CA acknowledges a Discovery grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. CA acknowledges a Chair in Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery from GSK. The authors declare no competing financial interest.

<ol>
	<li>Dickerson, T. J., Reed, N. N., Janda, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+Polymers+as+Scaffolds+for+Recoverable+Catalysts+and+Reagents.">Soluble Polymers as Scaffolds for Recoverable Catalysts and Reagents.</a> Chemical Reviews. 102, 3325-3344 (2002).</li><li>van Heerbeek, R., Kamer, P. C. J., van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M., Reek, J. N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendrimers+as+Support+for+Recoverable+Catalysts+and+Reagents.">Dendrimers as Support for Recoverable Catalysts and Reagents.</a> Chemical Reviews. 102 (10), 3717-3756 (2002).</li><li>Knop, K., Hoogenboom, R., Fischer, D., Schubert, U. 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G., Chaibundit, C., Ricardo, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Block+copolymers+for+drug+solubilisation:+Relative+hydrophobicities+of+polyether+and+polyester+micelle-core-forming+blocks.">Block copolymers for drug solubilisation: Relative hydrophobicities of polyether and polyester micelle-core-forming blocks.</a> International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 345 (1-2), 35-41 (2007).</li><li>Matsumura, Y., Kataoka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+and+clinical+studies+of+anticancer+agent-incorporating+polymer+micelles.">Preclinical and clinical studies of anticancer agent-incorporating polymer micelles.</a> Cancer Science. 100 (4), 572-579 (2009).</li><li>Chan, A. S., Chen, C. H., Huang, C. M., Hsieh, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

アニオン重合は、分子量の上に提供し、良好なコントロールには、オキシラン単量体（PEG及びPPG）をベースとするポリマーを製造するための、業界で最も適用されたプロセスの一つです。最適かつストリンジェントな条件を達成することに成功し、重合のた​​めに使用されなければなりません。すべての試薬および適切な装置の厳密な精製は、合成のリビング特性のために不可欠です。現?...

