This work was supported by the Terry Fox Program of the National Cancer Institute of Canada.

<ol>
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F.S. Foster acknowledges his role as consultant to VisualSonics Inc.

超音波造影剤は、後期妊娠マウス胚および非線形コントラスト画像に注射し、灌流パラメータを測定するために取得し、結合マイクロバブルを標的とした。胚の血管系内のマイクロバブルの成功イメージングは​​、多くの要因、最初のもの胚の生存率に依存していた。すべての機器および装置は、注入の開始に子宮から胚を単離するために必要な時間を最小にするために、事前に調製した?...

造影超音波イメージングは​​、血管環境を視覚化し、特徴付けるために、マイクロバブル造影剤を利用する。これらの物質は、微小循環、血管分布および心血管機能の非侵襲的評価を可能に。また、気泡表面の改質が可能な血管イベントの分子の超音波イメージングを行う血管形成、アテローム性動脈硬化症および炎症1,2の前臨床用途で実証されるように、内皮細胞のバイオマーカーに結合する標的化マイクロバブルをもたらすことができる。造影超音波は、したがって、健康と病気の血管の状態3-5に影響を与える複雑かつ多様な環境を識別するために使用することができる。 年の過去数には、マイクロバブルイメージングの有用性への関心は汎用性の高いマウス胚モデルに拡張しました。哺乳類の発生のモデルとして、胚の血管系へのマイクロバブルの導入は、生理的な強化開発循環系（ 例えば 、血流量、心拍出量）およびトランスジェニック例での研究と心疾患6,7の変異マウスモデルをターゲットとは、遺伝的要因が心血管機能を変化させる方法への洞察をもたらすことができる。実際には、胚の脳血管系の定量的および定性的な二次元分析は、既に8を達成している。さらに、マウス胚は、生体内での血管マーカーに標的マイクロバブルの結合を調べるための優れたモデルとして提示します。 Bartelle ら 9は 、例えば、Biotag-BirAをトランスジェニック胚に結合し、血管構造を検討対象と評価するために胚心臓の心室にアビジンマイクロバブルを導入しています。診療所にこの技術を翻訳において重要なベンチマーク - ヘテロ接合およびホモ接合性マウスモデルの生成は、分子の超音波の定量的性質を規定することを目的と腫瘍モデル研究のための代用として使用することができる。 8-10を介して露出し、単一の胚に心臓内注射を経由して胎児の血液循環に導入される。 子宮内注射では 、しかし、多くの課題に直面しています。これらは、注射の指導、母親と体外胚の動きに対抗する必要性、母親における血行動態の生存率の維持および11の出血による麻酔の合併症の長期的影響に対処体外胚を、含む。従って、調査の目的は、単離されたリビング後期胚12にマイクロバブルを注入するための技術を開発することであった。このオプションは、噴射制御やポジショニング、障害物のない撮像面の再現性、および単純化された画像解析と定量化の面でより多くの自由を提供しています。 本研究では、foの生きているマウスの胚にマイクロバブルを注入するための新規な手順を概説Rマイクロバブル速度論的挙動を研究するとの目的は、内因性の内皮表面マーカーに結合するマイクロバブルをターゲットに勉強。非線形コントラスト特有の超音波イメージングは​​、ピークエンハンスメント（PE）、ウォッシュアウト速度および時間孤立E17.5胚において（TTP）をピークに含む基本的な灌流パラメータの数を測定するために使用される。我々はまた、活性な血管新生13の部位で血管内皮細胞におけるその高い発現をエンドグリンは、臨床的に関連する標的で機能するトランスジェニックマウスモデルの胚グリン損失分子音波の定量的性質を評価するための胚のモデルの妥当性を実証する。エンドグリンを標的（MB E）の付着、ラットアイソタイプIgGを2コントロール（MB C）および非標的（MB U）マイクロバブルは、ヘテロ接合グリン（ 工学 +/-）で評価され、ホモ接合エンドグリン（ 工 + / +）の胚を表す。目標とビンディの分析ngは、分子の超音波は、エンドグリン遺伝子型を区別し、定量化可能な分子の超音波レベルに受容体密度に関連することが可能であることを明らかにする。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Antibodies&lt;/strong&gt; (biotinylated, eBioscience) &amp;#8212; Antibody choice depends on the experiment</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;rat isotype IgG&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; control&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>13-4321-85</td><td>This antibody/microbubble combination is often required as experimental control&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;biotin anti-mouse CD309&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>13-5821-85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotinylated rat MJ 7/18 antibody to mouse endoglin</td><td>In house hybridoma</td><td></td><td>Outside antibodies may also be appropriate: we&amp;nbsp; have used eBioscience (13-1051-85 ) in the past</td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Embryo media&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;500 ml Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium with high glucose&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D5796</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;50 ml Fetal Bovine Serum&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2020</td><td>lot # 7592456</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hepes&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630</td><td>5 ml, 1 M</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;ul style=&quot;padding:0px;margin:0px&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Penicillin-Streptomycin&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15140-122</td><td>5 ml, 10,000 units Pen., 10,000 &amp;#956;g Strep</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 70%</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>76240</td><td>4%</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate Buffered Saline [1x]&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8537</td><td>1x, w/o calcium chloride &amp;amp; magnesium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Pregnant mouse, CD-1</td><td>Charles River Laboratories Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% sodium chloride (saline)</td><td>Hospira</td><td>0409-7984-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound contrast agent, target ready and untargeted</td><td>MicroMarker; VisualSonics Inc.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound gel (Aquasonic 100, colourless)</td><td>CSP Medical</td><td>133-1009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates (4) :&amp;nbsp; 100&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;20&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>08-772-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture plates (12) : 60&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;15&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D8054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Sorvall Legend RT centrifuge&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conical tubes, 50 ml BD Falcon</td><td>VWR</td><td>21008-938</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diluent</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Isoton II Diluent, 8448011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection scissors (Wagner)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>Wagner 14068-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (2), Dumont SS (0.10 x 0.06 mm)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11200-33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps, splinter</td><td>VWR</td><td>25601-134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass beaker, 2 L (Griffin Beaker)</td><td>VWR</td><td>89000-216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillaries, 1 x 90&amp;nbsp;mm GD-1 with filament</td><td>Narishige</td><td>GD-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass needle puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>PN-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gloves</td><td>Ansell</td><td>4002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gross anatomy probe</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>10088-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate</td><td>VWR</td><td>89090-994</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ice bucket</td><td>Cole Parmer</td><td>RK 06274-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imaging Platform</td><td>VisualSonics Inc.</td><td>Integrated Rail System</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light source, fiber-optic</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-562-36</td><td>Ideally has adjustable arms</td></tr><tr><td>Luers (12), polypropylene barbed female &amp;frac14;-28 UNF thread</td><td>Cole Parmer</td><td>45500-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro-ultrasound system, high-frequency</td><td>VisualSonics Inc.</td><td>Vevo2100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Needles, 21 gauge&amp;nbsp; (1&amp;rdquo;)</td><td>VWR</td><td>305165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Particle size analyzer</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>Multisizer 3 Coulter Counter</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perforated spoon (Moria)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>MC 17 10373-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pins (6), black anodized minutien 0.15 mm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>26002-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettors [2-20 &amp;#956;l, 20-200 &amp;#956;l, 100-1,000 &amp;#956;l]</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Research Plus&amp;nbsp; adjustable 3120000038;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3120000054;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3120000062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettor tips [2-200&amp;nbsp;&amp;#956;l, 50-1,000&amp;nbsp;&amp;#956;l]</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>epT.I.P.S.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 22491334;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 022491351</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing, Tygon laboratory 1/32&amp;rdquo; x 3/32&amp;rdquo;</td><td>VWR</td><td>63010-007</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wooden applicator stick (swab, cotton head)</td><td>VWR</td><td>CA89031-270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical microscope 5-8X magnification</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Steromaster</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringes, 1 ml Normject</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-817-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringes (10), 30 ml</td><td>VWR</td><td>CA64000-041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe infusion pump&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-lynx&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NE-1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer, -20-110&amp;nbsp;&amp;#176;C</td><td>VWR</td><td>89095-598</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Timer</td><td>VWR</td><td>33501-418</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubes, Eppendorf</td><td>VWR</td><td>20170-577</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tube racks (3)</td><td>VWR</td><td>82024-462</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound transducer, 20 MHz</td><td>VisualSonics Inc.</td><td>MS250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vannas-Tubingen, angled up</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15005-08</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

contrast imaging in mouse embryos using high-frequency ultrasound

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted applications, facilitate the detection and measure of vascular biomarkers at the molecular level. Within the mouse embryo, this noninvasive technique may be used to uncover basic mechanisms underlying vascular development in the early mouse circulatory system and in genetic models of cardiovascular disease. The mouse embryo also presents as an excellent model for studying the adhesion of microbubbles to angiogenic targets (including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or &#945;v&#946;3) and for assessing the quantitative nature of molecular ultrasound. We therefore developed a method to introduce ultrasound contrast agents into the vasculature of living, isolated embryos. This allows freedom in terms of injection control and positioning, reproducibility of the imaging plane without obstruction and motion, and simplified image analysis and quantification. Late gestational stage (embryonic day (E)16.6 and E17.5) murine embryos were isolated from the uterus, gently exteriorized from the yolk sac and microbubble contrast agents were injected into veins accessible on the chorionic surface of the placental disc. Nonlinear contrast ultrasound imaging was then employed to collect a number of basic perfusion parameters (peak enhancement, wash-in rate and time to peak) and quantify targeted microbubble binding in an endoglin mouse model. We show the successful circulation of microbubbles within living embryos and the utility of this approach in characterizing embryonic vasculature and microbubble behavior.

子宮外でのマウス胚への超音波造影剤の注入は、注入および関連する超音波撮像にわたって生存能力の子宮およびメンテナンスから後期妊娠期胚生活の正常な分離に依存する。胚体外に位置決めされた後、図1に示すように、胚の血管系への造影剤の慎重な注入が可能である。 E17.5マウス胚の典型的なBモード超音波画像は、 図2Aに示されている。マイクロバブ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound at JoVE.com

Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound

ここでは、生きている、孤立した後期妊娠期のマウス胚に超音波マイクロバブル造影剤を注入するためのプロトコルを提示する。この方法は、灌流パラメータ及びコントラスト強調高周波超音波イメージングを用いて、胚内の血管の分子マーカーの研究を可能にする。

高周波超音波を用いて、マウス胚におけるコントラストイメージング

Ultrasound contrast-enhanced imaging can convey essential quantitative information regarding tissue vascularity and perfusion and, in targeted ...

contrast-imaging-in-mouse-embryos-using-high-frequency-ultrasound

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

15.3K ビュー.  University of Toronto. ここでは、生きている、孤立した後期妊娠期のマウス胚に超音波マイクロバブル造影剤を注入するためのプロトコルを提示する。この方法は、灌流パラメータ及びコントラスト強調高周波超音波イメージングを用いて、胚内の血管の分子マーカーの研究を可能にする。 

ビデオ: Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. However, because the uterine wall is opaque during early embryogenesis, the ability to target specific parts of the embryo for microinjection is greatly limited. Fortunately, high-frequency ultrasound imaging permits the generation of images that can be used in real time to guide a microinjection needle into the embryonic region of interest. Here we describe the use of such imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the ventricular system of the mouse forebrain at embryonic day (E) 9.5. This method uses a laparotomy to permit access to the uterine horns, and a specially designed plate that permits host embryos to be bathed in saline while they are imaged and injected. Successful surgeries often result in most or all of the injected embryos surviving to any subsequent time point of interest (embryonically or postnatally). The principles described here can be used with slight modifications to perform injections into the amnionic fluid of E8.5 embryos (thereby permitting infection along the anterior posterior extent of the neural tube, which has not yet closed), or into the ventricular system of the brain at E10.5/11.5. Furthermore, at mid-neurogenic ages (~E13.5), ultrasound imaging can be used direct injection into specific brain regions for viral infection or cell transplantation. The use of ultrasound imaging to guide in utero injections in mice is a very powerful technique that permits the molecular and cellular manipulation of mouse embryos in ways that would otherwise be exceptionally difficult if not impossible.

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development. Here we describe the use of high-frequency ultrasound imaging to guide the injection of retroviral vectors into the mouse brain at embryonic day (E) 9.5.

超音波ガイド下のマウスの前脳へのマイクロインジェクション子宮内で E9.5で

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

神経科学

Murine Fetal Echocardiography

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both normal cardiovascular function and the pathophysiological basis of human cardiovascular disease. Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development 1-3. In order to study the role of genetic or pharmacologic alterations in the early development of cardiac function, ultrasound imaging of the live fetus has become an important tool for early recognition of abnormalities and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging is an ideal method for detecting and studying congenital malformations and the impact on cardiac function prior to death 4. It allows early recognition of abnormalities in the living fetus and the progression of disease can be followed in utero with longitudinal studies 5,6. Until recently, imaging of fetal mouse hearts frequently involved invasive methods. The fetus had to be sacrificed to perform magnetic resonance microscopy and electron microscopy or surgically delivered for transillumination microscopy. An application of high-frequency probes with conventional 2-D and pulsed-wave Doppler imaging has been shown to provide measurements of cardiac contraction and heart rates during embryonic development with databases of normal developmental changes now available 6-10. M-mode imaging further provides important functional data, although, the proper imaging planes are often difficult to obtain. High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetus has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on the early development of cardiac structures 11.

Fetal and perinatal death is a common feature when studying genetic alterations affecting cardiac development. High-frequency ultrasound imaging has improved 2-D resolution and can provide excellent information on early cardiac development and is an ideal method to detect the impact on cardiac structure and function prior to death.

ネズミの胎児心エコー検査

Transgenic mice displaying abnormalities in  cardiac development and function represent a powerful tool for the understanding  the molecular mechanisms ...

医学

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

マウスの早い妊娠の特性の三次元の高周波超音波の新規な使用

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

発生生物学

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound (30/45MHZ) System

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CHDs is&#160;crucial for inventing new preventive and therapeutic strategies. Mutant mouse models are powerful tools to discover new&#160;mechanisms&#160;and environmental stress modifiers that drive cardiac development and their potential&#160;alteration in CHDs. However, efforts to establish the causality of these putative contributors have been limited to histological&#160;and molecular studies&#160;in non-survival animal experiments, in which&#160;monitoring the key physiological and hemodynamic parameters is&#160;often absent. Live imaging technology has become an essential tool to establish the&#160;etiology of CHDs. In particular,&#160;ultrasound imaging can be used prenatally without surgically exposing the fetuses,&#160;allowing maintaining&#160;their baseline physiology while monitoring the impact of environmental stress&#160;on the hemodynamic and structural aspects of cardiac chamber development. Herein, we use the High-Frequency Ultrasound (30/45)&#160;system to examine the cardiovascular system in fetal mice at E18.5 in utero at the baseline and in response to prenatal hypoxia exposure. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system to measure cardiac chamber size, morphology, ventricular function, fetal heart rate, and umbilical artery flow indices, and their alterations in fetal mice exposed to systemic chronic hypoxia in utero in real time.

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System

High-frequency ultrasound imaging of the fetal mouse has improved imaging resolution and can provide precise non-invasive characterization of cardiac development and structural defects. The protocol outlined herein is designed to perform real-time fetal mice echocardiography in vivo.

心血管イメージング (30/45 MHZ) の高周波超音波を用いた胎児マウス

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common cause of childhood morbidity and early mortality. Prenatal detection&#160;of the underlying molecular ...

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease and injury regional estimates, World Health Organization, 2004). Surgeries that often compromise the quality of life are required to correct heart defects, reminding us of the importance of finding the causes of CHD. Mutant mouse models and live imaging technology have become essential tools to study the etiology of this disease. Although advanced methods allow live imaging of abnormal hearts in embryos, the physiological and hemodynamic states of the latter are often compromised due to surgical and/or lengthy procedures. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging, however, can be used without surgically exposing the embryos, thereby maintaining their physiology. Herein, we use simple M-mode ultrasound to assess heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero. The detection of abnormal heart rates is indeed a good indicator of dysfunction of the heart and thus constitutes a first step in the identification of developmental defects that may lead to heart failure.

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Ultra-high frequency ultrasound is a powerful live imaging tool to examine cardiac abnormalities in small animals. Its noninvasiveness allows maintaining the physiologic state of embryos. Herein, we show the use of M-mode ultrasound to measure the heart rates of embryos at E18.5 in utero.

非侵襲Mモード心エコー検査によるマウスでの心拍数の子宮内測定で

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease ...

High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo

Ultrasound imaging is a widespread method used to detect organ anomalies and tumors in human and animal tissues. The method is non-invasive, harmless, and painless, and the application is easy, fast, and can be done anywhere, even with mobile devices. During pregnancy, ultrasound imaging is standardly used to closely monitor fetal development. The technique is important to assess intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a pregnancy complication with short- and long-term health consequences for both the mother and fetus. Understanding the process of IUGR is indispensable for developing effective therapeutic strategies. 
The ultrasound system used in this manuscript is an ultrasound device produced for the analysis of small animals and can be used in various research fields, including pregnancy research. Here we describe the usage of the system for in vivo analysis of fetuses from natural killer (NK) cell/mast cell (MC)-deficient mothers that give birth to growth-restricted pups. The protocol includes preparation of the system, handling of the mice before and during measurements, and the usage of the B-mode, color doppler mode, and pulse-wave doppler mode. Fetal size, placental size, and blood supply to the fetus were analyzed. We found reduced implantation sizes and smaller placentas in NK/MC-deficient mice from mid-gestation onwards. In addition, MC/NK-deficiency was associated with absent and reversed end diastolic flow in the fetal Arteria umbilicalis(UmA) and an elevated resistance index. The methods described in the protocol can easily be used for related and non-related research topics.

High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo

Here we describe the technique of high frequency ultrasound for in vivo analysis of fetuses in mice. This method allows the follow-up of fetuses and the analysis of placental parameters as well as maternal and fetal blood flow throughout pregnancy.

体内の胎児と胎盤の開発の分析のための高周波超音波

Ultrasound imaging is a widespread method used to detect organ anomalies and tumors in human and animal tissues. The method is non-invasive, harmless, and ...

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

Uterine cancers can be studied in mice due to the ease of handling and genetic manipulation in these models. However, these studies are often limited to assessing pathology post-mortem in animals euthanized at multiple time points in different cohorts, which increases the number of mice needed for a study. Imaging mice in longitudinal studies can track the progression of disease in individual animals, reducing the number of mice needed. Advances in ultrasound technology have allowed for the detection of micrometer-level changes in tissues. Ultrasound has been used to study follicle maturation in ovaries and xenograft growth but has not been applied to morphological changes in the mouse uterus. This protocol examines the juxtaposition of pathology with in vivo imaging comparisons in an induced endometrial cancer mouse model. The features observed by ultrasound were consistent with the degree of change seen by gross pathology and histology. Ultrasound was found to be highly predictive of the observed pathology, supporting the incorporation of ultrasonography into longitudinal studies of uterine diseases such as cancer in mice.

Non-Invasive Ultrasound Assessment of Endometrial Cancer Progression in Pax8-Directed Deletion of the Tumor Suppressors Arid1a and Pten in Mice

This protocol describes a method for monitoring the progression of morphological changes over time in the uterus in an inducible mouse model of endometrial cancer using ultrasound imaging with correlation to gross and histological changes.

マウスにおける腫瘍抑制因子 Arid1a および Pten のPax8指向性欠失における子宮内膜癌進行の非侵襲的超音波評価

Uterine cancers can be studied in mice due to the ease of handling and genetic manipulation in these models. However, these studies are often limited to ...

がん研究

The Preparation of Chicken Ex Ovo Embryos and Chorioallantoic Membrane Vessels as In Vivo Model for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Microbubble-Mediated Drug Delivery Studies

The chicken embryo and the blood-vessel rich chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a valuable in vivo model to investigate biomedical processes, new ultrasound pulsing schemes, or novel transducers for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and microbubble-mediated drug delivery. The reasons for this are the accessibility of the embryo and vessel network of the CAM as well as the low costs of the model. An important step to get access to the embryo and CAM vessels is to take the egg content out of the eggshell. In this protocol, three methods for taking the content out of the eggshell between day 5 and&#160;8 of incubation are described thus allowing the embryos to develop inside the eggshell up to these days. The described methods only require simple tools and equipment and yield a higher survival success rate of 90% for 5-day, 75% for 6-day, 50% for 7-day, and 60% for 8-day old incubated eggs in comparison to ex ovo cultured embryos (~50%). The protocol also describes how to inject cavitation nuclei, such as microbubbles, into the CAM vascular system, how to separate the membrane containing the embryo and CAM from the rest of the egg content for optically transparent studies, and how to use the chicken embryo and CAM in a variety of short-term ultrasound experiments. The in vivo&#160;chicken embryo and CAM model is extremely relevant to investigate novel imaging protocols, ultrasound contrast agents, and ultrasound pulsing schemes for contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging, and to unravel the mechanisms of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.

This protocol describes three methods on how to obtain and use 5 to 8-day old chicken embryos and their chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an in vivo&#160;model to study contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and microbubble-mediated drug delivery.

造影剤増強超音波イメージングおよびマイクロバブル媒介薬物送達研究のためのin vivoモデルとしてのニワトリEx Ovo胚および絨毛尿膜血管の調製

The chicken embryo and the blood-vessel rich chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a valuable in vivo model to investigate biomedical processes, new ...

生物工学

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of the Abdominal Aorta

Source: Amelia R. Adelsperger, Evan H. Phillips, and <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/author/Craig+J._Goergen">Craig J. Goergen</a>, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
High-frequency ultrasound systems are used to acquire high resolution images. Here, the use of a state-of-the-art system will be demonstrated to image the morphology and hemodynamics of small pulsatile arteries and veins found in mice and rats. Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile method for the noninvasive assessment of vessels in humans as well as large and small animals. These are several key advantages that ultraound offers compared to other techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and near-infrared fluorescence tomography (NIRF). CT requires ionizing radiation and MRI can be prohibitively expensive and even impractical in some scenarios. NIRF, on the other hand, is limited by the penetration depth of light required to excite the fluorescent contrast agents.
Ultrasound has limitations in terms of imaging depth; however, this may be overcome by sacrificing resolution and using a lower frequency transducer. Abdominal gas and excess body weight can severely diminish image quality. In the first case, the propagation of sound waves is limited, while in the latter case, they are attenuated by overlying tissues, such as fat and connective tissue. As a result, no contrast or faint contrast may be observed. Finally, ultrasound is a highly user-dependent technique, requiring the sonographer to be familiar with anatomy and to be able to work around issues, such as the appearance of imaging artifacts or acoustic interference.

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging and Image Acquisition

腹部大オルタの高周波超音波イメージング

Source: Amelia R. Adelsperger, Evan H. Phillips, and Craig J. Goergen, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 
...

Education

JoVE Science Education

工学

生物医学工学

Injection of Microbubbles into Isolated Mouse Embryos: A Technique to Deliver Microbubble Contrast Agents into the Vasculature of Living Murine Embryos

Source: Denbeigh, J. M. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/52520" target="_blank">Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates a procedure to inject microbubble contrast agents into an isolated late gestation stage mouse embryo. The microbubble contrast agent-based ultrasound imaging helps visualize and characterize the vascular environment of the embryo.

単離マウス胚へのマイクロバブルの注入:生きたマウス胚の血管系にマイクロバブル造影剤を送達する技術

Source: Denbeigh, J. M. et al. Contrast Imaging in Mouse Embryos Using High-frequency Ultrasound. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates a procedure ...