Name: micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moiré fringes
Uploaded: 2017-05-23T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי JSPS KAKENHI, מענק מספרים JP16K17988 ו JP16K05996, ועל ידי תוכנית לקידום חדשנות חוצה אסטרטגית חוצה, יחידה D66, מדידה חדשנית וניתוח של חומרים מבניים (SIP-IMASM), המופעל על ידי משרד הקבינט. המחברים מודים גם לד&quot;ר. סטושי קישימוטו וקימיושי נייטו ב NIMS עבור חומר CFRP שלהם.

<ol>
	<li>Weller, R., Shepard, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Displacement+measurement+by+mechanical+interferometry.">Displacement measurement by mechanical interferometry.</a> Proc. Soc. Exp. Stress Anal. 6 (1), 35-38 (1948).</li><li>Kishimoto, S., Egashira, M., Shinya, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcreep+deformation+measurements+by+a+moir&#233;+method+using+electron+beam+lithography+and+electron+beam+scan.">Microcreep deformation measurements by a moir&#233; method using electron beam lithography and electron beam scan.</a> Opt. Eng. 32 (3), 522-526 (1993).</li><li>Ifju, P., Han, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+applications+of+moir&#233;+interferometry.">Recent applications of moir&#233; interferometry.</a> Exp. Mech. 50 (8), 1129-1147 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, H., Wu, C., Liu, Z., Xie, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+curved+surface+micro-moir&#233;+method+and+its+application+in+evaluating+curved+surface+residual+stress.">A curved surface micro-moir&#233; method and its application in evaluating curved surface residual stress.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 25 (9), 095002 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, H., Liu, Z., Wen, H., Xie, H., Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subset+geometric+phase+analysis+method+for+deformation+evaluation+of+HRTEM+images.">Subset geometric phase analysis method for deformation evaluation of HRTEM images.</a> Ultramicroscopy. 171, 34-42 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Xie, H., Liu, Z., Lou, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+high+temperature+creep+deformation+of+micro-structure+with+metal+film+wire+on+flexible+membrane+using+geometric+phase+analysis.">In situ high temperature creep deformation of micro-structure with metal film wire on flexible membrane using geometric phase analysis.</a> Microelectron. Reliab. 53 (4), 652-657 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+analysis+of+residual+stress+and+stress+intensity+factor+in+a+resist+after+UV-nanoimprint+lithography+based+on+electron+moir&#233;+fringes.">Simultaneous analysis of residual stress and stress intensity factor in a resist after UV-nanoimprint lithography based on electron moir&#233; fringes.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 22 (10), 105021 (2012).</li><li>Kishimoto, S., Wang, Q., Xie, H., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+surface+structure+of+butterfly+wings+using+the+scanning+electron+microscopic+moir&#233;+method.">Study of the surface structure of butterfly wings using the scanning electron microscopic moir&#233; method.</a> Appl. Opt. 46 (28), 7026-7034 (2007).</li><li>Li, C., Liu, Z., Xie, H., Wu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+3D+SEM+Moir&#233;+method+for+micro+height+measurement.">Novel 3D SEM Moir&#233; method for micro height measurement.</a> Opt. Express. 21 (13), 15734-15746 (2013).</li><li>Xie, H., Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Dai, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+planar+periodic+structure+using+inverse+laser+scanning+confocal+microscopy+moir&#233;+method+and+its+application+in+the+structure+of+butterfly+wing.">Characterization of planar periodic structure using inverse laser scanning confocal microscopy moir&#233; method and its application in the structure of butterfly wing.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 101 (10), 103511 (2007).</li><li>Tang, M., Xie, H., Wang, Q., Zhu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase-shifting+laser+scanning+confocal+microscopy+moir&#233;+method+and+its+applications.">Phase-shifting laser scanning confocal microscopy moir&#233; method and its applications.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 (5), 055110 (2010).</li><li>Xie, H., Kishimoto, S., Asundi, A., Boay, C. G., Shinya, N., Yu, J., Ngoi, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-plane+deformation+measurement+using+the+atomic+force+microscope+moir&#233;+method.">In-plane deformation measurement using the atomic force microscope moir&#233; method.</a> Nanotechnology. 11 (1), 24 (2000).</li><li>Xie, H., Liu, Z., Fang, D., Dai, F., Gao, H., Zhao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+on+the+digital+nano-moir&#233;+method+and+its+phase+shifting+technique.">A study on the digital nano-moir&#233; method and its phase shifting technique.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 15 (9), 1716 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Yamauchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-directional+structural+characterization+of+hexagonal+packed+nanoparticles+by+hexagonal+digital+moir&#233;+method.">Three-directional structural characterization of hexagonal packed nanoparticles by hexagonal digital moir&#233; method.</a> Opt. Lett. 37 (4), 548-550 (2012).</li><li>Liu, Z., Lou, X., Gao, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformation+analysis+of+MEMS+structures+by+modified+digital+moir&#233;+methods.">Deformation analysis of MEMS structures by modified digital moir&#233; methods.</a> Opt. Lasers Eng. 48 (11), 1067-1075 (2010).</li><li>Li, Y., Xie, H., Chen, P., Zhang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+analysis+of+moir&#233;+fringe+multiplication+under+a+scanning+electron+microscope.">Theoretical analysis of moir&#233; fringe multiplication under a scanning electron microscope.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 (2), 025301 (2010).</li><li>Patorski, K., Wielgus, M., Ekielski, M., Ka&#378;mierczak, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AFM+nanomoir&#233;+technique+with+phase+multiplication.">AFM nanomoir&#233; technique with phase multiplication.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 (3), 035402 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., Ri, S., Takashita, Y., Ogihara, S., Yoshida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+33:+Full-field+measurements+of+principal+strains+and+orientations+using+moir&#233;+fringes.">Chapter 33: Full-field measurements of principal strains and orientations using moir&#233; fringes.</a> Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics. 3, 251-259 (2017).</li><li>Wang, Z., Han, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+iterative+algorithm+for+phase+extraction+of+randomly+phase-shifted+interferograms.">Advanced iterative algorithm for phase extraction of randomly phase-shifted interferograms.</a> Opt. Lett. 29 (14), 1671-1673 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Q., Xie, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Sun, J., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Residual+thermo-creep+deformation+of+copper+interconnects+by+phase-shifting+SEM+moir&#233;+method.">Residual thermo-creep deformation of copper interconnects by phase-shifting SEM moir&#233; method.</a> Appl. Mech. Mater. 83, 185-190 (2011).</li><li>Ri, S., Fujigaki, M., Morimoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sampling+moir&#233;+method+for+accurate+small+deformation+distribution+measurement.">Sampling moir&#233; method for accurate small deformation distribution measurement.</a> Exp. Mech. 50 (4), 501-508 (2010).</li><li>Ri, S., Muramatsu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+error+analysis+of+the+sampling+moir&#233;+method+and+phase+compensation+methodology+for+single-shot+phase+analysis.">Theoretical error analysis of the sampling moir&#233; method and phase compensation methodology for single-shot phase analysis.</a> Appl. Opt. 51 (16), 3214-3223 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Q., Ri, S., Tsuda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+sampling+Moir&#233;+as+a+substitute+for+microscope+scanning+Moir&#233;+for+high-sensitivity+and+full-field+deformation+measurement+at+micron/nano+scales.">Digital sampling Moir&#233; as a substitute for microscope scanning Moir&#233; for high-sensitivity and full-field deformation measurement at micron/nano scales.</a> Appl. Opt. 55 (25), 6858-6865 (2016).</li><li>Dai, F., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+fringe+patterns+analysis+using+digital+processing+tehniques:+I+fringe+center+method.">Automatic fringe patterns analysis using digital processing tehniques: I fringe center method.</a> Acta Photonica Sinica. 28, 700-706 (1999).</li><li>Gutmann, B., Weber, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase-shifter+calibration+and+error+detection+in+phase-shifting+applications:+a+new+method.">Phase-shifter calibration and error detection in phase-shifting applications: a new method.</a> Appl. Opt. 37 (32), 7624-7631 (1998).</li><li>Wang, Q., Kishimoto, S., Tanaka, Y., Kagawa, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro/submicro+grating+fabrication+on+metals+for+deformation+measurement+based+on+ultraviolet+nanoimprint+lithography.">Micro/submicro grating fabrication on metals for deformation measurement based on ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography.</a> Opt. Lasers Eng. 51 (7), 944-948 (2013).</li><li>Min-Jin, T., Hui-Min, X., Yan-Jie, L., Xiao-Jun, L., Dan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+grating+fabrication+technique+on+metal+films+using+UV-nanoimprint+lithography.">A new grating fabrication technique on metal films using UV-nanoimprint lithography.</a> Chin. Phys. Lett. 29 (9), 098101 (2012).</li></ol>

למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

בטכניקה המתוארת, צעד אחד מאתגר הוא מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה רשת או סורגים (מקוצר כמו ייצור רשת) 26 אם אין דפוס תקופתי קיים על הדגימה. רשת המגרש צריך להיות אחיד לפני דפורמציה כי זה פרמטר חשוב למדידה עיוות. אם החומר הוא מתכת, סגסוגת מתכת, או קרמיקה, UV או חימום nithimprin...

מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מדידות עיוות הם חיוניים חיוני להערכת תכונות מכניות, התנהגויות חוסר יציבות, מדגיש שיורית, סדק המופעים של חומרים מתקדמים. מאז טכניקות אופטיות הם ללא מגע, שדה מלא, ולא הרסנית, שיטות אופטיות שונות פותחו עבור מדידת דפורמציה במהלך העשורים האחרונים. בשנים האחרונות, המיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה דפורמציה טכניקות המדידה כוללים בעיקר את שיטות moiré 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ניתוח פאזה גיאומטרי (GPA) 5 , 6 , Fourier טרנספורמציה (FT), מתאם תמונה דיגיטלית (DIC), ו דפוס אינטרפרמטריה אלקטרונית (ESPI). בין טכניקות אלה, GPA ו FT אינם מתאימים למדידות דפורמציה מורכבות כי תדרים מרובים קיימים. שיטת ה- DIC היא SIMאבל חסר אונים נגד הרעש כי המוביל דפורמציה הוא speckle אקראי. לבסוף, ESPI רגיש מאוד לרטט. בין מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה שיטות moiré, השיטות הנפוצות ביותר כיום הם מיקרוסקופ סריקה שיטות moiré, כגון אלקטרונים סריקה moiré 7 , 8 , 9 , לייזר סריקה moiré 10 , 11 , ו מיקרוסקופ כוח אטומי (AFM) moiré 12 , וכמה שיטות moiré מבוסס מיקרוסקופ, כגון דיגיטלי / חופף moiré 13 , 14 , 15 השיטה ואת הכפל / שבורה moiré שיטה 16 , 17 . שיטת הסריקה moiré יש יתרונות רבים, כגון שדה רחב של נוף, reso גבוההלובן, וחוסר רגישות לרעש אקראי. עם זאת, שיטת הסריקה המסורתית אינה נוחה עבור מדידות זן דו-ממדיות מכיוון שיש צורך לסובב את שלב המדגם או את כיוון הסריקה ב -90 ° ולסרוק פעמיים כדי ליצור שוליים של moiré בשני כיוונים. סיבוב ותהליכי סריקה כפולה להציג שגיאת סיבוב ולקחת הרבה זמן, ברצינות להשפיע על דיוק המדידה של זן 2D, במיוחד עבור זן גזירה. אף על פי שהטכניקה הטמפורלית של הזזת הטמפרטורה 19 , 20 יכולה לשפר את דיוק המדידה של הדפורמציה, היא דורשת זמן ומכשיר פאזה מיוחד שאינו מתאים לבדיקות דינמיות. שיטת הדגימה moiré 21 , 22 יש דיוק גבוהה במדידות תזוזה ועכשיו הוא משמש בעיקר עבור מדידות סטיה על גשרים כאשר מכוניות pתַחַת. כדי להאריך את שיטת הדגימה moiré כדי מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה 2 מדידות זן, שיטת כפל משוחזרת moiré פותח לאחרונה 23 מתוך 2 פיקסלים הדגימה moiré שוליים, שבו המדידות הן רגישות כפליים שדה רחב של נוף של סריקה שיטת moiré נשמר. יתר על כן, בשלב המרחבי הזזת דגימה שיטת moiré הוא פיתח גם מ רב פיקסל הדגימה moiré שוליים, המאפשר מדידות זן דיוק גבוהה. פרוטוקול זה יציג את הליך המדידה זן מפורט והוא צפוי לסייע לחוקרים ומהנדסים ללמוד כיצד למדוד דפורמציה, לשפר את תהליכי הייצור של חומרים ומוצרים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Automatic Polishing Machine</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>LaboPol-30, Labor Force-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic</td><td>Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HYEJ16M95DHX1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>DELL Japan</td><td>VOSTRO</td><td>Can be replaced with another computer with C++ programming language</td></tr><tr><td>Image Recording Software</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>LMEYE7</td><td>Installed in a laser scanning microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Ion Coater</td><td>Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Ltd.</td><td>JEC3000F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Scanning Microscope</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>OPTELICS HYBRID</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Device</td><td>Japan Laser Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EUN-4200</td><td>Can be replaced with a electron beam lithography device or a focused ion beam milling device</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Mold</td><td>SCIVAX Corporation</td><td>3.0&amp;mu;m pitch</td><td>Customized</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Resist</td><td>Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAK01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polishing Solution</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>DP-Spray P 15&amp;mu;m, 1&amp;mu;m, 0.25&amp;mu;m</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Pipet</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>10mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand Paper</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>SiC Foil #320, #800</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>MIKASA Corporation</td><td>MS-A100</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moir&#233; fringes

עבודה זו מתארת ​​את הליך המדידה והעקרונות של טכניקת הדגימה moiré עבור שדה מלא מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מדידות עיוות. הטכניקה המפותחת יכולה להתבצע בשתי דרכים: שימוש בשיטת moiré הכפולה המשוחזרת או בשיטה המירבית של הדגימה. כאשר הדגימה הרשת הוא סביב 2 פיקסלים, 2 פיקסלים הדגימה moiré שוליים נוצרות לשחזר דפוס moiré כפל עבור מדידת דפורמציה. הן עקירה והן רגישויות זן גבוהים פי שניים מאשר בשיטה המסורתית סריקה moiré באותו שדה רחב של נוף. כאשר הדגימה של רשת הדגימה נמצאת סביב או גדולה מ -3 פיקסלים, הדגימה מרובת הדגימה של הדגימה moiré נוצרת, וטכניקה של שינוי מרחבי של שלב משולבת למדידת עיוות שדה מלא. הדיוק למדידת המתח משופר באופן משמעותי, ומדידת אצווה אוטומטית היא ניתנת להשגה בקלות.שתי השיטות יכולות למדוד את התפלגות המימדים הדו-ממדית (2D) מתמונת רשת חד-פעמית ללא סיבוב הדגימה או קווי הסריקה, כמו בטכניקות moiré מסורתיות. כדוגמאות, את ההעתקה 2D ו זנים הפצות, כולל זנים גזירה של שני פחמן מחוזק סיבי פלסטיק, נמדדו בבדיקות כיפוף שלוש נקודות. הטכניקה המוצעת צפויה למלא תפקיד חשוב בהערכות כמותיות לא הרסניות של תכונות מכניות, התרחשויות סדק, וכן מדדים שיוריים של מגוון חומרים.

ההעתקה הדו-ממדית והפצת המתח של שני דגימות של פחמן מחוזק בסיבי פחמן (CFRP) (# 1 ו- # 2) נמדדו על פי עקרון היווצרות moir® 23 ותהליך המדידה ( איור 1 ). הדגימות CFRP היו עשויים 10-11 מיקרומטר קוטר K13D סיבי פחמן שרפים אפוקסי. הדפורמציה של CFRP # 1 נ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

טכניקה דגימה moiré שמציעות 2 פיקסל ורב פיקסל שיטות הדגימה עבור דיוק גבוהה מדידות הפצת זן מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מוצג כאן.

מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה זן הפצה מדידה מדגימה Moiré שוליים

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

micronano-scale-strain-distribution-measurement-from-sampling-moir

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.2K Views.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).  טכניקה דגימה moiré שמציעות 2 פיקסל ורב פיקסל שיטות הדגימה עבור דיוק גבוהה מדידות הפצת זן מיקרו / ננו בקנה מידה מוצג כאן. 

Video: Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

מדידת חומר מיקרו תחת זרם באמצעות 1-2 מטוס זרימה קטן זווית ניוטרון פיזור

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

יישום של אינטרפרומטר הפניה לNanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. A cube-shaped sample assembly is prepared and compressed, at room temperature, by a set of four X-ray transparent sintered diamond anvils and two tungsten carbide anvils, in the lateral and the vertical planes, respectively. All six anvils are housed within a 250-ton hydraulic press and driven inward simultaneously by two wedged guide blocks. A horizontal energy dispersive X-ray beam is projected through and diffracted by the sample assembly. The beam is commonly in the mode of either white or monochromatic X-ray. In the case of white X-ray, the diffracted X-rays are detected by a solid-state detector array that collects the resulting energy dispersive diffraction pattern. In the case of monochromatic X-ray, the diffracted pattern is recorded using a two-dimensional (2-D) detector, such as an imaging plate or a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. The 2-D diffraction patterns are analyzed to derive lattice spacings. The elastic strains of the sample are derived from the atomic lattice spacing within grains. The stress is then calculated using the predetermined elastic modulus and the elastic strain. Furthermore, the stress distribution in two-dimensions allow for understanding how stress is distributed in different orientations. In addition, a scintillator in the X-ray path yields a visible light image of the sample environment, which allows for the precise measurement of sample length changes during the experiment, yielding a direct measurement of volume strain on the sample. This type of experiment can quantify the stress distribution within geomaterials, which can ultimately shed light on the mechanism responsible for compaction. Such knowledge has the potential to significantly improve our understanding of key processes in rock mechanics, geotechnical engineering, mineral physics, and material science applications where compactive processes are important.

We report detailed procedures for compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-radiation. Such experiments allow quantification of the stress distribution within samples, that ultimately sheds light on compaction processes in geomaterials.

התפלגות הלחץ בזמן הדחיסה קר של סלעים אגרגטים מינרלים באמצעות עקיפה רנטגן מבוססות סינכרוטרון

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Environment

Observing and Quantifying Fibroblast-mediated Fibrin Gel Compaction

Cells embedded in collagen and fibrin gels attach and exert traction forces on the fibers of the gel. These forces can lead to local and global reorganization and realignment of the gel microstructure. This process proceeds in a complex manner that is dependent in part on the interplay between the location of the cells, the geometry of the gel, and the mechanical constraints on the gel. To better understand how these variables produce global fiber alignment patterns, we use time-lapse differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy coupled with an environmentally controlled bioreactor to observe the compaction process between geometrically spaced explants (clusters of fibroblasts). The images are then analyzed with a custom image processing algorithm to obtain maps of the strain. The information obtained from this technique can be used to probe the mechanobiology of various cell-matrix interactions, which has important implications for understanding processes in wound healing, disease development, and tissue engineering applications.

Time-lapse microscopy and image processing techniques were used to observe and analyze fibroblast-mediated gel compaction and fibrin fiber realignment in an environmentally controlled bioreactor over a 48 hr&#160;period.

התבוננות וכימות דחיסה של ג'ל פיברובלסט בתיווך פיברין

Cells embedded in collagen and fibrin gels attach and exert traction forces on the fibers of the gel. These forces can lead to local and global ...

Bioengineering

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder microdiffraction two-dimensional (2D) maps at beamline 12.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Measurements can be performed on any sample that is less than 10 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm, with a flat exposed surface. The experimental geometry is calibrated using standard materials (elemental standards for XRF, and crystalline samples such as Si, quartz, or Al2O3 for diffraction). Samples are aligned to the focal point of the x-ray microbeam, and raster scans are performed, where each pixel of a map corresponds to one measurement, e.g., one XRF spectrum or one diffraction pattern. The data are then processed using the in-house developed software XMAS, which outputs text files, where each row corresponds to a pixel position. Representative data from moissanite and an olive snail shell are presented to demonstrate data quality, collection, and analysis strategies.

We describe a beamline setup meant to carry out rapid two-dimensional x-ray fluorescence and x-ray microdiffraction mapping of single crystal or powder samples using either Laue (polychromatic radiation) or powder (monochromatic radiation) diffraction. The resulting maps give information about strain, orientation, phase distribution, and plastic deformation.

סינכרוטרון Microdiffraction רנטגן והדמיה זריחה של דגימות הסלע המינרלים

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder ...

Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks. The proposed strain field analysis methodology is based on the use of a unique pattering technique with a characteristic speckle size of approximately 10 &#181;m. The developed methodology is applied to study the small fatigue crack behavior in body centered cubic (bcc) Fe-Cr ferritic stainless steel with a relatively large grain size allowing a high spatial measurement accuracy at the sub-grain level. This methodology allows the measurement of small fatigue crack growth retardation events and associated intermittent shear strain localization zones ahead of the crack tip. In addition, this can be correlated with the grain orientation and size. Thus, the developed methodology can provide a deeper fundamental understanding of the small fatigue crack growth behavior, required for the development of robust theoretical models for the small fatigue crack&#160;propagation in polycrystalline materials.

Microstructurally small fatigue crack growth behavior is investigated using a novel methodological approach combining crack growth rate measurement and strain-field analysis to reveal the cumulative deformation field at sub-grain level.

זן שדה מלא מידות עבור עייפות Microstructurally קטן לפצח את הפצת בשיטת המתאם תמונה דיגיטלי

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

מגנטו-אופטיים ומשולשים-אפיון של מבנים ננוטוני

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...

Production of a Strain-Measuring Device with an Improved 3D Printer

A traditional strain measurement sensor needs to be electrified and is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. In order to solve the fluctuations in the analog electrical signal in a traditional strain gauge operation, a new strain measurement method is presented here. It uses a photographic technique to display the strain change by amplifying the change of the pointer displacement of the mechanism. A visual polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) lens with a focal length of 7.16 mm was added to a smartphone camera to generate a lens group acting as a microscope to capture images. It had an equivalent focal length of 5.74 mm. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and nylon amplifiers were used to test the influence of different materials on the sensor performance. The production of the amplifiers and PDMS lens is based on improved 3D printing technology. The data obtained were compared with the results from finite element analysis (FEA) to verify their validity. The sensitivity of the ABS amplifier was 36.03 &plusmn; 1.34 &#181;&epsilon;/&#181;m, and the sensitivity of the nylon amplifier was 36.55 &plusmn; 0.53 &#181;&epsilon;/&#181;m.

This work presents a strain measurement sensor consisting of an amplification mechanism and a polydimethylsiloxane microscope manufactured using an improved 3D printer.

הפקה של התקן מדידת מתח עם מדפסת תלת-ממד משופרת

A traditional strain measurement sensor needs to be electrified and is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. In order to solve the fluctuations in ...

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Adsorption of surface-active molecules to fluid-fluid interfaces is ubiquitous in nature. Characterizing these interfaces requires measuring surfactant adsorption rates, evaluating equilibrium surface tensions as a function of bulk surfactant concentration, and relating how surface tension changes with changes in the interfacial area following equilibration. Simultaneous visualization of the interface using fluorescence imaging with a high-speed confocal microscope allows the direct evaluation of structure-function relationships. In the capillary pressure microtensiometer (CPM), a hemispherical air bubble is pinned at the end of the capillary in a 1 mL volume liquid reservoir. The capillary pressure across the bubble interface is controlled via a commercial microfluidic flow controller that allows for model-based pressure, bubble curvature, or bubble area control based on the Laplace equation. Compared to previous techniques such as the Langmuir trough and pendant drop, the measurement and control precision and response time are greatly enhanced; capillary pressure variations can be applied and controlled in milliseconds. The dynamic response of the bubble interface is visualized via a second optical lens as the bubble expands and contracts. The bubble contour is fit to a circular profile to determine the bubble curvature radius, R, as well as any deviations from circularity that would invalidate the results. The Laplace equation is used to determine the dynamic surface tension of the interface. Following equilibration, small pressure oscillations can be imposed by the computer-controlled microfluidic pump to oscillate the bubble radius (frequencies of 0.001-100 cycles/min) to determine the dilatational modulus The overall dimensions of the system are sufficiently small that the microtensiometer fits under the lens of a high-speed confocal microscope allowing fluorescently tagged chemical species to be quantitatively tracked with submicron lateral resolution.

This manuscript describes the design and operation of a microtensiometer/confocal microscope to do simultaneous measurements of interfacial tension and surface dilatational rheology while visualizing the interfacial morphology. This provides the real-time construction of structure-property relationships of interfaces important in technology and physiology.

מיקרוטנסיומטר למיקרוסקופיה קונפוקלית הדמיה של ממשקים דינמיים

Adsorption of surface-active molecules to fluid-fluid interfaces is ubiquitous in nature. Characterizing these interfaces requires measuring surfactant ...

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized in vitro stretching methods. Various available systems use 2D substrate-based stretchers, while the accessibility of 3D techniques to strain soft hydrogels, is more restricted. Here, we describe a method that allows external stretching of soft hydrogels from their circumference, using an elastic silicone strip as the sample carrier. The stretching system utilized in this protocol is constructed from 3D-printed parts and low-cost electronics, making it simple and easy to replicate in other labs. The experimental process begins with polymerizing thick (&#62;100 &#956;m) soft fibrin hydrogels (Elastic Modulus of ~100 Pa) in a cut-out at the center of a silicone strip. Silicone-gel constructs are then attached to the printed-stretching device and placed on the confocal microscope stage. Under live microscopy the stretching device is activated, and the gels are imaged at various stretch magnitudes. Image processing is then used to quantify the resulting gel deformations, demonstrating relatively homogenous strains and fiber alignment throughout the gel&#8217;s 3D thickness (Z-axis). Advantages of this method include the ability to strain extremely soft hydrogels in 3D while executing in situ microscopy, and the freedom to manipulate the geometry and size of the sample according to the user&#8217;s needs. Additionally, with proper adaptation, this method can be used to stretch other types of hydrogels (e.g., collagen, polyacrylamide or polyethylene glycol) and can allow for analysis of cells and tissue response to external forces under more biomimetic 3D conditions.

The presented method involves uniaxial stretching of 3D soft hydrogels embedded in silicone rubber while allowing live confocal microscopy. Characterization of the external and internal hydrogel strains as well as fiber alignment are demonstrated. The device and protocol developed can assess the response of cells to various strain regimes.

זן מבוקר של הידרוג'ל תלת מימדי תחת הדמיה מיקרוסקופית חיה

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized ...