Name: thermal measurement techniques in analytical microfluidic devices
Uploaded: 2015-06-03T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Sostegno finanziario parziale per questo lavoro è stato fornito dalla US National Science Foundation attraverso la Industria / Università Cooperative Research Center on Equipment Water &amp; Policy situato presso la University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (IIP-0.968.887) e Marquette University (IIP-0.968.844). Ringraziamo Glenn M. Walker, Woo-Jin Chang e Shankar Radhakrishnan per le discussioni utili.

1. termica rivelazione di particelle (TPD) <ol><li> Preparare il dispositivo di silicio micro-fabbricate con una membrana di nitruro di silicio a film sottile e sensore di temperatura integrato per micromachining, utilizzando una tecnologia di semiconduttori standard di 2. Sciacquare il dispositivo fabbricato con acqua deionizzata (DI). Nota: il metodo di fabbricazione per il rivelatore di particelle termico dispositivo microfluidica è spiegato in pubblicazione preliminare 2. </li><li> Per produrre polidimetilsilossano (PDMS) substrati con micro-canali, creare uno stampo SU8 utilizzando la litografia standard di processi 5. Nota: La dimensione del canale è stato progettato per la dimensione di ogni particella specifica. <ol><li> Rendere PDMS mescolando un rapporto di 10: 1 di base (30 ml) e agente (3 ml) polimerizzazione. Versare il PDMS sulla allo stampo e rimuovere le bolle brevemente esponendola ad un vuoto (5-10 min). Nota: Il livello di vuoto non è un valore critico per la degassificazione e dovrebbe continuare fino bubb gasles sono totalmente rimosso da PDMS misti. </li><li> Mettere lo stampo su una piastra (~ 70 ° C) per 2 ore per curare il PDMS. Poi staccare il PDMS molta attenzione per non danneggiare lo stampo. Nota: il livello di vuoto non è un valore critico. </li></ol></li><li> Usando un punzone manuale, un buco stretto (1 mm) per il tubo di PTFE ad una estremità. Utilizzare un grande punzone (2 mm) all&#39;altra estremità per rendere le PDMS un serbatoio. Posizionare il micro-channel perforate sulla parte superiore del dispositivo al microscopio e allineare l&#39;RTD al centro della micro-canale (Figura 1A). </li><li> Nell&#39;interfaccia elettrico, collegare i pin elettriche al contatto posizioni pad e stringere le viti di bloccaggio. Assicurarsi che i piedini regolabili in altezza (pin Pogo) siedono alle elettrodi corretti sul dispositivo. </li><li> Diluire 10 ml di perline concentrati PS in 100 ml di acqua deionizzata in un provetta da 1,5 ml. </li><li> Per garantire la PS perline rimangono galleggiamento neutro, aggiungere 2,7 ml di glicerolo (1.26g / cm 3) di acqua deionizzata in modo che corrisponda alla densità del fluido al polistirolo (PS) densità tallone (1,05 g / cm 3). </li><li> Collegare il tubo di PTFE al canale ad una estremità e l&#39;altra estremità ad una siringa di vetro da 1 ml. Riempire la siringa di vetro con 0,5 ml di acqua deionizzata. Nota: ben aderente fatta selezionando il formato pugno destro permetterà di evitare perdite in tubi. </li><li> Mettere l&#39;acqua DI riempita siringa sul pompa a siringa controllati dal computer. Spingere l&#39;acqua (5-20 ml / min) nel canale di riempire l&#39;intero canale di fluido fino al serbatoio. </li><li> Carico 10 ml di soluzione tallone equilibrata al serbatoio ed introdurre la soluzione tallone al micro-channel cambiando la direzione di flusso della pompa a siringa. </li><li> Accendere l&#39;RTD polarizzando 1 mA di corrente continua attraverso il computer controllato source / metro mentre si misura la resistenza da source / metro e classificare i dati