When considering the tensile strength of concrete, even discounting variables like aggregate to reduce heterogeneity, the measured tensile strength is a ...

Concrete's behavior under compression is critical to understand because even if the compressive force acts on concrete, tensile stress exists at the ...

As fresh cement paste sets, it transitions from a fluid state to a solid mass, entrapping water in various forms, such as gel water, capillary water, and ...

Consider a mass of concrete in which the total volume of voids includes the volume occupied by gel water, capillary pores, and entrapped air, each ...

Capillary pores are considerably larger than gel pores, and various pore sizes exist within the hardened cement paste. In conditions of partial hydration, ...

Microcracks can form at the interface between coarse aggregate and cement paste, even before any load is applied. Up to about 30 percent of the ...

The water-cement ratio, which is the weight of water to that of cement in a concrete mix, affects all favorable characteristics of concrete. In fully ...

The aggregate-cement ratio is the weight of the total aggregate to that of cement in a concrete mix. A higher aggregate-cement ratio results in a concrete ...

The transition zone, found where the aggregate meets the cement paste, is more porous and, as a result, weaker than hydrated paste beyond the transition ...

The relationship between concrete's tensile and compressive strengths is not directly proportional but closely related. Tensile strength grows slower ...

In concrete, fatigue can lead to two distinct forms of failure. The first occurs under a consistent load or one that increases gradually; this is referred ...

Consider driving a concrete pile into the ground with impacts or concrete foundations for machinery that endure sudden loads or unintentional impacts on ...

Concrete abrasion can occur from vehicular wear on surfaces or abrasive solids in water, which erodes canal linings. The shot-blast test evaluates ...

Consider a reinforced concrete beam. Steel bars are strategically positioned where tensile forces occur, and concrete resists compression. Steel is used ...

Fiber-reinforced concrete is made of hydraulic cement with fine or coarse aggregates, incorporating separated, non-continuous fibers. These fibers can be ...

Under a load, a beam experiences compression on one side and tension on the other. Steel reinforcement resists the tension forces in a reinforced concrete ...

Ferrocement comprises multiple closely packed layers of mesh or fine rods entirely encased in cement mortar. It is substantially slimmer compared to ...

Non-destructive tests, such as the rebound hammer test and penetration resistance test, can be used to determine the strength of concrete in an existing ...