Name: determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test
Uploaded: 2015-09-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 16 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

この作品は、費補助金JSPSフェローのためのAAにすることによってサポートされていました。 ;費補助金のために日本学術振興会科学研究員のための革新的な分野にTKへ（第4501号及び25132712）によりますそして、麻布大学。 図2によって授与研究プロジェクトの助成金によって木原、T.、原田、T.、＆越田、N.ウェハー互換製造およびナノ結晶シリコン熱誘起超音波エミッタの特性から転載されました。 センサおよびアクチュエータA：では、物理 、ボリューム125、エルゼビア、P。 426、（2006）、エルゼビアからの許可を得て。

<html>すべての手順は、麻布大学の倫理委員会によって承認されました。全ての実験は、防音室で行いました。 1.動物の準備<ol><li>記録のための男性<ol><li>交配の経験が性的に成熟した雄マウスを入手します。 </li></ol></li><li>女性被験者<ol><li> （ - 12週齢通常8）ケージあたり2〜5同腹子に収容されてきた処女雌マウスを入手します。 </li><li>マクリーン21によれば、試験前の発情周期の位相を決定するために、毎日の膣スメアを取得します。ケアは、偽妊娠を避けるために、膣の刺激を最小限に抑えるよう注意が必要です。 </li><li>ギムザで塗抹標本を染色し、白血球、角化上皮細胞、および有核上皮細胞の有無に基づいて発情周期の位相を決定し、ネルソン22によります。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. [デバイス（図1） _content &quot;&gt; <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1.jpg" /> 二つの選択肢のテストボックスとデバイスの図1の回路図。マウスは、彼らとニュートラルゾーンの間に位置する小さなゲートを介して部屋AとBにアクセスすることができます。二選択ボックスと2つの超音波エミッタは防音室の床に置かれています。マイクは防音チャンバー内に吊り下げられています。略称：PC、パーソナルコンピュータである。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53074/53074fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <ol><li>記録のために<ol><li> USB型A / Dコンバータを使用してPCに超コンデンサーマイクを接続します。 </li><li> 「7」にA / D変換器のゲインレベルを設定します。 </li><li>オーディオキャプチャソフトウェアを使用して、400 kHzでのサンプリングレートで16ビット形式のファイル内の音響データを記録します。 </li></ol></li><li>再生のための<ol><li>使用してPCにD / A変換器を接続しますUSBインターフェース。 </li><li>減衰器を介してD / Aコンバータへの2つのアンプを接続します。 （後者のデバイスは、過負荷を防止するためのものです。） </li><li>各アンプに超音波エミッタを接続します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3. USV録音<ol><li>側壁で直径6cmの穴0.5センチ金網で覆われた穴小（17×10×11センチ）または中型（21×14×13 cm）のケージにオスのマウスを置きます。中型ケージを使用する場合は、面積を減少させるために、ケージの中央を横切って、パーティションを構成します。 </li><li>録音を汚染する可能性がカサカサ音を回避するためにケージ内のベッドを使用しないでください。 </li><li>メッシュの横にマイクを置きます。 </li><li>ステップ2.1に示す記録セットアップと超音波発声の監視を開始します。 </li><li>雄マウスとケージの中に発情後期または発情間期のいずれかで性的に成熟した雌のマウスを置きます。 </li><li> 5分 - 3のレコードUSVs。 </li></ol> 4. TESTボックス<ol><li>アクリル板（ 図1）を使用して、テストボックスを作成します。 注：ニュートラルゾーン（15×20 cm）であり、部屋AとB（20×10センチ、それぞれ）：試験箱（35×20、および×20センチの高さ）は、3つの区画に分割されています。客室AおよびBは、それぞれ0.5センチメートル金網で覆われている4 cmで径孔を有します。穴やメッシュは中立ゾーンと部屋AとBの間の部屋A、Bの各端作るゲート（5×5センチメートルそれぞれ）に配置されています</li><li>音漏れを防止するためには、各メッシュの周囲のボックスにそれらをシール、ゴム板を使用して、メッシュに面する側を除いて、各超音波エミッタを絶縁します。 </li><li>遮音のために部屋AとBの間の壁の両側にリードシールを置きます。 </li></ol> 5.サウンド再生の準備<ol><li>再生音の作成<ol><li>デジタルオーディオ編集ソフトウェアを使用して記録されたファイルからUSVの20秒のセグメントをキャプチャします。 </li><li>背景なしを選択し、キャプチャ20秒USVセグメントファイルからISE（0.35秒）。雑音区間を繰り返すことにより、20秒のバックグラウンドノイズファイルを作成します。 </li><li>同時に2つのサウ​​ンドファイルを再生するには、「左耳」とのために、他のファイルに1つのファイルで、単一のステレオサウンドファイルとして書き出す」右耳。」 </li><li> 40kHzのカットオフを用いて、高域通過フィルタを使用して音声ファイルをフィルタ。 </li><li>後処理ソフトウェアでノイズリダクションツールを使用してノイズを低減します。選択し、ノイズ低減プロファイルとして何のUSVsを含まないファイルのセグメントをキャプチャし、レベル40とノイズリダクションを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>再生音のキャリブレーション<ol><li>超音波エミッタとマイクの間のスペースは10cmであることを確認してください。 </li><li>超音波エミッタからの音圧レベルを較正するために、ステップ2.1で説明した構成を用いた超音波モニタリングを行います。デシベル（dB）でマイクで音圧レベルを測定します。 </li><li> USIアッテネータとアンプをngの、ステップ3で記録された男性のUSVsと同じ音圧レベルに超音波エミッタによって生成されたUSVsの音量を調整します。 </li><li> 2つの超音波エミッタとUSVs及び背景雑音からなる音声ファイルを使用する場合、2つの超音波エミッタは、行動試験を行う前にキャリブレーション音（例えば、75 kHzの純音）を使用して、同じ音圧レベルを示すことを確認します。 </li><li> USVsの二つの流れから成るサウンドファイルを再生する場合、テストの前に、同じレベルに生成された2つの音圧レベルを調整します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.二選択テスト<ol><li>試験箱のメッシュの後ろに超音波エミッタを配置します。 </li><li>アクリル板付きの客室、A、Bにゲートを閉じ、30分間のニュートラルゾーンに女性対象を慣らします。マウスが逃げることができることを避けるために、アクリル板で箱をカバー。 </li><li> CCを使用して録画を開始しますDカメラは、ボックスの上に取り付けられました。カメラ（ 図1には図示せず）は、全ての3つの区画の面積をカバーします。 </li><li>ゲート及びカバーボードを取り外し、女性が自由に音のゾーンを含む試験箱を探索することができます。 </li><li>女性が両方のメッシュを調査しており、ニュートラルゾーンに戻った後は、5または10分間繰り返し、20秒のサウンドファイルの再生を開始。 </li><li> 5または10分間の行動監視を行っています。 </li><li>前の対象から堆積望ましくない嗅覚を減らすために、70％エタノールを用いた試験の間に試験ケージを清掃してください。 </li><li>ランダム部屋AまたはBに向けて固有の側バイアス効果を避けるために、超音波エミッタAとBの場所を切り替えます</li></ol> 7.統計分析<ol><li>行動イベントスコアのソフトウェアを使用して、次のパラメータを分析：各部屋内のエントリの総数を、各中間ゾーンでの滞在時間の合計。各サウンドゾーンの滞在時間の合計。と超音波エミッタの前に各メッシュの検索の合計時間。 図1は 、「ミドルゾーン」とが何を意味するのかを示して、「サウンドゾーン&quot;。 注意：マウスは、2つのゾーン間の境界線上にとどまる場合には（ 図1、破線は）ヘッドの方向によって位置を決めます。ヘッドメッシュ側を向いている場合には、音声区間での滞在として記録されます。 </li><li>各行動パラメータについては、ウィルコクソンの符号順位検定を使用して部屋AとBの応答を比較し、または0.05の有意水準でのt -testsをペアリング。 </li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficit+in+attachment+behavior+in+mice+lacking+the+mu-opioid+receptor+gene.">Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene.</a> Science. 304 (5679), 1983-1986 (2004).</li><li>Hiramoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tbx1:+identification+of+a+22q11.2+gene+as+a+risk+factor+for+autism+spectrum+disorder+in+a+mouse.">Tbx1: identification of a 22q11.2 gene as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder in a mouse.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 20 (24), 4775-4785 (2011).</li><li>Ey, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+of+deficits+in+social+behaviors+and+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+later+generations+of+mice+lacking+neuroligin4.">Absence of deficits in social behaviors and ultrasonic vocalizations in later generations of mice lacking neuroligin4.</a> Genes Brain Behav. , (2012).</li><li>Roy, S., Watkins, N., Heck, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+analysis+of+ultrasonic+vocalizations+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome+reveals+limited,+call+type+specific+deficits.">Comprehensive analysis of ultrasonic vocalizations in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome reveals limited, call type specific deficits.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e44816 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Here, the results of a representative test showed that female mice can discriminate between artificial male USVs and background noise (Figure 3). The conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the discrimination signal is reflected in the duration of stay in the room and sound zone, and in the duration of searching the mesh in the first 5 min of testing, but not in the second 5 min (Figure 3C, E and F). These data indicate that mice become habituated to the playback sounds, possib...

多くの動物は種内の通信のための発声を使用しています。マウスハツカネズミでは、通信信号の一つの重要な種類は、20kHzのより高い周波数を有する超音波発声（USVs）、です。マウスによって放出されたUSVsは男女1-4、メス-メス1、5、およびオス-オス1、6相互作用における社会的認知のコンポーネントと考えられています。彼らは自分の彼女の子犬-検索行動を増加させ、母、ため、仔の生存7から隔離されたときにUSVsも子犬によって放出されます。多くの報告がマウスUSVs 8,9を分析し、分類しているが、受信動物の行動反応と神経機構は少ない10、11を文書化されている。後者はUSVsの諸特性の生物学的意義を明確にする必要があります。これらのメカニズムを明らかにするために、再生実験は、効率的な方法です。最近の再生の研究は、女性のことを明らかにしましたマウスはUSVs 12に引き寄せられ、彼らは彼らの親13、14から異なっている男性からUSVsを好むこと。 この記事では、マウスのUSVの好みを評価するために使用される再生テストを説明します。二選択試験箱を図1に示すように、2つの異なるUSVsは、試験容器の二つの区画に同時に再生することが可能で開発された。試験箱のこのタイプは、三つのサブチャンバ内にテスト領域を分割して音声汚染を防止、鉛の壁を使用。超音波エミッタが各部屋の外に位置しています。部屋や超音波エミッタとの間の壁にはワイヤメッシュで覆われた穴があります。マウスは、3つの部屋の中で自由に移動し、超音波エミッタによって再生USVsに応答するかのように、「メッシュを検索する」の挙動を示すことができます。この試験では、マウスは1音エミッタまたは他の近くに異なる期間の期間にご利用いただけます。これらのパラメータは、敏感measuを得るために記録することができます<html>音の好みの再。 バックUSVsを再生するには、ナノ結晶シリコン熱音響放射体（ すなわち 、「NC-Siのエミッタ」）は、以前の研究15-17のように使用されました。これらのデバイスは、薄膜ヒータ電極、ナノ多孔質シリコン層、及び単結晶シリコンウエハで構成されています。デジタルサウンドファイルは、アナログ信号に変換された後、ヒータ電極を通過します。デバイスは、低歪みと有意な音圧に生じる電圧に依存する熱信号に変換します。この装置は、その中で一意である、機械的な振動に依存する共通の音源とは異なり、振動板を必要とせずに音を再生することができます。エミッタは、20から160キロヘルツ（ 図2）の周波数で平坦な音圧レベルを示し、持続時間、周波数、音圧レベル15、18、19の観点で非常に正確にデジタルで記録されたネズミUSVsを再生することができます。 図3に示す代表的な実験においてve_contentは&quot;&gt;、C57BL / 6（B6）雌のBALB / c（BALB）との間で雄USVsとバックグラウンドノイズを選択させた。また、 図4は、間にB6とBALB女性の選択肢を示していますBALBとB6の男性からの同時USVのプレイバックは、以前の研究で報告されているように14。男性のUSVsの特徴は、B6の間で異なり、BALBは20菌株 。これらの結果により、USVsの魅力が存在するプロトコルを用いて評価することができます示されているように、ここで音は、生きた個体から記録された音響的に分析し、他の個体に再生されます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Soundproof chamber</td><td>Muromachi Kikai</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small cage</td><td>CLEA Japan</td><td>CL-0113-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Middle cage</td><td>CLEA Japan</td><td>CL-0103-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound condenser microphones</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>CM16/CMPA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A/D converter</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>UltraSoundGate116H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Audio software</td><td>Avisoft Bioacoustics</td><td>RECORDER USGH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adobe Audition 3.0 / Audio editing software</td><td>Adobe Systems</td><td>Adobe Audition 3.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nc-Si emitter</td><td>Original</td><td></td><td>not commercially available but it is planned to be so in near future</td></tr><tr><td>D/A converter</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6251 BNC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Attenuator</td><td>Original</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Yamatake</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC</td><td>Windows 7 professional</td><td></td><td>Intel&amp;reg; core i7-2600K CPU @ 3.4GHz, 8GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td></tr><tr><td>Event recorder Excel-macro / Event-scoring software</td><td>original</td><td></td><td>Programmed by Naoto Akagawa &amp;amp; Takeru Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubber plates (made of elastomer resin)</td><td>Tokyo bouon</td><td>TI-75BK B4</td><td>Cut them to the proper size http://www.piano-bouon.jp/shopping/?pid=1329272401-447630&amp;amp;ca=6&amp;amp;p=3</td></tr><tr><td>Giemsa&#039;s azur eosin methylene blue solution</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1.09204.0500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