水性媒体中で、両親媒性ブロックコポリマーは、親水性シェルまたはコロナによって囲まれた疎水性コアから成るナノサイズのブロック共重合体ミセル（のBCM）を形成するために集合します。ミセルのコアは、疎水性薬物の取り込みのためのリザーバとして役立つことができます。一方、親水性コロナは、コアと外部媒体との間のインタフェースを提供します。ポリ（エチレングリコール）（PEG）およびその誘導体は、ポリマーの最も重要なクラスの一つで最も広く薬物製剤に使用されるのである。1-3のBCMは、これに依存するいくつかの製剤と値する薬物送達プラットフォームであることが証明されています技術現在後期臨床開発4において最も一般的には、共重合体の疎水性ブロックは、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリ（D、L-ラクチド）、ポリ（プロピレンオキシド）またはポリ（β-ベンジル-L-アスパラギン酸）から構成されている。5 -9 片岡さんのグループは、PEO- bから形成された球状ミセルを調査しました</em&gt; -PBLAおよびポリ（エチレンオキシド） - B - 。ドキソルビシンの送達のための（ポリアスパラギン酸抱合ドキソルビシン）（DOX）、それらのレポートでは10,11、それらはポリマー結合薬剤またはPBLA間のπ-π相互作用を提唱しましたそして、自由DOXは、薬物負荷および保持の増加が得られたミセルのコアを安定させるように作用します。薬物およびコア形成ブロックとの間の互換性や相互作用が重要なパフォーマンス関連のパラメータの決定因子であることが確立されている。12 DOXに加えて、癌治療薬の数は、そのコア構造（ 例えば 、メトトレキサート、olaparib、SN内に芳香環を含みます-38）。 その結果、それらのコアを形成するブロック中のベンジル環を含む共重合体の合成における重要な関心があります。 PEGおよびその誘導体のアニオン開環重合は、分子量の制御を可能にし、良好な収率で低い多分散性の材料になる。13,14 Ethyleをフェニルグリシジルエーテル（PheGE）またはスチレンオキシドとね酸化物（SO）（共）することができ、疎水性薬物の可溶化のためのミセルを形成するブロック共重合体を形成するために重合。15-18現在のレポートは、フェニルのリビングアニオン重合をするために必要な手順を説明しますマクロ開始剤としてのmPEG-OH上のエーテルモノマーをグリシジル（ 図1）。得られたブロック共重合体及びその凝集体は、その後、薬物送達に使用するための関連性の性質の点で特徴づけられます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM/HAMF12</td><td>Gibco, Life Technologies</td><td>12500</td><td>Supplemented with 10% FBS. Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath.</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T4049</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F1051</td><td>Canada origin</td></tr><tr><td>MDA-MB-468 cell line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MTS tetrazolium reagent</td><td>PROMEGA</td><td>G111B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenazine ethosulfate (PES)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4544</td><td>&gt;95%</td></tr><tr><td>mPEG5K (Mn 5,400 g/mol)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>81323</td><td>PDI=1.02</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethylsolfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D4540</td><td>&gt;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Naphthalene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>147141</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Phenyl glycidyl ether</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A32608</td><td>&gt;85%</td></tr><tr><td>Benzophenone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>427551</td><td>&gt;99%</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>451096</td><td>&gt;98%</td></tr><tr><td>Tetrahydrofuran</td><td>Caledon Laboratory Chemicals</td><td>8900 1</td><td>ACS</td></tr><tr><td>Hexane</td><td>Caledon Laboratory Chemicals</td><td>5500 1</td><td>ACS</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium hydride (CaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>ACP</td><td>C-0460</td><td>&gt;99.5%</td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl Ether</td><td>Caledon Laboratory Chemicals</td><td>1/10/4800</td><td>ACS</td></tr><tr><td>Microplate reader</td><td>BioTek Instruments</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)</td><td>TA Instruments Inc</td><td>DSC Q100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel permeation chromatography (GPC)</td><td>Waters</td><td>2695 separation moldule / 2414 detector&amp;nbsp;</td><td>2 Columns: Agilent Plgel 5 &amp;micro;m Mixed-D</td></tr><tr><td>NMR spectroscopy</td><td>Varian Mercury 400MHz</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform-d</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>151858</td><td>99.96%</td></tr><tr><td>DMSO-d</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>156914</td><td>99.96%</td></tr><tr><td>Vaccum pump</td><td>Gardner Denver Welch Vacuum Tech, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Ultimate pressure 1x10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt; torr</td></tr><tr><td>Drierit with indicator, 8 mesh</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>238988</td><td>Regenerated at 230&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C for 2 hr</td></tr></tbody></table>

anionic polymerization of an amphiphilic copolymer for preparation of block copolymer micelles stabilized by &#960;-&#960; stacking interactions

本研究では、フェニル基を有するコア形成ブロックを含む両親媒性コポリマーは、メトキシポリエチレングリコール（MPEG-Bは-PPheGE）のフェニルグリシジルエーテル（PheGE）のリビングアニオン重合によって合成しました。共重合体の特性は、狭い分子量分布（PDI &lt;1.03）を明らかにしたmPEG 122の重合度確認- B - （PheGE）15。共重合体の臨界ミセル濃度は、動的光散乱法と透過電子顕微鏡により評価凝集挙動を確立蛍光法を用いて評価しました。薬物送達用途における使用のためのコポリマーの電位は、インビトロ 、生体適合性、ロードおよび疎水性の抗癌剤ドキソルビシン（DOX）の放出を含む予備的方法で評価しました。 DOXの安定なミセル製剤は、薬物efficiをロードする、14％（重量％）までの薬物負荷レベルを用いて調製しました。&gt; 60％（w / w）の、および生理学的に関連する条件（酸性および中性pH、アルブミンの存在）下で4日間にわたる薬物の徐放encies。高い薬物負荷レベルおよび持続放出は、DOXおよびミセルのコアを形成するブロック間のπ-π相互作用を安定させることに起因します。

<img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54422/54422fig3.jpg" /> ドキソルビシンのローディングのためのブロック共重合体ミセルの調製のために （PheGE）15図は、ナフタレンカリウムを用いたmPEGのヒドロキシル基の脱プロトン化を示す図であるMPEG - マクロ開始剤のフェニルグリシジルエーテルのアニオン重合の 図3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by Ï€-Ï€ Stacking Interactions at JoVE.com