misurati (figura 2). Nota: Durante l&#39;esperimento, il sensore è polarizzato; Pertanto, la temperatura viene misurata in continuo fino alla fine dell&#39;esperimento conteggio. Il sensore RTD è elettricamente polarizzato applicando una corrente continua nel campo da 100 mA a 1 mA per misurare continuamente la temperatura fino alla fine dell&#39;esperimento conteggio. È fondamentale per selezionare il livello esatta poiché non vi è un compromesso tra il livello di rumore e l&#39;ampiezza del segnale rilevato. La pompa a siringa viene usato per generare il flusso di micro-channel. Selezionando una portata appropriata per eseguire l&#39;esperimento TPD è limitata alla velocità della misurazione. Questa velocità è una funzione della costante di tempo termica del dispositivo e velocità di misura elettrica. I risultati dell&#39;esperimento rivelazione di particelle termica sono mostrati in Figura 3. </li><li> Utilizzare il software di elaborazione dei dati sviluppato (LabVIEW) per convertire i dati di resistenza misurati temperatura mediante l&#39;equazione di Callendar-Van Dusen 6. </li></ol> 2. termicaCaratterizzazione di sostanze liquide Utilizzando un Micro-calorimetro <ol><li> In questo processo, utilizzare il dispositivo on-chip calorimetro (Figura 4A) 3 per misurare la diffusività termica e il calore specifico dei campioni. Nota: In ogni dado, ci sono 2 camere micro-calorimetrici (Figura 4B). Ogni camera dispone di 2 ingressi ed una uscita. E ogni camera ha una stufa e un sensore RTD integrato. </li><li> Posizionare il dispositivo di micro-calorimetro sul dispositivo supporto (Figura 4C). Allineare il dispositivo alle prese microfluidica e le uscite con i raccordi supporto. Posizionare lo strato di tenuta PDMS sulla parte superiore del dispositivo. </li><li> Installare i perni di collegamento elettrico del dispositivo supporto e bloccare le viti del supporto. Nota: Assicurarsi che i perni Pogo regolabili in altezza sono in linea con le pastiglie di contatto elettrico. </li><li> Installare lo strato di interfaccia microfluidica con fermi magnetici al dispositivo titolare (Figura 4D). Collegare il PTFE Tubi a entrambi gli ingressi e l&#39;uscita. Collegare un ingresso alla pompa a siringa campione caricato e chiudere l&#39;altra, come entalpia non è misurato in questo caso. </li><li> Utilizzare un programma controllato dal computer sviluppato per caricare il campione nel micro-canali e camere. Nota: il programma utilizzerà il flusso ha interrotto per rilasciare una pressione eccessiva sulla camera sospeso a film sottile. <ol><li> Caricare il campione 300 microlitri nella siringa vetro e posizionarlo sulla pompa a siringa. Usa (0,25 ml / min) le portate costanti molto lenta per campioni ad alta viscosità (ad esempio, glicerolo e liquidi ionici). Utilizzare un campione di glicerolo per misure di diffusività termica e liquidi ionici per specifiche misure di calore. </li></ol></li><li> Misure <ol><li> Misure diffusività termica <ol><li> Collegare la configurazione misurazioni come mostrato in Figura 5A. Caricare il campione glicerolo alla camera micro-calorimetro. Eseguire il programma di computer controllato modificato per hea<html> t penetrazione misurazione del tempo. </li><li> Usare l&#39;equazione penetrazione del calore calibrato per calcolare diffusività termica dal momento in penetrazione del calore misurato 7: <img alt="Equazione 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52828/52828eq1.jpg" width="100" /> dove α è diffusività termica, L è lo spessore della camera, p è il fattore di calibrazione spessore a causa di variazioni di processo di fabbricazione, e t 0 è il tempo di penetrazione