determining ultrasonic vocalization preferences in mice using a two-choice playback test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

USVs は 、図3に示す代表的な実験に聞こえる再生として使用された1 BALB男性（20秒あたり161音節）と同様に、バックグラウンドノイズから記録した。この実験では、7メスのB6マウスは、生後9週で使用しました。サウンドを再生する女性の応答のテストの最高の持続時間を決定するために、行動パラメータは合計10分間の試験時間の最初と最後の5分間別々に分析しまし?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test at JoVE.com

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

二つの選択肢の再生テストを使用して、マウスにおける超音波発声の設定を決定します

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

determining-ultrasonic-vocalization-preferences-mice-using-two-choice

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.1K ビュー.  Azabu University. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

ビデオ: Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Assessment of Ultrasonic Vocalizations During Drug Self-administration in Rats

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and relapse. Various types of behavioral activity are commonly utilized as measures of drug motivation in animals. However, a crucial component of drug abuse relapse in abstinent cocaine users is "drug craving", which is difficult to model in animals, as it often occurs in the absence of overt behaviors. Yet, it is possible that a class of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in rats may be a useful marker for affective responses to drug administration, drug anticipation and even drug craving. Rats vocalize in ultrasonic frequencies that serve as a communicatory function and express subjective emotional states. Several studies have shown that different call frequency ranges are associated with negative and positive emotional states. For instance, high frequency calls ("50-kHz") are associated with positive affect, whereas low frequency calls ("22-kHz") represent a negative emotional state. This article describes a procedure to assess rat USVs associated with daily cocaine self-administration. For this procedure, we utilized standard single-lever operant chambers housed within sound-attenuating boxes for cocaine self-administration sessions and utilized ultrasonic microphones, multi-channel recording hardware and specialized software programs to detect and analyze USVs. USVs measurements reflect emotionality of rats before, during and after drug availability and can be correlated with commonly assessed drug self-administration behavioral data such lever responses, inter-response intervals and locomotor activity. Since USVs can be assessed during intervals prior to drug availability (e.g., anticipatory USVs) and during drug extinction trials, changes in affect associated with drug anticipation and drug abstinence can also be determined. In addition, determining USV changes over the course of short- and long-term drug exposure can provide a more detailed interpretation of drug exposure effects on affective functioning.