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by &#960;-&#960; Stacking Interactions

メトキシポリエチレングリコール（MPEG-B -PPheGE）のフェニルグリシジルエーテル（PheGE）のリビングアニオン重合の重要なステップが記載されています。得られたブロック共重合体ミセル（のBCM）は、生理学的に関連する条件が得られた下で4日間にわたってドキソルビシン14％（重量％）と薬物の徐放を装填しました。

π-πスタッキング相互作用によって安定化されたブロック共重合体ミセルの調製のための両親媒性共重合体のアニオン重合

In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer that includes a core-forming block with phenyl groups was synthesized by living anionic polymerization of phenyl ...

anionic-polymerization-an-amphiphilic-copolymer-for-preparation-block

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13.9K ビュー.  University of Toronto. メトキシポリエチレングリコール（MPEG-B -PPheGE）のフェニルグリシジルエーテル（PheGE）のリビングアニオン重合の重要なステップが記載されています。得られたブロック共重合体ミセル（のBCM）は、生理学的に関連する条件が得られた下で4日間にわたってドキソルビシン14％（重量％）と薬物の徐放を装填しました。 

ビデオ: Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Gyroid Nickel Nanostructures from Diblock Copolymer Supramolecules

Nanoporous metal foams possess a unique combination of properties - they are catalytically active, thermally and electrically conductive, and furthermore, have high porosity, high surface-to-volume and strength-to-weight ratio. Unfortunately, common approaches for preparation of metallic nanostructures render materials with highly disordered architecture, which might have an adverse effect on their mechanical properties. Block copolymers have the ability to self-assemble into ordered nanostructures and can be applied as templates for the preparation of well-ordered metal nanofoams. Here we describe the application of a block copolymer-based supramolecular complex - polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine)(pentadecylphenol) PS-b-P4VP(PDP) - as a precursor for well-ordered nickel nanofoam. The supramolecular complexes exhibit a phase behavior similar to conventional block copolymers and can self-assemble into the bicontinuous gyroid morphology with two PS networks placed in a P4VP(PDP) matrix. PDP can be dissolved in ethanol leading to the formation of a porous structure that can be backfilled with metal. Using electroless plating technique, nickel can be inserted into the template&#39;s channels. Finally, the remaining polymer can be removed via pyrolysis from the polymer/inorganic nanohybrid resulting in nanoporous nickel foam with inverse gyroid morphology.

This article describes the preparation of well-ordered nickel nanofoams via electroless metal deposition onto nanoporous templates obtained from self-assembled diblock copolymer based supramolecules.

ジブロック共重合体超分子からジャイロイドニッケルナノ構造

Nanoporous metal foams possess a unique combination of properties - they are catalytically active, thermally and electrically conductive, and furthermore, ...

化学

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale (nanoparticles). Nanoparticles can be engineered in a precise fashion where their size, composition and surface chemistry can be carefully controlled. This enables unprecedented freedom to modify some of the fundamental properties of their cargo, such as solubility, diffusivity, biodistribution, release characteristics and immunogenicity. Since their inception, nanoparticles have been utilized in many areas of science and medicine, including drug delivery, imaging, and cell biology1-4. However, it has not been fully utilized outside of "nanotechnology laboratories" due to perceived technical barrier. In this article, we describe a simple method to synthesize a polymer based nanoparticle platform that has a wide range of potential applications. 
The first step is to synthesize a diblock co-polymer that has both a hydrophobic domain and hydrophilic domain. Using PLGA and PEG as model polymers, we described a conjugation reaction using EDC/NHS chemistry5 (Fig 1). We also discuss the polymer purification process. The synthesized diblock co-polymer can self-assemble into nanoparticles in the nanoprecipitation process through hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions.
The described polymer nanoparticle is very versatile. The hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle can be utilized to carry poorly soluble drugs for drug delivery experiments6. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can overcome the problem of toxic solvents for poorly soluble molecular biology reagents, such as wortmannin, which requires a solvent like DMSO. However, DMSO can be toxic to cells and interfere with the experiment. These poorly soluble drugs and reagents can be effectively delivered using polymer nanoparticles with minimal toxicity. Polymer nanoparticles can also be loaded with fluorescent dye and utilized for intracellular trafficking studies. Lastly, these polymer nanoparticles can be conjugated to targeting ligands through surface PEG. Such targeted nanoparticles can be utilized to label specific epitopes on or in cells7-10.