di calore. </li></ol></li><li> Misure di calore specifico <ol><li> Utilizzare il sistema di misura TWA come mostrato in Figura 5B. Utilizzare lo stesso programma di caricamento dei campioni e caricare il liquido ionico nella camera. Eseguire il programma TWA per ottenere l&#39;ampiezza delle fluttuazioni di temperatura AC (∂ T AC) e utilizzare l&#39;equazione del calore specifico per calcolare la specifica, c p, calore per ogni campione liquido ionico 8: 28eq2.jpg &quot;width =&quot; 117 &quot;/&gt; dove C 0 viene immesso fattore di calibrazione di potenza, in P è la potenza di ingresso, ω è la frequenza del segnale di attivazione, ed m è la massa del campione liquido. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. calorimetrico biochimica rilevamento in base Paper dispositivo a microfluidi <ol><li> Utilizzare microfabbricazione sensore RTD a film sottile (40-50 nm nichel). Fasi di fabbricazione per il sensore di RTD sono spiegati in lavori precedenti 4. </li><li> Per cartaceo canali fabbricazione 4, utilizzare un plotter coltello per tagliare la carta canali microfluidica con un modello progettato (L-forma). Posizionare la carta sulla parte superiore del tappeto di taglio, caricare la carta e il tappetino di taglio al plotter coltello, e usare la ricetta appropriata per tagliare i canali microfluidici carta 4. </li><li> Per il dispositivo e il canale di integrazione, utilizzare uno strato adesivo acrilico (5 micron) per integrare la carta sul sensore RTD. Utilizzare un b pulitolade per spingere la carta al dispositivo e rimuovere le bolle d&#39;aria (Figura 6A). Il film acrilico è uno strato adesivo per tenere il foglio sensore RTD. </li><li> Per l&#39;attivazione di enzimi, utilizzare 50 mM tampone di acetato di sodio per attivare l&#39;enzima GOD. Aggiungere 1 mg di enzima GOD a 1 ml di tampone di acetato di sodio per rendere la soluzione 1 mg / ml. Regolare il pH della soluzione a 5,1. Nota: regolare la quantità di acido acetico in tampone acetato di sodio per mantenere il pH della soluzione 5.1. </li><li> Bias il RTD con 1 mA di corrente continua per attivare la RST e iniziare a misurare la fonte di resistenza / metro continuamente mentre la resistenza si assesta dopo l&#39;esperimento (~ 4 min). Nota: La Figura 6B mostra la configurazione di misurazione per la prova calorimetrica cartaceo. </li><li> Introdurre 2 ml di soluzione GOD preparata al centro del foglio micro-channel (sito immobilizzazione) tramite pipetta. La temperatura rilevata (Figura 7A) deve iniziare to diminuire. Nota: Questo effetto di raffreddamento è dovuto alla maggiore temperatura funzionamento della RST e l&#39;evaporazione del campione insieme. </li><li> Per misurare la concentrazione di glucosio, introdurre soluzione di controllo del glucosio standard da 9 al canale di ingresso e misurare la variazione di resistenza causata dalla reazione. Ripetere questo esperimento con tutti i diversi soluzioni di controllo del glucosio (alta, normale e bassa concentrazione) e salvare i dati di resistenza. </li><li> Usando il coefficiente di temperatura della resistenza (TCR) di RST nichel e equazione Callendar-Van Dusen, convertire la variazione di resistenza alla temperatura. Calcolare la concentrazione di glucosio in ogni campione considerando l&#39;entalpia di reazione del glucosio e l&#39;enzima GOD (Δ H = -80 kJ / mole) e utilizzando l&#39;equazione concentrazione 10: <img alt="Equazione 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52828/52828eq3.jpg" width="83" /> in cui viene rilevato n p concentrazione molare, C <sub&gt; P è la capacità termica del sistema e DT viene calcolata la temperatura. </li></ol>

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	<li>Zhang, H., Chon, C., Pan, X., Li, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+counting+particles+in+microfluidic+applications.">Methods for counting particles in microfluidic applications.</a> Microfluid Nanofluid. 7 (6), 739-749 (2009).</li><li>Vutha, A. K., Davaji, B., Lee, C. H., Walker, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+device+for+thermal+particle+detection.">A microfluidic device for thermal particle detection.</a> Microfluid Nanofluid. 17 (5), 871-878 (2014).</li><li>Davaji, B., Bak, H. J., Chang, W. J., Lee, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+On-chip+Three-dimensional+Micromachined+Calorimeter+with+Fully+Enclosed+and+Suspended+Thin-film+Chamber+for+Thermal+Characterization+of+Liquid+Samples.">A Novel On-chip Three-dimensional Micromachined Calorimeter with Fully Enclosed and Suspended Thin-film Chamber for Thermal Characterization of Liquid Samples.</a> Biomicrofluidics. 8 (3), 034101-034113 (2014).</li><li>Davaji, B., Lee, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paper-based+calorimetric+microfluidics+platform+for+bio-chemical+sensing.">A paper-based calorimetric microfluidics platform for bio-chemical sensing.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 59, 120-126 (2014).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Process+research+of+high+aspect+ratio+microstructure+using+SU-8+resist.">Process research of high aspect ratio microstructure using SU-8 resist.</a> Microsystem Technologies. 10, 265-268 (2004).</li><li>Dusen, M. S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platinum-resistance+thermometry+at+low+temperatures.">Platinum-resistance thermometry at low temperatures.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47 (2), 326-332 (1925).</li><li>Arpaci, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Conduction Heat Transfer. , (1966).</li><li>Garden, J. L., Chteau, E., Chaussy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+sensitive+ac+nanocalorimeter+for+microliter-scale+liquids+or+biological+samples.">Highly sensitive ac nanocalorimeter for microliter-scale liquids or biological samples.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3597-3599 (2004).</li><li>Kilo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+New+Blood+Glucose+Monitoring+System+with+Auto-Calibration.">Evaluation of a New Blood Glucose Monitoring System with Auto-Calibration.</a> Diabetes Technol. Ther. 7 (2), 283-294 (2005).</li><li>Scheper, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Thermal Biosensors Bioactivity Bioaffinity (Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology). , (1999).</li></ol>

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Different thermal measurement techniques in microfluidic devices and their respective setup procedures are presented in this work. These thermal measurement methods such as thermal conductivity monitoring, thermal penetration time, amplitude of AC thermal fluctuations, and amplitude measurement of the generated heat are used to detect specific substances and investigate different reactions and interactions. 
The thermal time constant plays a key role in the aforementioned thermal measurement t...

Tre differenti tecniche di misura termiche micro-scala sono presentati in questo articolo. Le tre diverse configurazioni di dispositivi microfluidici sono utilizzati per la rilevazione termica delle particelle (TPD), caratterizzazione termica (conducibilità termica e calore specifico), e la rilevazione calorimetrico di reazioni chimiche e interazioni. Rilevazione particelle termica Rilevazione ed il conteggio di particelle in dispositivi microfluidici è ampiamente usato per applicazioni ambientali, industriali e biologici 1. TPD è una delle nuove applicazioni delle misure termiche in dispositivi microfluidici 2. Utilizzando il trasferimento di calore per rilevazione ed il conteggio di particelle in base alla dimensione delle particelle riduce la complessità, il costo e le dimensioni del sistema. In altri metodi, ottiche complesse o misure elettriche complessi e avanzati software di elaborazione del segnale sono utilizzati per rilevare le particelle. Chara termicacterization di sostanze liquide Utilizzando Micro-calorimetro Caratterizzazione termica campione liquido è la seconda applicazione della misurazione termica in dispositivi microfluidici. Esecuzione di calorimetria micro-scala ridurrà il consumo di campione e aumentare la precisione, offrendo maggiore ripetibilità rispetto ai tradizionali metodi calorimetria rinfusa. Le procedure per la conducibilità termica e la misurazione calore specifico utilizzando il dispositivo on-chip micro-calorimetro sono presentati altrove 3. I dettagli della tecnica tempo di penetrazione di calore per la misura della conducibilità termica e l&#39;analisi dell&#39;onda termica (TWA) per specifiche misure di calore in dispositivi microfluidici sono descritti nella sezione del protocollo. Calorimetrico Bio-chimica di rilevamento in cartaceo dispositivo a microfluidi Un&#39;altra applicazione di misura termico è la diagnosi biochimica in microfluidica cartacei. L&#39;azione capillare instruttura porosa di carta porta il liquido ed evita problemi bolla iniziazione a micro-canali. I meccanismi di rilevazione più comuni in dispositivi microfluidici cartacei sono tecniche ottici o elettrochimici. Rilevamento ottico soffre di elevata complessità e la necessità di software avanzato di elaborazione delle immagini per quantizzare il segnale rilevato. Rilevazioni elettrochimiche sono limitati perché possono essere applicati solo a reazioni che producono sottoprodotti attivi. Il calorimetrica cartaceo piattaforma sensore biochimico recentemente introdotto 4 sfrutta il sistema di microfluidica cartaceo e il meccanismo di rilevamento termico senza etichetta. Le procedure di rilevazione calorimetrica di glucosio utilizzando glucosio ossidasi (GOD), enzima in una piattaforma microfluidica cartaceo sono presentati nella sezione del protocollo. L&#39;obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare le capacità tecniche di misura termici nei dispositivi microfluidici. Il preparatio dispositivon, campione liquido rivelatore maneggevolezza e resistenza alla temperatura (RTD) Sensore di eccitazione e la misurazione sono presentate nei prossimi paragrafi.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>Sylgard 184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PS beads - 90 &amp;#956;m</td><td>Corpuscular</td><td>100265</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PS beads - 200 &amp;#956;m</td><td>Corpuscular</td><td>100271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GOD enzyme</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>G7141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - Low</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>Low Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - Normal</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>Normal Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - High</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>High Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatography filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>3001-845</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass</td><td>VWR&amp;nbsp;</td><td>48393-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acrylic Film</td><td>Nitto Denko</td><td>5600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass syringe (1 ml)</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>1001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe pump</td><td>New Era</td><td>NE-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>knife plotter</td><td>Silhouette</td><td>portrait</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current Preamplifier</td><td>Stanford Research</td><td>SR-570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ocilloscope</td><td>Agilent</td><td>DSO 2420A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal Generator</td><td>HP</td><td>HP3324A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lock-in Amplifire</td><td>Stanford Research</td><td>SRS-830</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source/meter 2400</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source/meter 2600</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2436A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

thermal measurement techniques in analytical microfluidic devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. Micromachining techniques allow reduction of the thermal mass of fabricated structures and introduce the possibility to perform high sensitivity thermal measurements in the micro-scale and nano-scale devices. Combining thermal measurement techniques with microfluidic devices allows performing different analytical measurements with low sample consumption and reduced measurement time by integrating the miniaturized system on a single chip. The procedures of thermal measurement techniques for particle detection, material characterization, and chemical detection are introduced in this paper.

La Figura 3 mostra l&#39;andamento del segnale termico misurata. I segnali generati in presenza delle perline con immagini ottiche corrispondenti mostrano la rilevazione successo delle perline microsfere PS nel micro-channel. La conducibilità termica del liquido passante attraverso il micro-channel cambia a causa della presenza di PS perline. Questo cambiamento nella conduttività termica del canale colpisce il trasferimento di calore nel micro-channel. La variazione di trasferimento di calore nel micr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices.

Tecniche di misurazione termali in Analytical dispositivi microfluidici

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

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9.6K Views.  Marquette University. Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices. 

Video: Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic samples with a wide range of possible sensor designs such as interferometers and resonators 1,2. Most of the existing RI sensing applications focus on biological materials in aqueous solutions in visible and IR frequencies, such as DNA hybridization and genome sequencing. At terahertz frequencies, applications include quality control, monitoring of industrial processes and sensing and detection applications involving nonpolar materials.
Several potential designs for refractive index sensors in the terahertz regime exist, including photonic crystal waveguides 3, asymmetric split-ring resonators 4, and photonic band gap structures integrated into parallel-plate waveguides 5. Many of these designs are based on optical resonators such as rings or cavities. The resonant frequencies of these structures are dependent on the refractive index of the material in or around the resonator. By monitoring the shifts in resonant frequency the refractive index of a sample can be accurately measured and this in turn can be used to identify a material, monitor contamination or dilution, etc.
The sensor design we use here is based on a simple parallel-plate waveguide 6,7. A rectangular groove machined into one face acts as a resonant cavity (Figures 1 and 2). When terahertz radiation is coupled into the waveguide and propagates in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode, the result is a single strong resonant feature with a tunable resonant frequency that is dependent on the geometry of the groove 6,8. This groove can be filled with nonpolar liquid microfluidic samples which cause a shift in the observed resonant frequency that depends on the amount of liquid in the groove and its refractive index 9.
Our technique has an advantage over other terahertz techniques in its simplicity, both in fabrication and implementation, since the procedure can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment without the need for a clean room or any special fabrication or experimental techniques. It can also be easily expanded to multichannel operation by the incorporation of multiple grooves 10. In this video we will describe our complete experimental procedure, from the design of the sensor to the data analysis and determination of the sample refractive index.

The procedure for implementing a refractive index sensor for terahertz frequencies based on a grooved parallel-plate waveguide geometry is described here. The method yields a measurement of the refractive index of a small volume of liquid through monitoring of the shift in the resonant frequency of the waveguide structure

Terahertz Sensing microfluidici Utilizzando un parallelo-piastra sensore guida d&#39;onda

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic ...

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Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Metodi di rilevamento a fluorescenza per piattaforme goccia microfluidica

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Bioingegneria

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

Fibre ottiche sensori distribuiti per alta risoluzione Mappatura temperatura Campo

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging techniques.
The one-time use packaging technique employs UV-based and temperature curing epoxies to connect microtubes to access holes, wire-bonding for integrated circuit connections, and silver epoxy for electrical connections. This method is based on a robust assembly technique that can support relatively high pressure close to 1 psi and does not need any support to strengthen the microfluidic architecture.
Reusable packaging techniques consist of PDMS-based microtube interconnectors and anisotropic adhesive films for electrical connections. These devices are more sensitive and fragile. Consequently, Plexiglas support is added to the microfluidic structure to improve the electrical contact when anisotropic adhesive films are used, and also to strengthen the microfluidic architecture. In addition, a micromanipulator is needed to maintain tubes while using a thin PDMS layer to connect them to the access holes. Different PDMS layer thicknesses, ranging from 0.45-3 mm, are tested to compare the best adherence versus injection rates. Applied injection rates are varied from 50-300 &#956;l/hr for 0.45-3 mm PDMS layers, respectively. These techniques are mainly applicable for low-pressure applications. However, they can be extended for high-pressure ones through plasma-oxygen process to permanently seal the PDMS to glass substrates. The main advantage of this technique, besides the fact that it is reusable, consists of keeping the device observable when the microchannel length is very short (in the range of 3 mm or lower).

In this article we describe different techniques for microfluidic rapid prototyping platforms. The proposed techniques are based on ultraviolet (UV) sensitive and temperature curing epoxies, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based tubing, wire-bonding, and anisotropic adhesive films. The assembling procedures presented are developed for both one-time use devices as well as reusable microfluidic systems.

