Name: single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer
Uploaded: 2015-03-01T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 19 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer at JoVE.com

Dr. Eisenhardt is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) # EI 866/1-1 and #EI 866/2-1.

<ol>
	<li>Mavrikakis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+nerve+palsy:+anatomy,+etiology,+evaluation,+and+management.">Facial nerve palsy: anatomy, etiology, evaluation, and management.</a> Orbit. 27 (6), 466-474 (2008).</li><li>Pitanguy, I., Ramos, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+frontal+branch+of+the+facial+nerve:+the+importance+of+its+variations+in+face+lifting.">The frontal branch of the facial nerve: the importance of its variations in face lifting.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 38 (4), 352-356 (1966).</li><li>McAllister, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+interventions+for+the+early+management+of+Bell's+palsy.">Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy.</a> Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10 (2), (2013).</li><li>Terzis, J. K., Anesti, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+facial+paralysis:+a+review.">Developmental facial paralysis: a review.</a> J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 64 (10), 1318-1333 (2011).</li><li>Momeni, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-stage+microsurgical+reconstruction+for+facial+palsy+utilising+the+motor+nerve+to+the+masseter.">Single-stage microsurgical reconstruction for facial palsy utilising the motor nerve to the masseter.</a> Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 42 (2), 95-101 (2010).</li><li>Volk, G. F., Pantel, M., Guntinas-Lichius, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modern+concepts+in+facial+nerve+reconstruction.">Modern concepts in facial nerve reconstruction.</a> Head Face Med. 6, 25 (2010).</li><li>Mathes, S. J., Nahai, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+the+vascular+anatomy+of+muscles:+experimental+and+clinical+correlation.">Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: experimental and clinical correlation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 67 (2), 177-187 (1981).</li><li>Harii, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneurovascular+free+muscle+transplantation+for+reanimation+of+facial+paralysis.">Microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of facial paralysis.</a> Clin Plast Surg. 6 (3), 361-375 (1979).</li><li>Borschel, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+motor+nerve+to+the+masseter+muscle:+an+anatomic+and+histomorphometric+study+to+facilitate+its+use+in+facial+reanimation.">The motor nerve to the masseter muscle: an anatomic and histomorphometric study to facilitate its use in facial reanimation.</a> J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 65 (3), 363-366 (2012).</li><li>Zuker, R. M., Goldberg, C. S., Manktelow, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facial+animation+in+children+with+Mobius+syndrome+after+segmental+gracilis+muscle+transplant.">Facial animation in children with Mobius syndrome after segmental gracilis muscle transplant.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 106 (1), 1-8 (2000).</li><li>Bannasch, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+evaluation+of+the+concomitant+use+of+the+implantable+Doppler+probe+and+the+Vacuum+Assisted+Closure+system+in+free+tissue+transfer.">A critical evaluation of the concomitant use of the implantable Doppler probe and the Vacuum Assisted Closure system in free tissue transfer.</a> Microsurgery. 28 (6), 412-416 (2008).</li><li>Sierra, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrin+sealant+adhesive+systems:+a+review+of+their+chemistry,+material+properties+and+clinical+applications.">Fibrin sealant adhesive systems: a review of their chemistry, material properties and clinical applications.</a> J Biomater Appl. 7 (4), 309-352 (1993).</li><li>Brien, B. M., Lawlor, D. L., Morrison, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneurovascular+free+muscle+reconstruction+for+long+established+facial+paralysis.">Microneurovascular free muscle reconstruction for long established facial paralysis.</a> Ann Chir Gynaecol. 71 (1), 65-69 (1982).</li><li>Eisenhardt, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+cross+face+nerve+graft+with+masseteric+nerve+as+donor+nerves+for+free+functional+muscle+transfers+in+facial+reanimation+surgery].">Comparison of cross face nerve graft with masseteric nerve as donor nerves for free functional muscle transfers in facial reanimation surgery].</a> Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 45 (4), 223-228 (2013).</li><li>Harrison, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pectoralis+minor+vascularized+muscle+graft+for+the+treatment+of+unilateral+facial+palsy.">The pectoralis minor vascularized muscle graft for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 75 (2), 206-216 (1985).</li><li>Frey, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histomorphometric+studies+in+patients+with+facial+palsy+treated+by+functional+muscle+transplantation:+new+aspects+for+the+surgical+concept.">Histomorphometric studies in patients with facial palsy treated by functional muscle transplantation: new aspects for the surgical concept.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 26 (4), 370-379 (1991).</li><li>Eisenhardt, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salvage+Procedures+After+Failed+Facial+Reanimation+Surgery+Using+the+Masseteric+Nerve+as+the+Motor+Nerve+for+Free+Functional+Gracilis+Muscle+Transfer.">Salvage Procedures After Failed Facial Reanimation Surgery Using the Masseteric Nerve as the Motor Nerve for Free Functional Gracilis Muscle Transfer.</a> JAMA Facial Plast Surg. , (2014).</li><li>Bae, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+commissure+excursion+following+gracilis+muscle+transplantation+for+facial+paralysis+using+a+cross-face+nerve+graft+versus+the+motor+nerve+to+the+masseter+nerve.">A comparison of commissure excursion following gracilis muscle transplantation for facial paralysis using a cross-face nerve graft versus the motor nerve to the masseter nerve.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (7), 2407-2413 (2006).</li><li>Schaverien, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+masseter+muscle+during+normal+smile+production+and+the+implications+for+dynamic+reanimation+surgery+for+facial+paralysis.">Activation of the masseter muscle during normal smile production and the implications for dynamic reanimation surgery for facial paralysis.</a> J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 64 (12), 1585-1588 (2011).