This article describes a nanoprecipitation method to synthesize polymer-based nanoparticles using diblock co-polymers. We will discuss the synthesis of diblock co-polymers, the nanoprecipitation technique, and potential applications.

ナノ析出法を通じて、ジブロック高分子ナノ粒子の製剤

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale ...

生物工学

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

ポリスチレンを使用しました<em&gt;ブロック</em&gt; - ポリ（アクリル酸）は、それらのホモポリマーおよび共重合用単量体として金属ナノ粒子をコーティングを採用

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

調製とキャラクタリゼーション個々のとマルチ薬ロード物理的に捕捉さ高分子ミセル

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox触媒を用いた可視光媒介分散重合によるワームのようなミセルの簡便な合成

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous networks, ribbons, worm-like aggregates, toroidal structures, and spherical particles) is described. These aggregates are morphologically influenced by extensive hydrophobic side chain-side chain interactions of the singular polycarbodiimide strands, as inferred by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Polycarbodiimide-g-polystyrene copolymers (PS-PCDs) were prepared by a combination of synthetic methods, including coordination-insertion polymerization, copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) &#34;click&#34; chemistry, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). PS-PCDs were found to form specific toroidal architectures at low concentrations in CHCl3. To determine the influence of a more polar solvent medium (i.e., THF and THF/EtOH) on polymer aggregation behavior, a number of representative PS-PCD composites have been tested to show discrete concentration-dependent spherical particles. These fundamental studies are of practical interest to the development of experimental procedures for desirable architectures by directed self-assembly in thin film. These architectures may be exploited as drug carriers, whereas other morphological findings represent certain interest in the area of novel functional materials.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare and visualize secondary structures (e.g., fibers, toroidal architectures, and nano-spheres) derived from helical polycarbodiimides. The morphology characterized by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was shown to depend on molecular structure, concentration, and the solvent of choice.

ヘリカルポリカルボジイミド共重合体およびそれらのトリアゾール誘導体から得られた自己組み立てモルフォロジー

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous ...

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization integrates the advantages of radical polymerization and living polymerization. This work presents the preparation of methionine functionalized biocompatible block copolymers via RAFT polymerization. Firstly, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide-b-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (BNHEMA-b-APMA, BA) was synthesized via RAFT polymerization using 4,4&#8217;-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA) as an initiating agent and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as the chain transfer agent. Subsequently, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylamide-b-N-(3-guanidinopropyl)methacrylamide (methionine grafted BNHEMA-b-GPMA, mBG) was prepared by modifying amine groups in APMA with methionine and guanidine groups. Three kinds of block polymers, mBG1, mBG2, and mBG3, were synthesized for comparison. A ninhydrin reaction was used to quantify the APMA content; mBG1, mBG2, and mBG3 had 21%, 37%, and 52% of APMA, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed that BA copolymers possess molecular weights of 16,200 (BA1), 20,900(BA2), and 27,200(BA3) g/mol. The plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexing ability of the obtained block copolymer gene carriers was also investigated. The charge ratios (N/P) were 8, 16, and 4 when pDNA was complexed completely with mBG1, mBG2, mBG3, respectively. When the N/P ratio of mBG/pDNA polyplexes was higher than 1, the Zeta potential of mBG was positive. At an N/P ratio between 16 and 32, the average particle size of mBG/pDNA polyplexes was between 100-200 nm. Overall, this work illustrates a simple and convenient protocol for the block copolymer carrier synthesis.

This work presents the preparation of methionine functionalized biocompatible block copolymers (mBG) via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method. The plasmid DNA complexing ability of the obtained mBG and their transfection efficiency were also investigated. The RAFT method is very beneficial for polymerizing monomers containing special functional groups.

標的プラスミドDNA送達に対するメチオニン機能性生体適合性共重合体

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization integrates the advantages of radical polymerization and living polymerization. This ...

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock copolymers are produced by one of three techniques: thin film rehydration, solvent switching or polymerization-induced self-assembly, and produce only flexible, polydisperse cylinders. Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) is a method which can produce cylinders with these properties, by stabilizing structures of a lower curvature due to the formation of a crystalline core. However, the living polymerization techniques by which most core-forming blocks are formed are not trivial processes and the CDSA process may yield unsatisfactory results if carried out incorrectly. Here, the synthesis of cylindrical nanoparticles from simple reagents is shown. The drying and purification of reagents prior to a ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone catalyzed by diphenyl phosphate is described. This polymer is then chain extended by methyl methacrylate (MMA) followed by N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) using reversible addition&#8722;fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, affording a triblock copolymer that can undergo CDSA in ethanol. The living CDSA process is outlined, the results of which yield cylindrical nanoparticles up to 500 nm in length and a length dispersity as low as 1.05. It is anticipated that these protocols will allow others to produce cylindrical nanostructures and elevate the field of CDSA in the future.

Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) displays the unique ability to fabricate cylindrical nanostructures of narrow length distributions. The organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization of &#949;-caprolactone and subsequent chain extensions of methyl methacrylate and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide are demonstrated. A living CDSA protocol that produces monodisperse cylinders up to 500 nm in length is outlined.

生分解性ブロック共重合体の結晶化駆動自己組織化による単分散円筒ナノ粒子の合成

The production of monodisperse cylindrical micelles is a significant challenge in polymer chemistry. Most cylindrical constructs formed from diblock ...

Preparation of Thermoresponsive Nanostructured Surfaces for Tissue Engineering

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-immobilized surfaces for controlling cell adhesion and detachment were fabricated by the Langmuir-Schaefer method. Amphiphilic block copolymers composed of polystyrene and PIPAAm (St-IPAAms) were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. A chloroform solution of St-IPAAm molecules was gently dropped into a Langmuir-trough apparatus, and both barriers of the apparatus were moved horizontally to compress the film to regulate its density. Then, the St-IPAAm Langmuir film was horizontally transferred onto a hydrophobically modified glass substrate by a surface-fixed device. Atomic force microscopy images clearly revealed nanoscale sea-island structures on the surface. The strength, rate, and quality of cell adhesion and detachment on the prepared surface were modulated by changes in temperature across the lower critical solution temperature range of PIPAAm molecules. In addition, a two-dimensional cell structure (cell sheet) was successfully recovered on the optimized surfaces. These unique PIPAAm surfaces may be useful for controlling the strength of cell adhesion and detachment.

Nanoscaled sea-island surfaces composed of thermoresponsive block copolymers were fabricated by the Langmuir-Schaefer method for controlling spontaneous cell adhesion and detachment. Both the preparation of the surface and the adhesion and detachment of cells on the surface were visualized.

組織工学のための熱応答性ナノ構造表面の調製

Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-immobilized surfaces for controlling cell adhesion and detachment were fabricated by the ...

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs), core-shell nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of charged polymers in aqueous solution, provide a powerful platform for exploring the physics of polyelectrolyte interactions and also offer a promising solution to the pressing problem of delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides in vivo. Developing predictive structure-property relationships for PCMs has proven difficult, in part due to the presence of strong kinetic traps during nanoparticle self-assembly. This article discusses criteria for choosing polymers for PCM construction and provides protocols based on salt annealing that enable assembly of repeatable, low-polydispersity nanoparticles. We also discuss PCM characterization using light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy.

We provide protocols and representative data for designing, assembling, and characterizing polyelectrolyte complex micelles, core-shell nanoparticles formed by polyelectrolytes and hydrophilic charged-uncharged block copolymers.

高分子電解質複合体ミセルの組み立てと特徴付け

Polyelectrolyte complex micelles (PCMs), core-shell nanoparticles formed by self-assembly of charged polymers in aqueous solution, provide a powerful ...