High Throughput Microfluidic rapido ed economico prototipazione metodi a basso Packaging

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

Fabbricazione e collaudo di termometri fotonici

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Chimica

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

Tecnica di misurazione della temperatura vicino infrarosso per l'acqua che circonda una sfera magnetica piccola riscaldata a induzione

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

Misure di scambio di calore convettivo istantanea locale in un tubo - flusso singolo e due fasi

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of microscale schlieren technique relies on detecting light deflection caused by variation of refractive index1-3. The deflected light either escapes or is obstructed by the knife-edge to produce a bright or a dark band, respectively. If the refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with its composition, the local change in light intensity in the image plane is proportional to the concentration gradient normal to the optical axis. The micro-schlieren image gives a two-dimensional projection of the disturbed light produced by three-dimensional inhomogeneity.
To accomplish quantitative analysis, we describe a calibration procedure that mixes two fluids in a T-microchannel. We carry out a numerical simulation to obtain the concentration gradient in the T-microchannel that correlates closely with the corresponding micro-schlieren image. By comparison, a relationship between the grayscale readouts of the micro-schlieren image and the concentration gradients presented in a microfluidic device is established. Using this relationship, we are able to analyze the mixing inhomogeneity from associate micro-schlieren image and demonstrate the capability of microscale schlieren technique with measurements in a microfluidic oscillator4. For optically transparent fluids, microscale schlieren technique is an attractive diagnostic tool to provide instantaneous full-field information that retains the three-dimensional features of the mixing process.

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

Analizzando disomogeneità Mescolando in un dispositivo a microfluidi da Tecnica microscala Schlieren

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren ...

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

Chemotaxis allows bacteria to approach sources of attractant chemicals or to avoid sources of repellent chemicals. Bacteria constantly monitor the concentration of specific chemoeffectors by comparing the current concentration to the concentration detected a few seconds earlier. This comparison determines the net direction of movement. Although multiple, competing gradients often coexist in nature, conventional approaches for investigating bacterial chemotaxis are suboptimal for quantifying migration in response to concentration gradients of attractants and repellents. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic chemotaxis model for presenting precise and stable concentration gradients of chemoeffectors to bacteria and quantitatively investigating their response to the applied gradient. The device is versatile in that concentration gradients of any desired absolute concentration and gradient strength can be easily generated by diffusive mixing. The device is demonstrated using the response of Escherichia coli RP437 to gradients of amino acids and nickel ions.

This protocol describes the development of a microfluidic device for investigating bacterial chemotaxis in stable concentration gradients of chemoeffectors.

Un dispositivo a microfluidi per quantificare chemiotassi batterica in gradienti di concentrazione stabile

Chemotaxis allows bacteria to approach sources of attractant chemicals or to avoid sources of repellent chemicals. Bacteria constantly monitor the ...

Biologia

Soft Lithographic Procedure for Producing Plastic Microfluidic Devices with View-ports Transparent to Visible and Infrared Light

Infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy of living biological samples is hampered by the absorption of water in the mid-IR range and by the lack of suitable microfluidic devices. Here, a protocol for the fabrication of plastic microfluidic devices is demonstrated, where soft lithographic techniques are used to embed transparent Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) view-ports in connection with observation chamber(s). The method is based on a replica casting approach, where a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold is produced through standard lithographic procedures and then used as the template to produce a plastic device. The plastic device features ultraviolet/visible/infrared (UV/Vis/IR) -transparent windows made of CaF2 to allow for direct observation with visible and IR light. The advantages of the proposed method include: a reduced need for accessing a clean room micro-fabrication facility, multiple view-ports, an easy and versatile connection to an external pumping system through the plastic body, flexibility of the design, e.g., open/closed channels configuration, and the possibility to add sophisticated features such as nanoporous membranes.

A protocol for the fabrication of plastic microfluidic devices with transparent view-ports for visible and infrared light imaging is described.

Procedura litografica morbido per la produzione di dispositivi microfluidici plastica con vista-porte trasparente alla luce visibile e infrarossa

Infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy of living biological samples is hampered by the absorption of water in the mid-IR range and by the lack of suitable ...