Chapter 25
Insulin and Hypoglycemic Drugs
グルコース恒常性：血糖値の調節
Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body.
In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels ...
グルコース恒常性：膵島とインスリン分泌
The pancreas comprises highly vascularized and innervated pancreatic islets, encompassing α, β, δ, PP, and ε endocrine cells.
Amongst ...
インスリン: 受容体とシグナル伝達経路
The insulin receptor belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. It comprises disulfide-linked α/β dimers, forming a transmembrane ...
糖尿病の病態生理学
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.
The two most common types of diabetes mellitus are type 1 and type 2.
...
糖尿病：症状、診断、合併症
Diabetes can be initially identified based on symptoms.
Hyperglycemic patients may present common symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and ...
糖尿病：管理と薬物療法
The goals of diabetes therapy include glycemic control, alleviating hyperglycemia-related symptoms, and preventing or reducing chronic end-organ ...
インスリン: 生合成、化学、および調製
The pancreatic β-cell's endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes preproinsulin comprising a signal peptide, B and A chains, and a C-peptide. The ...
インスリン製剤：種類と投与方法
Insulin preparations, based on their duration of action, are categorized as short-acting and long-acting.
Short-acting regular insulin forms hexamers, ...
インスリン: 投与レジメンと副作用
Insulin dosage regimens generally include a mixture of analogs given as daily injections. Typically, most patients are prescribed long and short-acting ...
経口血糖降下剤：スルホニル尿素
Sulfonylureas are a class of insulin secretagogues. They are used as oral hypoglycemic agents for managing Type 2 diabetes.
Structurally, these drugs ...
経口血糖降下剤：ビグアナイドおよびグリタゾン
Biguanides are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, reducing insulin resistance.
Unlike sulfonylureas, they do not stimulate insulin ...
経口血糖降下剤：グリニド
Glinides are insulin secretagogues that trigger insulin release from β cells by inhibiting KATP channels and controlling potassium efflux.
They share ...
経口血糖降下剤：α-グルコシダーゼ阻害剤
α-glucosidase inhibitors impede intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. This effectively curtails ...
グルカゴン様受容体作動薬
Oral glucose intake triggers gut hormones like GLP-1 and GIP called incretins, which stimulate insulin secretion.
Both GLPs and glucagon originate from ...
ジペプチジルペプチダーゼ 4 阻害剤
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP-4 inhibitors, called gliptins inhibit incretin hormone inactivation.
These drugs bind to DPP-4, increasing the levels ...
低血糖とグルカゴン
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels >80 mg/dL due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine system.
However, ...
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