Name: using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes
Uploaded: 2017-12-06T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 46 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי NIH גרנט GM59354 מוענק שרון אי ביקל. אנו מודים הוי נגוין ש לקבלת סיוע בפיתוח הפרוטוקול ליצירת זרוע פלורסנט הגששים, אן Lavanway לעזרה עם מיקרוסקופיה קונפוקלית ולאחר ג' ריד אמיליאנו לקבלת סיוע טכני. אנו מודים גם יחד עם עמיתים רבים בקהילה דרוזופילה עבור דיונים מועילים ועצות.

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המחברים מצהירים אין אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים.

השימוש של דגים רגשים להעריך מצב היד לכידות ב prometaphase אני מפה של אני דרוזופילה oocytes הוא קידום משמעותי בשדה של מיוזה דרוזופילה . מבחינה היסטורית, חוקרים דרוזופילה היה מוגבל ל בדיקות גנטיות להסיק מוקדמת אובדן היד לכידות בוגרת oocytes11,18,<sup class="xr...

סגרגציה תקין של הכרומוזומים במהלך מיטוזה, מיוזה דורש האחות כרומטידה לכידות להיות הוקמה, ומתוחזק שפורסם אופנה מתואמת1,2. לכידות נוסדה במהלך שלב S ומתווך על ידי cohesin מורכבים, המהווה קישורים פיזיים להחזיק את האחות chromatids ביחד. מיוזה, לכידות דיסטלי להתהפכויות גם מתפקד להחזיק homologs רקומביננטי יחד, הקשר גופניות הזה מסייע להבטיח כיוון נכון של טרינארית על כל ציר אני (איור 1)3,4, 5. שחרורו של הזרוע לכידות-"אנאפאזה" אני מאפשר את homologs הפרדת כדי צירים ההפוכים. עם זאת, אם הזרוע לכידות פגים, homologs רקומביננטי לאבד את החיבור הפיזי שלהם גם של הפרדת באופן אקראי, אשר יכול לגרום aneuploid לגמטות (איור 1).
ב- oocytes האנושי, שגיאות בסגרגציה כרומוזום הגורם המוביל של הפלות, מומים מולדים, כגון תסמונת דאון6, השכיחות שלהם עולה אקספוננציאלית עם גיל7. כרומטידה אחות לכידות נוסדה בשנת oocytes עוברי, רקומבינציה meiotic הושלמה לפני הלידה. Oocytes ואז לעצור באמצע prophase אני עד הביוץ ובמהלך המעצר הזה, האגודה פיזי מתמשך של homologs רקומביננטי מסתמך על אחותי כרומטידה לכידות. לכן, הפרדה מדויקת במהלך המיוזה ותוצאות הריון נורמלי דורשים כי לכידות נשארים בעינם עד חמישה עשורים.
אובדן מוקדמת של לכידות במהלך מעצרו meiotic ממושך של האדם oocytes הוצע לתרום האפקט גיל אימהי, שורות מרובות של ראיות תומכות זו השערה8,9. עם זאת, לאור האתגרים של הלומדים לכידות meiotic ב oocytes האנושי, הרבה ההבנה שלנו של תופעה זו מסתמך על השימוש של מודל אורגניזמים5,10,11,12, 1314,,15.
דרוזופילה melanogaster oocytes מציעים יתרונות רבים עבור המחקר של סגרגציה לכידות והסכמה כרומוזום meiotic. Assay הגנטי פשוטות מאפשרת לשחזר רומא גמטות aneuploid ולמדוד את הנאמנות של X-הפרדה בין כרומוזום16,11,17בקנה מידה גדול. יתר על כן, אחד יכול גם לקבוע האם כרומוזום סגרגציה שגיאות מתעוררות כי homologs רקומביננטי missegregate במהלך המיוזה אני, הפנוטיפ עקבי עם אובדן היד לכידות11,18, מוקדמת 19. ישיר התבוננות המדינה של לכידות meiotic ב דרוזופילה oocytes אפשרי גם באמצעות קרינה פלואורסצנטית בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים). למרות oligonucleotides פלורסנט כי hybridize אל לווין חוזרות רצפים שימשו במשך יותר מעשור כדי לפקח על לכידות pericentromeric בוגרת דרוזופילה oocytes4,20, ניתוח של הזרוע לכידות כבר הרבה יותר מאתגר. ויזואליזציה של מצב היד לכידות דורש בדיקה המתפרס על אזור גדול של עותק בודד רצף בהיר מספיק את התוצאה גלוי אותות עבור אחותי בודדים chromatids כאשר היד לכידות נעדר. בנוסף, התנאים קיבוע oocyte והגודל של DNAs שכותרתו חייבת לאפשר חדירה21 לתוך גדול בוגר דרוזופילה oocyte (200 מיקרומטר רחב על ידי רב 500 מיקרומטר). לאחרונה, בדיקה הזרוע היה בהצלחה מנוצל כדי להמחיש דרוזופילה oocyte chromatids במהלך "אנאפאזה", אבל המחברים הצהיר כי הם לא היתה אפשרות לזהות אות ב- prometaphase או מפה של עצרתי oocytes22. כאן אנו מספקים פרוטוקול מפורט עבור הדור של X-זרוע כרומוזום דגים רגשים ועל תנאים הכנה oocyte אפשרו לנו assay לירידה מוקדמת של אחותו כרומטידה לכידות ב- prometaphase ומפה של אני oocytes. שיטות אלה, אשר אפשרו לנו לזהות מוצרים גנים הדרושים לשם שמירה על לכידות meiotic, יאפשר לאחרים assay עבור אחותי כרומטידה לכידות מפגמים בוגרת דרוזופילה oocytes של אחרים שונים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Kits&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Midi Prep kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12143</td><td>Prep BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>GenomePlex Complete Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Kit</td><td>Sigma</td><td>WGA2</td><td>Amplify BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>ARES Alexa Fluor 647 DNA labeling kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>A21676</td><td>Label BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>PCR purification kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28104</td><td>Remove non-conjugated dye following labeling of BAC clone DNA</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals &amp;amp; Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP1600-100</td><td>Prepare 10% stock&lt;br/&gt; Freeze aliquots</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C75-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;rsquo;, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. Prepare 100&amp;micro;g/ml stock in 100% ethanol, store in aliquots at -20 &amp;deg;C. Prepare 1 &amp;micro;g/ml solution in 2X SSCT before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Dextran sulfate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D-8906</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>Drierite Company</td><td>23001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15508-013</td><td>Prepare 10 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>dTTP (10 &amp;micro;mol, 100 &amp;micro;l)</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>1277049</td><td>Prepare 1 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S311-500</td><td>Prepare 250 mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>100% ethanol (molecular grade, 200 proof)</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris (Ultra Pure)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15504-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E-3889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% formaldehyde</td><td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td><td>18505</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>AM9342</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycogen</td><td>Roche</td><td>901393</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Boehringer Mannheim</td><td>737-151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heptane</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>H350-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HX0603-4</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxylamine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>438227</td><td>Prepare 3 M stock</td></tr><tr><td>4.9 M Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma</td><td>104-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S373-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4 &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;Yuml; 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S369-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine (0.1mg/ml)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P8920-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP364-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S209-500</td><td>Prepare 3M stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium cacodylate</td><td>Polysciences, Inc.