilistic analysis of EPSPS sequences using closely related species. The quantification of the potential sensitivity of organisms to glyphosate, based on the EPSPS enzyme, provides a robust approach for further experiments to study target and non-target resistant mechanisms.

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. In this article, we introduce general guidelines to quantify the effect of GBP on microbiomes, from field experiments to bioinformatics analyses.

グリホサートベースの製品がマイクロバイオームに及ぼす潜在的な影響の定量化

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is the enzyme ...

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. Imidacloprid, the most widely used insecticide worldwide, is a representative first-generation neonicotinoid and is used in pest control for crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. With such a broad application of imidacloprid, its residue in crops has attracted increasing scrutiny. In the present study, 15 wheat seedlings were placed in a culture medium containing 0.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L imidacloprid for hydroculture. The content of imidacloprid in the wheat roots and leaves was determined after 1 day, 2 days, and 3 days of hydroculture to explore the migration and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat. The results showed that imidacloprid was detected both in the roots and leaves of the wheat plant, and the content of imidacloprid in the roots was higher than that in the leaves. Furthermore, the imidacloprid concentration in the wheat increased with increasing exposure time. After 3 days of exposure, the roots and leaves of the wheat in the 0.5 mg/L treatment group contained 4.55 mg/kg &plusmn; 1.45 mg/kg and 1.30 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.08 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively, while the roots and leaves of the 5 mg/L treatment group contained 42.5 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.62 mg/kg and 8.71 mg/kg &plusmn; 0.14 mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively. The results from the present study allow for a better understanding of pesticide residues in crops and provide a data reference for the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.

Presented here is a protocol for the determination of the absorption, translocation, and distribution of imidacloprid in wheat under hydroponic conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The results showed that imidacloprid can be absorbed by wheat, and imidacloprid was detected in both the wheat roots and leaves.

コムギ中のイミダクロプリドの吸収、転座、分布の決定

Neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides, are widely used because of their novel modes of action, high insecticidal activity, and strong root uptake. ...

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety of matrices both in official and non-official laboratories. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate has previously proven to be advantageous compared to the original and the two official versions. On the one hand, the simple addition of 0.5 g of ammonium formate per gram of sample is sufficient to induce phase separation and achieve good analytical performance. On the other hand, ammonium formate reduces the need for maintenance in routine analyses. Here, a modified QuEChERS method using ammonium formate was applied for the simultaneous analysis of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in agricultural soil. Specifically, 10 g of the sample was hydrated with 10 mL of water and then extracted with 10 mL of acetonitrile. Next, phase separation was carried out using 5 g of ammonium formate. After centrifugation, the supernatant was subjected to a dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up step with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, primary-secondary amine, and octadecylsilane. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used as the analytical technique. The QuEChERS method using ammonium formate is demonstrated as a successful alternative for extracting OCP residues from a soil sample.

The present protocol describes the utilization of ammonium formate for phase partitioning in QuEChERS, together with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to successfully determine organochlorine pesticide residues in a soil sample.

ギ酸アンモニウムを用いた改変QuEChERS法による土壌試料中の有機塩素系農薬の分析

Currently, the QuEChERS method represents the most widely used sample preparation protocol worldwide for analyzing pesticide residues in a broad variety ...