</li><li>Manktelow, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smile+reconstruction+in+adults+with+free+muscle+transfer+innervated+by+the+masseter+motor+nerve:+effectiveness+and+cerebral+adaptation.">Smile reconstruction in adults with free muscle transfer innervated by the masseter motor nerve: effectiveness and cerebral adaptation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 118 (4), 885-899 (2006).</li><li>Eppley, B. L., Zuker, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salvage+of+facial+reanimation+with+vascularized+adductor+magnus+muscle+flap:+clinical+experience+and+anatomical+studies.">Salvage of facial reanimation with vascularized adductor magnus muscle flap: clinical experience and anatomical studies.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 110 (7), 1693-1696 (2002).</li><li>Labbe, D., Huault, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lengthening+temporalis+myoplasty+and+lip+reanimation.">Lengthening temporalis myoplasty and lip reanimation.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 105 (4), 1289-1297 (2000).</li><li>Iblher, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+evaluation+tool+for+monitoring+devices+and+its+application+to+evaluate+the+implantable+Doppler+probe.">A new evaluation tool for monitoring devices and its application to evaluate the implantable Doppler probe.</a> J Reconstr Microsurg. 26 (4), 265-270 (2002).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Even though different surgical techniques have been described to regain a dynamic smile in patients with long standing facial paralysis, the two-stage repair with initial cross facial nerve grafting and consecutive free gracilis muscle transfer is seen as the &#8220;criterion standard&#8221;.
Although a two-stage procedure, the technique allows for spontaneity of the smile which is seen as a crucial factor to overcome the social handicap associated with facial palsy13.In cases of bilateral facial paralysis and M&#246;bius syndrome, the concept of muscle transplantation in the absence of the seventh nerve can be applied. Here, the masseter nerve as a branch of the trigeminal (fifth nerve) has increasingly been recommended to power the free muscle flap. As elderly patients or patients with significant morbidity tend to prefer a single-stage procedure, indications of the masseteric coaptation have significantly been expanded during the last years14. 
There are clearly several advantages of masserteric nerve grafting. Apart from secondary thinning of the flap that is necessary in some patients, using the masseteric nerve is a single-stage procedure that preserves the contralateral healthy facial nerve and allows for a greater axonal load that is delivered to the flap. Conversely, incomplete reinnervation and partial muscle atrophy is often seen after facial nerve grafting, as less than 50% of axons cross the nerve graft15,16. Using the masseteric nerve results in a greater excursion of the oral commissure when compared to coaptation of the neural pedicle of the muscle flap to a cross-face nerve graft and consequently might be the method of choice in patients with a strong contralateral smile where cross-face nerve grafting is insufficient to restore symmetry14. Therefore the masseteric nerve can also be used to innervate a gracilis muscle flap in a secondary procedure when a gracilis muscle flap primarily innervated by a CFNG does not show sufficient muscle excursion to achieve a symmetric smile17. As a result of the strong neural input and minimal atrophy of the muscle, thinning out of the flap may become necessary in some patients that then require a minor secondary procedure. 
In some patients, single-stage reanimation of the smile powered by the masseteric nerve does not provide spontaneous activity. The smile movement must be learned as part of a conscious effort. However, spontaneity can be observed in about two thirds of the cases which is also confirmed by our own observations18. To date, the determinants of achieving a spontaneous smile after masseteric reinnervation are unknown, though the parallel innervation of the masseter muscle upon smiling that is seen in about two thirds of the population or alternatively, a degree of cortical plasticity that develops following a program of biofeedback exercises have been proposed19,20. Further research is needed to specify the determinants of achieving a spontaneous smile in the future in order to provide the patient with an individualized treatment plan.We believe that once clear predictions can be made on whether the patient will achieve a spontaneous smile with this single stage procedure we might see a change in paradigm regarding reanimation of the face as in these patients a masseteric nerve coaptation could be preferable to a CFNG coaptation.
Crucial to success is the surgery of the recipient vessels and nerve, as well as the meticulous preparation of the gracilis muscle. Even though most plastic surgeons should be familiar with the raising of the gracilis muscle as a free flap the situation in this context is more demanding. The segmental harvest of the muscle is challenging, as the neural supply has to be maintained. When separating the muscle segment the usefulness of a neural stimulator cannot be emphasized enough. The repetitive control during dissection that the harvested segment still responds by contraction to stimulation of the neural pedicle ensures that no intramuscular branches have been dissected. If unexpectedly the gracilis muscle cannot be harvested or does not seem to be suitable for free flap transfer the adductor magnus muscle can be raised instead as a salvage procedure21.If patients cannot or do not want to undergo microsurgical reconstruction, we usually choose local muscle transfers that can achieve good outcomes but are generally regarded as second choice to free flap transfers22. After microsurgical gracilis muscle transfer, we strongly recommend the use of an implantable doppler probe as this allows for a continuous monitoring of flap perfusion. Though controversy exists in the use implantable dopplers, our own data showed a revision success rate of 75 to 90% that proves that the system is efficient enough in daily use23.
In conclusion dynamic reanimation of the smile remains to be of one of most demanding areas in plastic surgery. Under the multitude of surgical techniques, we here describe pre- and postoperative workup of the single-stage reconstruction utilizing the motor nerve to the masseter and precisely elucidate every single surgical step. We emphasize the importance of a thorough pre-operative patient counseling, as this will significantly affect patient satisfaction. We illustrate the atraumatic preparation of facial vessels and the masseter nerve in a step-by-step fashion. The elevation of the gracilis flap should be a standard procedure to every plastic surgeon. For functional muscle transfer however, there are certain features to be considered in order to gain ideal functional flap dimensions. Finally, we emphasize the importance of flap positioning and application of initial tension for achieving a natural symmetrical smile.

顔面神経は、眼の保護、関節、経口失禁に関与しており、非常に顔の美的外観に影響を与えている。この神経の障害は、そのための重要な罹患率と社会的引きこもりと関連している。治療における著しい進歩にもかかわらず、麻痺した顔に関連する問題の多数は追加の手順を広範囲に標的化することができる。すべての外科的技術に共通することは、正確な解剖学的知識の必要性である。 顔面神経解剖学顔面神経は、顔の筋肉組織の自主的なモータ制御のための鰓モーター部品および内臓モーター涙腺の副交感神経制御のためのコンポーネント、顎下腺、舌下腺から構成されています。また、外耳道の神経支配のためと舌の前3分の2で味のための2つの感覚のコンポーネントがあります。顔面神経のコースは、bにすることができます頭蓋内、intratemporal、およびextratemporal：eは3セグメントに分割。頭蓋内のセグメントでは、前頭筋とperiauricular地域を支配するニューロンの上位グループは、二国間の皮質入力を受け付ける。残りの顔の筋肉を支配するニューロンは、排他的に対側皮質の入力を受け取る。結果として、前頭機能は同側性核上性病巣内に維持される。 intratemporalセグメントはさらに3つのセグメントに分割することができる。迷路のような分野では、より大きな錐体神経が副交感神経繊維1と涙腺を供給するためにトランクを残します。 乳様突起セグメントでは、薄い鐙骨神経は、コレス筋肉に実行されます。副交感神経枝は顎、舌下を支配し、舌の前3分の2味覚繊維（鼓索）が供給されているのに対し、舌腺を前方。顔面神経の主茎は骨の運河を抜け茎乳突孔を通して。しかし、これはarborisationは耳下腺に入る前に起動しない、extratemporalセグメントの始まりである。神経は最初intraparotid叢を形成し、最終的に時間的、頬骨、頬側、下顎頸部枝2を生じさせる3~4モータ部門に分けられる。 顔面神経麻痺の鑑別診断顔面神経麻痺の病因は分類する広範かつ困難であるため、影響を受けている部門が最初に考慮されるべきである。 頭蓋顔面神経麻痺は頭蓋腔のラクナ梗塞や腫瘍によって引き起こされる場合があります。細菌やウイルス感染、真珠腫とベル麻痺はintratemporal神経損傷の理由であることができます。新生物の悪性腫瘍と関連する外科的治療がextratemporal顔面神経麻痺のための主要な原因となっている。ベル麻痺は、最も一般的な診断を表していますが顔面神経麻痺の患者では、ほとんどの患者は後遺症なしで完全に回復し、手術3は必要ありません。顔面神経麻痺の第二の最も一般的な原因は、外傷です。ここでは、側頭骨に骨折が優勢な外傷機構4である。 顔面神経麻痺の治療の種類多数の外科的選択肢は、顔面神経麻痺の治療のために存在し、それらが神経再生、静的および動的な再構成の再構成に分類することができる。一般的に、二年後には、神経再生機能は手順5 reinnervatingで良好取り戻し可能な損傷からの時間であると考えられる。その後、顔の筋肉の除神経萎縮はさらに復興のためにその有用性を排除する。再神経支配は、一次神経修復、中間物挿入神経移植片、クロス顔面神経移植または脳神経伝達することにより得ることができる。静的再構成技術は、修正するために指示されている安静時の対称性を改善するための機能的な障害者、（角膜の保護、鼻の気流の改善、及びよだれの防止）と。典型的な手順は、下蓋外反のための眉下垂、またはcanthoplastyのためbrowliftされている。静的再建は重要な併存疾患を持つ高齢の患者や外傷または癌切除に続発する大規模な顔の欠陥が好ましい。 動的再構成の外科技術は、地域の筋肉の転送と咬筋モーター枝やクロス顔面神経移植への接合のいずれかとの自由なmicroneurovascular筋肉の転送に分割することができます。他の治療法の選択肢は確実に社会的なハンディキャップを向上させるために非常に重要である自発的な笑顔を達成しないように、後者は、顔面神経麻痺で笑顔の復興のための基準の標準を表します。咬筋モーターブランチへの接合は、兆候がEXTを持っているが、二国間の麻痺の患者のための選択の治療法です。重要な併存疾患を持つ高齢の患者または患者は通常、単一の段階の手順6を好むように、終わった。 薄筋フラップ地域解剖薄筋は、転筋の最長筋を表す、大腿内側のむしろ表面的な筋肉です。これは、下恥骨と恥骨の下枝に由来する。遠位に実行すると、筋肉が狭くなり、だけでなく、太ももの内転だけでなく、膝の屈曲を可能にする脛骨上の膝関節の遠位に挿入されます。薄筋が支配的といくつかのマイナーな血管茎7からの動脈供給とMathesのとNahai後にII型循環パターンを有している。支配的な動脈は内側回旋動脈で終了する通常横方向にコースへの門で筋肉を出て、。まれに、支配的な動脈は深い大腿動脈に直接終端していない。 GRAの静脈供給cilis筋は通常、主要な動脈に従うことが、そのコースの深い長内転筋に、2大静脈のcomitantesを通じて達成される。筋肉の神経支配は、門に1〜2センチメートル上方筋肉に入る閉鎖神経の前枝を介して達成される。 臨床用途薄筋は、マイクロサージャリのための貴重なドナーの筋肉で、機能的な自由な筋肉の転送のための多くの外科医のための選択の筋肉となっています。これは、そこに小さなドナー部位の罹患率であり、フラップがそれぞれ筋肉と血管茎の寸法の遠足に関して最適な割合を示しているという事実に負っている。長い一神経支配運動神経は機能的なフラップの収穫8を軽減。 ここでは音響の切除後の最初に左末梢性顔面神経麻痺の全体像を提示49歳の女性の場合を実証2年前に神経腫（前庭神経鞘腫）。患者はほとんど笑顔特に顔面非対称、に悩まされました。その他の既存の併存疾患が記載されていなかった。 臨床検査の際に、患者は、前頭筋の完全な麻痺、安静時が良好額対称性を示した。蓋の閉鎖は5ミリメートルとベル現象の兎眼と左には不十分であった。角膜の炎症や外反の徴候は存在しなかった。安静時、患者は右に11センチメートルと安静時の左の11.5センチメートルの耳珠-蝸牛軸距離と口角の適度な非対称性を示した。笑顔の際、耳珠-蝸牛軸の距離は、右の9センチメートルにスケールダウン12 cmの左側に細長い。豊富なカウンセリングの後、患者がドナー神経などの咬筋を使用して遊離官能薄転送と笑顔のシングル段の動的再構成のために望んだ。患者はまた、様々なTEについて知らされました蓋閉鎖再建のchniquesは、しかし、この段階で外科的治療の減少となりました。治療のコースは、合併症のないだった。神経再生の徴候は最初の手術後3ヶ月に気づいた。四ヶ月手術後、患者はかつての修正されたフェイスリフトの切開線に沿って目立たない瘢痕化を提示。安静時対称性と笑顔意図的にほうれい線しわの満足な定義に優れていた。患者はまた、完全に自発的な笑みを示した。口角の遠足の前および9ヶ月の術後の範囲は、ビデオ撮影によって文書化された。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nylon Suture, 9-0</td><td>Serag Weissner</td><td>Z0039490</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene Suture&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>-</td><td>Multiple thread sizes</td></tr><tr><td>Suprarenin 1mg/ml</td><td>Sanofi</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Cook-Swartz Doppler Probe</td><td>Cook Medical</td><td>G03014</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>DP-M350 Blood Flow Monitor</td><td>Cook Medical</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Microscope OPMI Vario</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical instruments lab set</td><td>S&amp;amp;T</td><td>767</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Biemer vessel clip</td><td>Diener</td><td>64,562</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Applying forceps</td><td>Diener</td><td>64,568</td><td>for Biemer vessel clip</td></tr><tr><td>Cefuroxim 1500mg</td><td>Fresenius</td><td>J01DC02</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Braunoderm</td><td>Braun Melsungen</td><td>3881105</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Octenisept</td><td>Schuelke &amp;amp; Mayr</td><td>5702764</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>ISIS Neuromonitoring System</td><td>Inomed</td><td>-</td><td>&amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>Tissucol</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1.33052E+12</td><td>Fibrin glue</td></tr><tr><td>Jackson-Pratt Wound Drainage</td><td>Medline</td><td>SU130-1060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Myacyne Ointment</td><td>Schur Pharma</td><td>-</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

single-stage dynamic reanimation of the smile in irreversible facial paralysis by free functional muscle transfer

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell&#8217;s palsy) is the most common diagnosis, patients can also present with a history of physical trauma, infectious disease, tumor, or iatrogenic facial paralysis. Early repair within one year of injury can be achieved by direct nerve repair, cross-face nerve grafting or regional nerve transfer. It is due to muscle atrophy that in long lasting facial paralysis complex reconstructive methods have to be applied. Instead of one single procedure, different surgical approaches have to be considered to alleviate the various components of the paralysis.
The reconstruction of a spontaneous dynamic smile with a symmetric resting tone is a crucial factor to overcome the functional deficits and the social handicap that are associated with facial paralysis. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described, a two-stage approach with an initial cross-facial nerve grafting followed by a free functional muscle transfer is most frequently applied. In selected patients however, a single-stage reconstruction using the motor nerve to the masseter as donor nerve is superior to a two-stage repair. The gracilis muscle is most commonly used for reconstruction, as it presents with a constant anatomy, a simple dissection and minimal donor site morbidity.
Here we demonstrate the pre-operative work-up, the post-operative management, and precisely describe the surgical procedure of single-stage microsurgical reconstruction of the smile by free functional gracilis muscle transfer in a step by step protocol. We further illustrate common pitfalls and provide useful tips which should enable the reader to truly comprehend the procedure. We further discuss indications and limitations of the technique and demonstrate representative results.

<html>筋肉移植片の再神経支配のための咬筋神経の使用は、5人の患者（ 表1）において評価した。その中でも、聴神経腫の切除は顔面神経麻痺の主な原因だった。 3候補は、単一段階手順ではなく、「ゴールドスタンダード」二段階アプローチが好ましい。 2人の患者では、手順がクロス顔面神経移植片（CFNG）で不十分な刺激後レスキュー手順を務めた。 シングルステージ修理後の薄フラップの再神経支配は、3ヶ月以内に検出可能であった。オーラル交連の遠足は、すべての患者（ 図1）が自発的な笑顔が1つだけの患者で達成することができたと時折2人の患者では良好であった。フラップの二次間伐は、3人の患者に必要であった。 代表的な結果をビデオ内に示されている。 <img alt="&lt;/ HTML">「図1」SRC = &quot;/ファイル/ ftp_upload / 52386 / 52386fig1.jpg&quot; /&gt; 図1：安静時耳珠および経口交連（TC）との間で、口腔交連の最大の遠足の下で距離の術後の評価値は、安静時に健側の％である（N = 5）。健側（NS =有意ではない）と比較した場合、筋肉の移植片の神経再生のための咬筋神経の使用は対称的結果に経口交連の強い遠足を提供しています。 <img alt="表1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52386/52386table1.jpg" /> 表1：患者人口統計。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer at JoVE.com

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

フリー機能性筋肉転送により不可逆顔面神経麻痺が笑うの単段ダイナミック蘇生

Unilateral facial paralysis is a common disease that is associated with significant functional, aesthetic and psychological issues. Though idiopathic ...

single-stage-dynamic-reanimation-smile-irreversible-facial-paralysis

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

105.8K ビュー.  University of Freiburg Medical Centre. The use of the masseteric nerve as donor nerve represents a single-stage alternative to the criterion standard two-stage procedure of cross-facial nerve grafting and free muscle transfer in facial paralysis. We provide a detailed description to safely perform this technique with a gracilis muscle transfer and discuss indications and limitations.

ビデオ: Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the 
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or 
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening) 
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction 
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric contraction. During 
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest 
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.

In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay

We describe a minimally-invasive and painless method to measure canine hindlimb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric contractions.

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric 
...

医学

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

パーキンソン病の分野におけるミトコンドリアの表現型を監視するための主要ヒト線維芽細胞の使用

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial nerve can be manipulated along its entire length, from its intracranial segment to its extratemporal course. There are three primary types of nerve injury used for the experimental study of regenerative properties: nerve crush, transection, and nerve gap. The range of possible interventions is vast, including surgical manipulation of the nerve, delivery of neuroactive reagents or cells, and either central or end-organ manipulations. Advantages of this model for studying nerve regeneration include simplicity, reproducibility, interspecies consistency, reliable survival rates of the rat, and an increased anatomic size relative to murine models. Its limitations involve a more limited genetic manipulation versus the mouse model and the superlative regenerative capability of the rat, such that the facial nerve scientist must carefully assess time points for recovery and whether to translate results to higher animals and human studies. The rat model for facial nerve injury allows for functional, electrophysiological, and histomorphometric parameters for the interpretation and comparison of nerve regeneration. It thereby boasts tremendous potential toward furthering the understanding and treatment of the devastating consequences of facial nerve injury in human patients.

This protocol describes a reproducible approach to facial nerve surgery in the rat model, including descriptions of various inducible patterns of injury.

軸索抑制と再生を研究するラットモデルにおける顔面神経外科

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial ...

神経科学

An Implantable System For Chronic In Vivo Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in assessing neuromuscular function. Chronic recording of EMG activity reflecting a muscle&#8217;s reinnervation status after nerve injury has been limited, due to the invasive nature of traditional EMG recording techniques. In this regard, an implantable system is designed for long-term, in vivo EMG recording and nerve stimulation. It has been applied and tested in a study on reinnervation of laryngeal muscles. This system consists of 1) two bipolar electrode nerve cuffs and leads for stimulating each of two nerves: the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN); 2) two EMG recording electrodes and leads for each of the two laryngeal muscles: posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle and thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid (TA-LCA) muscle complex; and 3) a skin receptacle interfacing all implanted lead terminals to an external recording preamplifier and stimulator using a connection cable. The wire leads are Teflon-coated, multi-filament, type 316 stainless steel. They are coiled and can stretch during body movement of the awake animal to prevent lead breakage and electrode migration. This system is implanted during an aseptic surgery. Afterwards, baseline EMG recordings are performed before the RLN is transected in the second surgery to study muscle reinnervation. Throughout the study, multiple physiological sessions are conducted in the anesthetized animal to obtain evoked and spontaneous EMG activity that reflects the reinnervation status of laryngeal muscles. The system is compact, free of infection over the course of the study, and highly durable. This implantable system can provide a reliable platform for research in which long-term recording or nerve stimulation is required in an anesthetized or freely moving animal.&#160;

Presented here is a protocol for the manufacturing of an implantable system for in vivo chronological recording of evoked and spontaneous electromyographic potentials. The system is applied to the investigation of reinnervation of laryngeal muscles following nerve injury. &#160;&#160;

慢性生体内筋電図用埋め込み型システム

Electromyography (EMG) measures the muscle response to electrical stimulation or spontaneous activity of motor units and plays an important role in ...

Structured Motor Rehabilitation After Selective Nerve Transfers

After severe nerve injuries, selective nerve transfers provide an opportunity to restore motor and sensory function. Functional recovery depends both on the successful re-innervation of the targets in the periphery and on the motor re-learning process entailing cortical plasticity. While there is an increasing number of methods to improve rehabilitation, their routine implementation in a clinical setting remains a challenge due to their complexity and long duration. Therefore, recommendations for rehabilitation strategies are presented with the aim of guiding medical doctors and therapists through the long-lasting rehabilitation process and providing step-by-step instructions for supporting motor re-learning.
Directly after nerve transfer surgery, no motor function is present, and therapy should focus on promoting activity in the sensory-motor cortex areas of the paralyzed body part. After about two to six months (depending on the severity and modality of injury, the distance of nerve regeneration and many other factors), the first motor activity can be detected via electromyography (EMG). Within this phase of rehabilitation, multimodal feedback is used to re-learn the motor function. This is especially critical after nerve transfers, as muscle activation patterns change due to the altered neural connection. Finally, muscle strength should be sufficient to overcome gravity/resistance of antagonistic muscles and joint stiffness, and more functional tasks can be implemented in rehabilitation.

Here, we present a protocol for the motor rehabilitation of patients with severe nerve injuries and selective nerve transfer surgery. It aims at restoring the motor function proposing several stages in patient education, early-stage therapy after surgery and interventions for rehabilitation after successful re-innervation of the nerve&#8217;s target.

選択的神経移動後の構造化運動リハビリテーション

After severe nerve injuries, selective nerve transfers provide an opportunity to restore motor and sensory function. Functional recovery depends both on ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ラットモデルを用いた頭蓋顔面VML損傷における生体材料の評価

Rodent Model of Masseter Volumetric Muscle Loss for Studying Bioengineering Materials

Craniofacial volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries can occur as a result of severe trauma, surgical excision, inflammation, and congenital or other acquired conditions. Treatment of craniofacial VML involves surgical, functional muscle transfer. However, these procedures are unable to restore normal function, sensation, or expression, and more commonly, these conditions go untreated. Very little research has been conducted on skeletal muscle regeneration in animal models of craniofacial VML. This manuscript describes a rat model for the study of craniofacial VML injury and a protocol for the histological evaluation of biomaterials in the treatment of these injuries. Liquid hydrogel and freeze-dried scaffolds are applied at the time of surgical VML creation, and masseters are excised at terminal time points up to 12 weeks with high retention rates and negligible complications. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson's Trichrome, and immunohistochemical analysis are used to evaluate parameters of skeletal muscle regeneration as well as biocompatibility and immunomodulation. While we demonstrate the study of a hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel, this model provides a means for evaluating subsequent iterations of materials in VML injuries.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>バイオエンジニアリング材料の研究のための咬筋体積筋損失のげっ歯類モデル

Here, we describe a protocol for the surgical creation of a volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury in the rat masseter, providing a reproducible and accessible model for the study of craniofacial muscle injuries and their treatment using biomaterials such as the novel hydrogel.

バイオエンジニアリング材料の研究のための咬筋体積筋損失のげっ歯類モデル

Craniofacial volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries can occur as a result of severe trauma, surgical excision, inflammation, and congenital or other ...

生物工学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>VML損傷後のラット咬筋の力評価

In Vivo Functional Assessment of Rat Masseter Muscle Following Surgical Creation of a Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) Injury

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is prevalent in civilian and military populations and represents a debilitating skeletal muscle injury surpassing the body&#39;s natural regenerative capacity. These injuries disrupt not only muscle fibers but also nerves, blood vessels, and the extracellular matrix, overwhelming the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle and leading to severe fibrosis and permanent deficiencies in muscle structure and function. Current clinical management has many limitations, and thus, research is ongoing to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. Notably, however, much of the preclinical emphasis on VML injuries has focused on limb and trunk muscles, with limited investigation into craniofacial muscles. Differences in developmental biology and regenerative capacity between craniofacial and limb/trunk muscles may provide crucial insights that drive more injury-specific VML treatment options. Moreover, evaluation of functional recovery is critical to establishing therapeutic efficacy. In this regard, in vivo testing of muscle contraction with percutaneous nerve stimulation is a minimally invasive method that allows for repeated functional assessment over the course of a study - in the same animal. In light of these considerations, this paper describes a method for the in vivo assessment of muscle function in the rat masseter muscle before and after a VML injury. This protocol is the first published instance to detail the creation and functional evaluation of a biologically relevant craniofacial VML injury in the rat.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>体積筋損失(VML)損傷の外科的作成後のラット咬筋のin vivo機能評価

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries exceed endogenous regenerative ability, resulting in permanent functional deficits. Current VML research primarily focuses on limb and trunk muscles. To extend mechanistic studies of VML to craniofacial muscles, this article describes an in vivo method for longitudinal assessment of masseter muscle function pre- and post-VML injury.

フリー機能性筋肉転送により不可逆顔面神経麻痺が笑うの単段ダイナミック蘇生

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ビボ犬筋肉の機能アッセイに

パーキンソン病の分野におけるミトコンドリアの表現型を監視するための主要ヒト線維芽細胞の使用

軸索抑制と再生を研究するラットモデルにおける顔面神経外科

慢性生体内筋電図用埋め込み型システム

選択的神経移動後の構造化運動リハビリテーション

バイオエンジニアリング材料の研究のための咬筋体積筋損失のげっ歯類モデル

バイオエンジニアリング材料の研究のための咬筋体積筋損失のげっ歯類モデル

バイオエンジニアリング材料の研究のための咬筋体積筋損失のげっ歯類モデル

体積筋損失(VML)損傷の外科的作成後のラット咬筋のin vivo機能評価

体積筋損失(VML)損傷の外科的作成後のラット咬筋のin vivo機能評価