</td><td>1131</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. Prepare 400mM stock</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP327-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Sodium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S5-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% Tween 20</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>28320</td><td>Surfact-Amps</td></tr><tr><td>10% Triton X-100</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>28314</td><td>Surfact-Amps</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Note: &lt;/strong&gt;All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TE buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH = 8.0</td></tr><tr><td>20X SSC (Saline Sodium Citrate)</td><td></td><td></td><td>3 M NaCl, 300 mM sodium citrate</td></tr><tr><td>2X cacodylate fix solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 200 mM sodium cacodylate, 200 mM sucrose, 80 mM sodium acetate, 20 mM EGTA</td></tr><tr><td>1.1X Hybridization buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.3X SSC, 55% formamide, 11% dextran sulfate</td></tr><tr><td>Fix solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. 4% formaldehyde, 1X cacodylate fix solution</td></tr><tr><td>PBSBTx</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.1% Trition X-100</td></tr><tr><td>PBSTx</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100</td></tr><tr><td>Extraction buffer (PBSTx + Rnase)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100, 100 &amp;micro;g/mL RNase</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT</td><td></td><td></td><td>2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 20% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 20% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 40% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 40% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>2X SSCT + 50% formamide</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic:&lt;/strong&gt; wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 50% formamide</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Enzymes&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AluI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0137S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HaeIII</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0108S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MseI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0525S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MspI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0106S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RsaI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0167S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BfuCI</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>R0636S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100X BSA</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td></td><td>Comes with NEB enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>10X NEB buffer #2</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td></td><td>Restriction enzyme digestion buffer. Comes with NEB enzymes</td></tr><tr><td>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) 400 U/&amp;micro;l</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td>3333566001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TdT buffer</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>Comes with TdT enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt chloride</td><td>Roche/Sigma</td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Toxic: &lt;/strong&gt;wear appropriate protection. Comes with TdT enzyme</td></tr><tr><td>RNase A (10 mg/mL)</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>EN0531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cytology Tools etc.&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td></td><td>#5 INOX, Biologie</td></tr><tr><td>9&amp;rdquo; Disposable glass Pasteur pipettes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>13-678-20C</td><td>Autoclave to sterilize</td></tr><tr><td>Shallow glass dissecting dish</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Deep well dish (3 wells)</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>7223-34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherfinest Premium microscope slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-038-104</td><td>Used to cover deep well dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Frosted glass slides, 25 x 75 mm</td><td>VWR Scientific</td><td>48312-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides, 3 x 1 in, 1 mm thick</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>3051</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coverslips, 10 x 10 mm, No. 1.5</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>3405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten needle</td><td></td><td></td><td>homemade</td></tr><tr><td>Prolong GOLD mounting media</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>P36930</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compressed-air in can</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR machine</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanodrop 2000, spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td></td><td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td></tr><tr><td>Vortexer</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table top microfuge at room temperature</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Table top microfuge at 4 &amp;deg;C</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat block</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization oven or incubator with rotator</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutator</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>A1RSi laser scanning confoal</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td>40X oil Plan Fluor DIC (NA 1.3)</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Consumables etc.&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL conical tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL conical tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL microfuge tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>500 &amp;micro;l microfuge tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;micro;l PCR tubes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic container with tight fitting lid</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>To hold Drierite</td></tr><tr><td>Kimwipes</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>disposable wipes</td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Various</td><td></td><td>paraffin film</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Other&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HPLC purified 5&#039;-labeled oligonucleotides</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td></td><td>Cy3-labeled probes that recognize the 359 bp satellite repeat of the &lt;em&gt;X&lt;/em&gt; chromosome</td></tr><tr><td>Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td></td><td>Version 6.3</td></tr></tbody></table>

using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes

בבני אדם, כרומוזום סגרגציה שגיאות oocytes אחראים המכריע של הפלות, מומים מולדים. יתר על כן, נשים בגיל, הסיכון שלהם להריון שהעובר aneuploid גדל באופן דרמטי, תופעה זו נקראת השפעת גיל אימהי. אחד הדרישה כרומוזום מדויק סגרגציה במהלך לחטיבות meiotic הוא תחזוקה של אחותו כרומטידה לכידות במהלך התקופה המורחבת prophase oocytes להיתקל. ממצאים cytological בני אדם והן דגם אורגניזמים מעידים כי לכידות meiotic מתדרדר במהלך תהליך ההזדקנות. בנוסף, הפרדה בין שגיאות oocytes האנושי הם הנפוצות ביותר במהלך המיוזה אני, עקבי עם הפסד מוקדמת של הזרוע לכידות. השימוש של אורגניזמים מודל הוא קריטי עבור להתיר את המנגנונים העומדים בבסיס תלויי-גיל אובדן של לכידות. דרוזופילה melanogaster מציע מספר יתרונות לימוד ברגולציה של לכידות meiotic ב oocytes. עם זאת, עד לאחרונה, רק בדיקות גנטיות היו זמינות assay אובדן היד לכידות ב oocytes של אחרים שונים או בתנאים שונים ניסיוני. כאן, הוא פרוטוקול מפורט בתנאי לשימוש פלורסצנטיות בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים) ישירות להמחיש מפגמים הזרוע לכידות ב prometaphase מפה של עצרתי דרוזופילה oocytes ואני. על ידי יצירת בדיקה דגים זה hybridizes את הזרוע דיסטלי של כרומוזום ה- X ואיסוף קונאפוקלית ערימות Z, חוקר יכול להמחיש את מספר אותות נפרדים דגים בשלושה ממדים ו לקבוע אם אחותי כרומטידה הזרועות מופרדים. ההליך שתואר מאפשר לכמת פגמים לכידות הזרוע מאות דרוזופילה oocytes. ככזה, בשיטה זו מספק כלי חשוב לחקור את המנגנונים שתורמים לכידות תחזוקה, כמו גם את הגורמים שמובילים את מותו במהלך תהליך ההזדקנות.