Drug self-administration and ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) are used as behavioral assessments in animal research, but rarely in combination. The purpose of this article is to describe the advantages of recording USVs during drug self-administration procedures to assess affective responses to drug experience.

ラットの薬物自己投与時の超音波発声の評価

Drug self-administration procedures are commonly used to study behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with human drug abuse, addiction and ...

神経科学

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies for modeling the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits. Characterizing the vocal behavior of mouse models carrying mutations in genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders will help to understand the mechanisms leading to social communication deficits. We provide here protocols to reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations in pups and in adult mice. This standardization will help reduce inter-study variability due to the experimental settings. Pup isolation calls are recorded throughout development from individual pups isolated from dam and littermates. In adulthood, vocalizations are recorded during same-sex interactions (without a sexual component) by exposing socially motivated males or females to an unknown same-sex conspecific. We also provide a protocol to record vocalizations from adult males exposed to an estrus female. In this context, there is a sexual component in the interaction. These protocols are established to elicit a large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations in laboratory mice. However, we point out the important inter-individual variability in the vocal behavior of mice, which should be taken into account by recording a minimal number of individuals (at least 12 in each condition). These recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations are used to evaluate the call rate, the vocal repertoire and the acoustic structure of the calls. Data are combined with the analysis of synchronous video recordings to provide a more complete view on social communication in mice. These protocols are used to characterize the vocal communication deficits in mice lacking ProSAP1/Shank2, a gene associated with autism spectrum disorders. More ultrasonic vocalizations recordings can also be found on the mouseTube database, developed to favor the exchange of such data.

Mouse ultrasonic vocalizations are used as proxies to model the genetic bases of vocal communication deficits in mouse models for neuropsychiatric disorders. The present protocol describes three experimental contexts that reliably elicit ultrasonic vocalizations from pups (throughout development) and adult mice (same-sex interactions, male-estrus female interactions).

ソーシャル・コミュニケーションを評価するためにマウスの超音波発声を記録

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

行動学

Targeted Training of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Aged and Parkinsonian Rats

Voice deficits are a common complication of both Parkinson disease (PD) and aging; they can significantly diminish quality of life by impacting communication abilities. 1, 2 Targeted training (speech/voice therapy) can improve specific voice deficits,3, 4 although the underlying mechanisms of behavioral interventions are not well understood. Systematic investigation of voice deficits and therapy should consider many factors that are difficult to control in humans, such as age, home environment, age post-onset of disease, severity of disease, and medications. The method presented here uses an animal model of vocalization that allows for systematic study of how underlying sensorimotor mechanisms change with targeted voice training. The ultrasonic recording and analysis procedures outlined in this protocol are applicable to any investigation of rodent ultrasonic vocalizations.
The ultrasonic vocalizations of rodents are emerging as a valuable model to investigate the neural substrates of behavior.5-8 Both rodent and human vocalizations carry semiotic value and are produced by modifying an egressive airflow with a laryngeal constriction.9, 10 Thus, rodent vocalizations may be a useful model to study voice deficits in a sensorimotor context. Further, rat models allow us to study the neurobiological underpinnings of recovery from deficits with targeted training.
To model PD we use Long-Evans rats (Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.) and induce parkinsonism by a unilateral infusion of 7 &mu;g of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle which causes moderate to severe degeneration of presynaptic striatal neurons (for details see Ciucci, 2010).11, 12 For our aging model we use the Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 (National Institute on Aging).
Our primary method for eliciting vocalizations is to expose sexually-experienced male rats to sexually receptive female rats. When the male becomes interested in the female, the female is removed and the male continues to vocalize. By rewarding complex vocalizations with food or water, both the number of complex vocalizations and the rate of vocalizations can be increased (Figure 1).
An ultrasonic microphone mounted above the male's home cage records the vocalizations. Recording begins after the female rat is removed to isolate the male calls. Vocalizations can be viewed in real time for training or recorded and analyzed offline. By recording and acoustically analyzing vocalizations before and after vocal training, the effects of disease and restoration of normal function with training can be assessed. This model also allows us to relate the observed behavioral (vocal) improvements to changes in the brain and neuromuscular system.

