Chapter 25
The Lymphatic and Immune System
リンパ系と免疫系入門
Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist infections and diseases. All cells and tissues that provide immunity collectively form the immune ...
リンパ系と免疫系の機能
The lymphatic system provides structural and functional support to the immune system against pathogens.
The lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels ...
リンパ管とリンパ輸送
Lymphatic vessels, or lymphatics, transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.
The journey of lymph begins in the thin-walled lymphatic ...
リンパ系細胞と組織
Lymphoid cells and lymphoid tissues are the two major components of lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid cells consist of immune system cells such as B and T ...
一次リンパ器官
The thymus and red bone marrow are the two primary lymphoid organs that are sites for lymphocyte production and maturation.
Red bone marrow is primarily ...
二次リンパ器官
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues or MALT, are the sites where lymphocytes first ...
リンパ節の詳細な構造と機能
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels. They are majorly located in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical ...
リンパ系の発達
The mesoderm cells of the developing veins form the precursor lymphatic vessels and nodes called lymph sacs.
The paired jugular lymph sacs are the first ...
自然免疫と適応免疫の紹介
Present from birth, innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against a wide range of harmful pathogens.
It provides immediate, non-specific ...
表面膜バリア
Surface barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are the body's initial defense against pathogens, offering physical and chemical protection.
...
自然免疫応答の細胞
The two essential cells involved in the innate immune responses are phagocytes and natural killer, or NK cells.
Phagocytes — microphages and ...
抗菌タンパク質
Antimicrobial proteins, such as interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial peptides, enhance the immune response by ...
補完システム
The complement system consists of about 20 plasma proteins, working together to fortify the body's defense against infections through opsonization, ...
NK細胞と食細胞による免疫サーベイランス
Immune surveillance involves monitoring peripheral tissues to detect pathogens and infected or cancerous body cells.
Natural killer, or NK cells, which ...
炎症反応。
An inflammatory response is a localized, non-specific immune reaction marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and occasional loss of function.
Any ...
適応免疫の特徴
The adaptive immune system provides a specialized defense using T and B lymphocytes with specific features to combat infections effectively.
These cells ...
適応免疫応答の細胞
In the bone marrow, the common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to precursors for T and B lymphocytes.
Next, these precursors mature to gain ...
適応免疫に関与する抗原
Complete antigens, or simply antigens, are large, complex foreign molecules, mainly proteins, that initiate an immune response.
They possess two key ...
抗原受容体の多様性
Antigen receptors are multiprotein complexes on the B and T cell membranes that recognize specific antigens.
A B cell antigen receptor, or BCR, is a ...
抗原提示細胞
Antigen-presenting cells, also known as APCs, process foreign antigens, such as fragments from pathogens, for recognition by T cells.
When an APC engulfs ...
抗原プロセシング経路
The antigen-processing pathways break down antigens for presentation to lymphocytes.
The endogenous and exogenous pathways are the two main ...
T細胞の活性化とクローン選択
Naive T cells express membrane proteins called the cluster of differentiation, or CD markers with the T cell receptor or TCR.
There are two major T cell ...
T細胞の種類と機能
Activated T cells with CD4 markers give rise to the effector helper and regulatory T cells, while the effector cytotoxic T cells arise from T cells with ...
細胞傷害性T細胞媒介性免疫応答
Cytotoxic T cells target body cells infected by viruses, intracellular bacteria, or parasites. They also eliminate cancerous cells and foreign cells ...
B細胞の活性化と分化
Naive B cells become sensitized when they encounter their corresponding antigen, which binds to the B cell receptor, or BCR, on the cell surface.
After ...
抗体の構造とクラス
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are soluble proteins produced by effector B cells called plasma cells in response to foreign substances like ...
抗体の作用
Antibodies recognize and bind antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes for pathogen elimination.
After binding to an antigen, the antibody neutralizes ...
免疫記憶
Immunological memory is the ability to react faster to the antigens that have previously activated the immune response.
This occurs due to long-lived ...
能動的免疫と受動的免疫
Active immunity refers to the process by which an individual's immune system is stimulated to produce a protective response to a pathogen, typically ...
免疫能力の発達
Cell-mediated immunity in a fetus begins at the third month of growth, and active antibody-mediated immunity follows about one month later.
The first ...
細菌性病原体に対する防御
The immune defense against pathogenic bacteria involves phagocytes like macrophages from the innate system along with the T and B cells from the adaptive ...
ウイルス性病原体に対する免疫応答
Upon viral infection, cells secrete interferons to protect uninfected cells and activate the patrolling NK cells to initiate a non-specific innate immune ...
免疫不全疾患
Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to exposure to immunosuppressive agents, poor development of lymphoid organs, or viral infections.
Prolonged use of ...
過敏症
Hypersensitivity, or allergic reaction, occurs when the immune system overreacts to an allergen.
Hypersensitivity can be of four types.
Type I or ...
自己免疫疾患
In an autoimmune disorder, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues by activating self-reactive T and B cells.
There are ...
組織移植
Tissue transplantation is a complex yet vital medical procedure that involves transferring cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient to ...
腫瘍免疫療法
Cancer immunotherapy aids the body's immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells, using vaccines, oncolytic viruses, activated patient T ...
がんワクチン
Cancer vaccination can be preventive, protecting against oncogenic agents, or active, combating existing cancerous cells.
Like traditional vaccines, ...
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