איור 5 מציג תמונות שהושג עם בדיקה היד זה hybridizes על אזור cytological 6E-7B על כרומוזום ה- X . התוצאה בדיקה לאות שיתוף רגישה עם זה של דאפי, הוא שקל להבחין ברקע, שימש בהצלחה לכמת הזרוע לכידות פגמים שונים אחרים19. כימות של לכידות פגמים הוגבל ל prometaphase אני, מ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

שימוש ב-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH לניטור מצב לכידות הזרוע ב-Prometaphase ו- Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes | התפתחותי | ביולוגיה | וִידֵאוֹ

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

באמצעות קרינה פלואורסצנטית בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים) כדי לנטר את מצב היד לכידות ב- Prometaphase, מפה של אני דרוזופילה Oocytes

כתב יד זה מציג שיטה מפורטת ליצירת X-כרומוזום הזרוע המחקרים וכל ביצוע קרינה פלואורסצנטית בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים) לבדוק את מצבה של אחותך כרומטידה לכידות ב- prometaphase, מפה של עצרתי דרוזופילה oocytes. פרוטוקול זה מתאים לקביעת אם הזרוע meiotic לכידות הוא שלם או קטועים ב שונים אחרים.

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

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Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Meiosis

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11.3K Views.  Dartmouth College. כתב יד זה מציג שיטה מפורטת ליצירת X-כרומוזום הזרוע המחקרים וכל ביצוע קרינה פלואורסצנטית בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים) לבדוק את מצבה של אחותך כרומטידה לכידות ב- prometaphase, מפה של עצרתי דרוזופילה oocytes. פרוטוקול זה מתאים לקביעת אם הזרוע meiotic לכידות הוא שלם או קטוע...

Video: Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of tissues, we have developed numerous modifications and improvements to our original fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol. To facilitate throughput and cost effectiveness, all steps, from probe generation to signal detection, are performed using exon 96-well microtiter plates. Digoxygenin (DIG)-labelled antisense RNA probes are produced using either cDNA clones or genomic DNA as templates. After tissue fixation and permeabilization, probes are hybridized to transcripts of interest and then detected using a succession of anti-DIG antibody conjugated to biotin, streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and fluorescently conjugated tyramide, which in the presence of HRP, produces a highly reactive intermediate that binds to electron dense regions of immediately adjacent proteins. These amplification and localization steps produce a robust and highly localized signal that facilitates both cellular and subcellular transcript localization. The protocols provided have been optimized to produce highly specific signals in a variety of tissues and developmental stages. References are also provided for additional variations that allow the simultaneous detection of multiple transcripts, or transcripts and proteins, at the same time.

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

The described RNA in situ hybridization protocol allows the detection of RNA in whole Drosophila embryos or dissected tissues. Using 96-well microtiter plates and tyramide signal amplification, transcripts can be detected at high resolution, sensitivity, and throughput, and at a relatively low cost.