Voice disorders are debilitating in aging and Parkinson disease. The ultrasonic vocalizations of rats, also affected by these conditions, can be used to study these voice disorders, their neural substrates, and the nature of functional recovery with behavioral intervention.

高齢者とパーキンソンラットにおける超音波発声の対象とトレーニング

Voice deficits are a common complication of both Parkinson disease (PD) and aging; they can significantly diminish quality of life by impacting ...

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

雄マウス超音波発声（USV）曲の抽出と分析

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

実験用マウスのための認知エンリッチメントとしてクリッカートレーニングの紹介

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated within a few milliseconds, leading to a whole body flinch in rodents1. Although startle responses are reflexive responses that can be reliably elicited, they are not stereotypic. They can be modulated by emotions such as fear (fear potentiated startle) and joy (joy attenuated startle), by non-associative learning processes such as habituation and sensitization, and by other sensory stimuli through sensory gating processes (prepulse inhibition), turning startle responses into an excellent tool for assessing emotions, learning, and sensory gating, for review see 2, 3. The primary pathway mediating startle responses is very short and well described, qualifying startle also as an excellent model for studying the underlying mechanisms for behavioural plasticity on a cellular/molecular level3.
We here describe a method for assessing short-term habituation, long-term habituation and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle responses in rodents. Habituation describes the decrease of the startle response magnitude upon repeated presentation of the same stimulus. Habituation within a testing session is called short-term habituation (STH) and is reversible upon a period of several minutes without stimulation. Habituation between testing sessions is called long-term habituation (LTH)4. Habituation is stimulus specific5. Prepulse inhibition is the attenuation of a startle response by a preceding non-startling sensory stimulus6. The interval between prepulse and startle stimulus can vary from 6 to up to 2000 ms. The prepulse can be any modality, however, acoustic prepulses are the most commonly used.
Habituation is a form of non-associative learning. It can also be viewed as a form of sensory filtering, since it reduces the organisms' response to a non-threatening stimulus. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) was originally developed in human neuropsychiatric research as an operational measure for sensory gating7. PPI deficits may represent the interface of "psychosis and cognition" as they seem to predict cognitive impairment8-10. Both habituation and PPI are disrupted in patients suffering from schizophrenia11, and PPI disruptions have shown to be, at least in some cases, amenable to treatment with mostly atypical antipsychotics12, 13. However, other mental and neurodegenerative diseases are also accompanied by disruption in habituation and/or PPI, such as autism spectrum disorders (slower habituation), obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's Disease (PPI)11, 14, 15 Dopamine induced PPI deficits are a commonly used animal model for the screening of antipsychotic drugs16, but PPI deficits can also be induced by many other psychomimetic drugs, environmental modifications and surgical procedures.

Habituation and prepulse inhibition of startle are operational measures of sensory gating. Sensory gating is disrupted in schizophrenia, and some other mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We here describe a standard protocol to assess short-term and long-term habituation as well as prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle responses in rats and mice.

げっ歯類における音響驚愕の慣れとプレパルス抑制

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

マウスで本能的な防衛中に空間記憶の役割を調査するため行動分析

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the experiments. Such parameters may be physiological response characteristics of the auditory pathway, e.g. via brainstem audiometry (BERA). But these methods allow only indirect and uncertain extrapolations about the auditory percept that corresponds to these physiological parameters. To assess the perceptual level of hearing, behavioral methods have to be used. A potential problem with the use of behavioral methods for the description of perception in animal models is the fact that most of these methods involve some kind of learning paradigm before the subjects can be behaviorally tested, e.g. animals may have to learn to press a lever in response to a sound. As these learning paradigms change perception itself 1,2 they consequently will influence any result about perception obtained with these methods and therefore have to be interpreted with caution. Exceptions are paradigms that make use of reflex responses, because here no learning paradigms have to be carried out prior to perceptual testing. One such reflex response is the acoustic startle response (ASR) that can highly reproducibly be elicited with unexpected loud sounds in na&iuml;ve animals. This ASR in turn can be influenced by preceding sounds depending on the perceptibility of this preceding stimulus: Sounds well above hearing threshold will completely inhibit the amplitude of the ASR; sounds close to threshold will only slightly inhibit the ASR. This phenomenon is called pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) 3,4, and the amount of PPI on the ASR gradually depends on the perceptibility of the pre-pulse. PPI of the ASR is therefore well suited to determine behavioral audiograms in na&iuml;ve, non-trained animals, to determine hearing impairments or even to detect possible subjective tinnitus percepts in these animals. In this paper we demonstrate the use of this method in a rodent model (cf. also ref. 5), the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), which is a well know model species for startle response research within the normal human hearing range (e.g. 6).

A fast and inexpensive method for the behavioral determination of hearing parameters like hearing thresholds, hearing impairments or phantom perceptions (subjective tinnitus) is described. It uses pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and can be easily implemented in a personal computer using a programmable AD/DA-converter and a piezo sensor.

げっ歯類における行動聴力検査のための低コストのセットアップ

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

恐怖条件付けを修正したマウスの能動的防御行動の研究

Modified Fear Conditioning for Inducing Flight Behaviors in Mice

The appropriate manifestation of defensive behavior in a threatening situation is critical for survival. The prevailing theory suggests that an active defensive behavior, such as jumping or rapid darting, is expressed under high threat imminence or actual threat, whereas passive defensive behavior, such as freezing, is expressed when the threat is predicted, but the threat imminence is relatively low. In classical fear conditioning, subjects typically exhibit freezing as a conditioned defensive response, with little expression of active defensive behavior in most cases. Here, we introduce a modified fear conditioning procedure for mice to observe the transition from freezing to flight and vice versa, involving five repetitive pairings of conditioned stimuli (CS; continuous tone, 8 kHz, 95 dB SPL (sound pressure levels)) and unconditioned stimuli (US; foot shock, 0.9 mA, 1.0 s) over two days. This modified fear conditioning procedure requires a relatively large number of conditioning sessions and conditioning days but does not necessitate a high-intensity foot shock for modest expression of flight behavior. Using the same context for conditioning and salient CS presentations is essential to elicit flight behaviors. This modified fear conditioning procedure is a reliable method for observing active defensive behaviors in mice, providing an opportunity to elucidate the fine mechanisms and characteristics of such behaviors in a fearful context.

著者スポットライト:恐怖学習と消滅における防御行動の神経相関の探索

To study flight behaviors in a fearful context, we introduce a modified fear conditioning protocol. This protocol ensures that mice consistently exhibit flight behaviors during cue presentation in the fear conditioning.

マウスの飛翔行動を誘導するための修正された恐怖条件付け

The appropriate manifestation of defensive behavior in a threatening situation is critical for survival. The prevailing theory suggests that an active ...

二つの選択肢の再生テストを使用して、マウスにおける超音波発声の設定を決定します

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ラットの薬物自己投与時の超音波発声の評価

ソーシャル・コミュニケーションを評価するためにマウスの超音波発声を記録

高齢者とパーキンソンラットにおける超音波発声の対象とトレーニング

雄マウス超音波発声（USV）曲の抽出と分析

実験用マウスのための認知エンリッチメントとしてクリッカートレーニングの紹介

げっ歯類における音響驚愕の慣れとプレパルス抑制

マウスで本能的な防衛中に空間記憶の役割を調査するため行動分析

げっ歯類における行動聴力検査のための低コストのセットアップ

マウスの飛翔行動を誘導するための修正された恐怖条件付け

マウスの飛翔行動を誘導するための修正された恐怖条件付け