ברזולוציה גבוהה פלורסנט בחיי עיר הכלאה של עוברי דרוזופילה ורקמות באמצעות הגברה Tyramide אות

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively correlated with maternal age, age alone is not always predictive of the risk of generating an aneuploid embryo. Therefore, gene variants might account for incorrect chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Given that access to human oocytes is limited for research purposes, a series of assays were developed to study human gene function during meiosis I using mouse oocytes. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) of the gene and gene variant of interest are microinjected into prophase I-arrested mouse oocytes. After allowing time for expression, oocytes are synchronously released into meiotic maturation to complete meiosis I. By tagging the mRNA with a sequence of a fluorescent reporter, such as green fluorescent protein (Gfp), the localization of the human protein can be assessed in addition to the phenotypic alterations. For example, gain or loss of function can be investigated by establishing experimental conditions that challenge the gene product to fix meiotic errors. Although this system is advantageous in investigating human protein function during oogenesis, adequate interpretation of results should be undertaken given that protein expression is not at endogenous levels and, unless controlled for (i.e. knocked out or down), murine homologs are also present in the system.

As the genetic variants associated with human disease begin to become uncovered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop systems with which to rapidly evaluate the biological significance of those identified variants. This protocol describes methods for evaluating human gene function during female meiosis I using mouse oocytes.

באמצעות העכבר Oocytes כדי להעריך תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה אני

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (SM-FISH) to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), quantitative, real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and RNA sequencing. When these techniques are performed using a single oocyte or embryo, low-copy mRNAs are not reliably detected. To overcome this problem, oocytes or embryos can be pooled together for analysis; however, this often leads to high variability amongst samples. In this protocol, we describe the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using branched DNA chemistry. This technique identifies the spatial pattern of mRNAs in individual cells. When the technique is coupled with Spot Finding and Tracking&#160;computer software, the abundance of mRNAs in the cell can also be quantified. Using this technique, there is reduced variability within an experimental group and fewer oocytes and embryos are required to detect significant differences between experimental groups. Commercially available branched-DNA SM-FISH kits have been optimized to detect mRNAs in sectioned tissues or adherent cells on slides. However, oocytes do not effectively adhere to slides and some reagents in the kit were too harsh resulting in oocyte lysis. To prevent this lysis, several modifications were made to the FISH kit. Specifically, oocyte permeabilization and wash&#160;buffers designed for the immunofluorescence of oocytes and embryos replaced the proprietary buffers. The permeabilization, washes, and incubations with probes and amplifier were performed in 6-well plates and oocytes were placed on slides at the end of the protocol using mounting media. These modifications were able to overcome the limitations of the commercially available kit, in particular, the oocyte lysis. To accurately and reproducibly count the number of mRNAs in individual oocytes, computer software was used. Together, this protocol represents an alternative to PCR and sequencing to compare the expression of specific transcripts in single cells.

Use of Single Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization SM-FISH to Quantify and Localize mRNAs in Murine Oocytes

To reproducibly count the numbers of mRNAs in individual oocytes, single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) was optimized for non-adherent cells. Oocytes were collected, hybridized with the transcript specific probes, and quantified using an image quantification software.

השימוש יחיד מולקולה פלורסנט ב באתרו הכלאה (SM-דג) כדי mRNAs Quantify ו Localize ב Oocytes מאתר

Current methods routinely used to quantify mRNA in oocytes and embryos include digital reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), ...

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton rearrangements, or polarity patterning within the cells. When studying oocyte nucleus positioning, live-imaging techniques are essential to capture the dynamic events of this process. The Drosophila egg chamber is a multicellular structure and an excellent model system to study this phenomenon because of its large size and availability of numerous genetic tools. During Drosophila mid-oogenesis, the nucleus migrates from a central position within the oocyte to adopt an asymmetric position mediated by microtubule-generated forces. This migration and positioning of the nucleus are necessary to determine the polarity axes of the embryo and the subsequent adult fly. One characteristic of this migration is that it occurs in three dimensions (3D), creating a necessity for live imaging. Thus, to study the mechanisms that regulate nuclear migration, we have developed a protocol to culture the dissected egg chambers and perform live imaging for 12 h by time-lapse acquisitions using spinning-disk confocal microscopy. Overall, our conditions allow us to preserve Drosophila egg chambers alive for a long period of time, thereby enabling the completion of nuclear migration to be visualized in a large number of samples in 3D.

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

In Drosophila, the oocyte nucleus undergoes microtubule-dependent migration during oogenesis. Here, we describe a protocol that was developed to follow the migration by performing live imaging on egg chambers ex-vivo. Our procedure maintains egg chambers alive for 12 h to acquire multi-position 3D time-lapse movies using spinning-disk confocal microscopy.

הגירה גרעינית באוקיטה של דרוסופילה

Live cell imaging is particularly necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate organelle movements, cytoskeleton ...

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle microtubules to prevent anaphase onset until the chromosomes are properly connected. Cells use this mechanism to prevent aneuploidy or genomic instability, and hence cancers and other human diseases like birth defects and Alzheimer's1. A number of the SAC components such as Mad1, Mad2, Bub1, BubR1, Bub3, Mps1, Zw10, Rod and Aurora B kinase have been identified and they are all kinetochore dynamic proteins2. Evidence suggests that the kinetochore is where the SAC signal is initiated. The SAC prime regulatory target is Cdc20. Cdc20 is one of the essential APC/C (Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome) activators3 and is also a kinetochore dynamic protein4-6. When activated, the SAC inhibits the activity of the APC/C to prevent the destruction of two key substrates, cyclin B and securin, thereby preventing the metaphase to anaphase transition7,8. Exactly how the SAC signal is initiated and assembled on the kinetochores and relayed onto the APC/C to inhibit its function still remains elusive.
Drosophila is an extremely tractable experimental system; a much simpler and better-understood organism compared to the human but one that shares fundamental processes in common. It is, perhaps, one of the best organisms to use for bio-imaging studies in living cells, especially for visualization of the mitotic events in space and time, as the early embryo goes through 13 rapid nuclear division cycles synchronously (8-10 minutes for each cycle at 25 &deg;C) and gradually organizes the nuclei in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex9.
Here, I present a bio-imaging method using transgenic Drosophila expressing GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) or its variant-targeted proteins of interest and a Leica TCS SP2 confocal laser scanning microscope system to study the SAC function in flies, by showing images of GFP fusion proteins of some of the SAC components, Cdc20 and Mad2, as the example.

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

The kinetochore is where the SAC initiates its signal monitoring the mitotic segregation of the sister chromatids. A method is described to visualize the recruitment and turnover of one of the kinetochore proteins and its coordination with the chromosome motion in Drosophila embryos using a Leica laser scanning confocal system.

לימוד מחסום mitotic ידי הממחישות התנהגות חלבון דינמי Kinetochore ו Motion כרומוזום חיים<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; עוברים סינסיציאלי

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

חי הדמיה של חלבוני ה-GFP שהכותרת ב-<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; ביציות

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

הר כולו RNA פלורסנט<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה של<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; עוברים

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The study of chromosome behavior in oocytes from model organisms holds much promise to uncover the molecular basis of the susceptibility of human oocytes to aneuploidy. Drosophila melanogaster is amenable to genetic manipulation, with over 100 years of research, community, and technique development. Visualizing chromosome behavior and spindle assembly in Drosophila oocytes has particular challenges, however, due primarily to the presence of membranes surrounding the oocyte that are impenetrable to antibodies. We describe here protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of meiosis I spindle assembly and chromosome behavior in Drosophila oocytes, which allow the molecular dissection of chromosome segregation in this important model organism.

Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes

We present protocols for the collection, preparation, and imaging of mature Drosophila oocytes. These methods allow the visualization of chromosome behavior and spindle assembly and function during meiosis.

טכניקות הדמיה prometaphase ו Metaphase של המיוזה ואני קבוע<em&gt; תסיסנית</em&gt; ביציות

Chromosome segregation in human oocytes is error prone, resulting in aneuploidy, which is the leading genetic cause of miscarriage and birth defects. The ...

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell imaging studies. Methods for detecting RNAs have expanded greatly since seminal studies linked site-specific mRNA localization to gene expression regulation. Dynamic mRNA processes can now be visualized via approaches that detect mRNAs, coupled with microscopy set-ups that are fast enough to capture the dynamic range of molecular behavior. The molecular beacon technology is a hybridization-based approach capable of direct detection of endogenous transcripts in living cells. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped, internally quenched, single-nucleotide discriminating nucleic acid probes, which fluoresce only upon hybridization to a unique target sequence. When coupled with advanced fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution imaging, they enable one to perform spatial and temporal tracking of intracellular movement of mRNAs. Although this technology is the only method capable of detecting endogenous transcripts, cell biologists have not yet fully embraced this technology due to difficulties in designing such probes for live cell imaging. A new software application, PinMol, allows for enhanced and rapid design of probes best suited to efficiently hybridize to mRNA target regions within a living cell. In addition, high-resolution, real-time image acquisition and current, open source image analysis software allow for a refined data output, leading to a finer evaluation of the complexity underlying the dynamic processes involved in the mRNA&#39;s life cycle.
Here we present a comprehensive protocol for designing and delivering molecular beacons into Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers. Direct and highly specific detection and visualization of endogenous maternal mRNAs is performed via spinning disc confocal microscopy. Imaging data is processed and analyzed using object detection and tracking in Icy software to obtain details about the dynamic movement of mRNAs, which are transported and localized to specialized regions within the oocyte.

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Here, we present a protocol for the visualization, detection, analysis and tracking of endogenous mRNA trafficking in live Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber using molecular beacons, spinning disc confocal microscopy, and open-source analysis software.

חזותי ומעקב אחר mRNAs בשידור חי דרוזוסופילה מלאנוגסטר צ'יימברס

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell ...

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ within a given tissue remain limited. The EASI-FISH protocol described here has been adapted to detect the expression of dozens of genes in the intact adult Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) using commercially available reagents. This protocol includes a new gel formulation that enhances gel robustness, enabling multiple rounds of hybridization and allowing the embedding of multiple brains per gel. This improvement increases throughput, facilitates optimal comparison of experimental conditions, and reduces reagent costs. Additionally, by employing the GAL4-UAS system for co-detection of green fluorescent protein (GFP), gene expression can be visualized in specific neuronal or glial cell types. Notably, the high resolution achieved through expansion microscopy, combined with the sensitivity of the method, allows for the detection of single RNA transcripts. This approach effectively integrates high image quality with high throughput, making it a powerful tool for studying gene expression throughout the intact fly brain.

Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (EASI-FISH) is a robust technique that combines expansion microscopy with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the expression of multiple genes in thick tissue. This protocol outlines recent advancements in the method and its adaptation for labeling the intact Drosophila central nervous system..

Understanding gene expression is essential for deciphering cellular functions. However, methods for analyzing the expression of numerous genes in situ ...

באמצעות קרינה פלואורסצנטית בחיי עיר הכלאה (דגים) כדי לנטר את מצב היד לכידות ב- Prometaphase, מפה של אני דרוזופילה Oocytes

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ברזולוציה גבוהה פלורסנט בחיי עיר הכלאה של עוברי דרוזופילה ורקמות באמצעות הגברה Tyramide אות

באמצעות העכבר Oocytes כדי להעריך תפקוד הגן האנושי במהלך המיוזה אני

השימוש יחיד מולקולה פלורסנט ב באתרו הכלאה (SM-דג) כדי mRNAs Quantify ו Localize ב Oocytes מאתר

הגירה גרעינית באוקיטה של דרוסופילה

לימוד מחסום mitotic ידי הממחישות התנהגות חלבון דינמי Kinetochore ו Motion כרומוזום חיים

חי הדמיה של חלבוני ה-GFP שהכותרת ב-

הר כולו RNA פלורסנט

טכניקות הדמיה prometaphase ו Metaphase של המיוזה ואני קבוע

חזותי ומעקב אחר mRNAs בשידור חי דרוזוסופילה מלאנוגסטר צ'יימברס

Multiplex Detection of Gene Expression in the Intact Drosophila Brain Using Expansion-Assisted Iterative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization