Name: pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with low-cost ionic liquids
Uploaded: 2016-08-10T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids at JoVE.com

המחברים מודים המכון גרנתאם לשינויי האקלים ואיכות הסביבה, אקלים-KIC ו EPSRC (EP / K038648 / 1 ו- EP / K014676 / 1) למימון ופייר בובייה למתן נתוני הניסוי עבור pretreatments אורן.

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הטכניקה עבור החלוקה של ביומסה lignocellulosic המוצגת כאן מייצרת עיסה תאית-עשיר ליגנין. רוב hemicelluloses מתמוססים לתוך הנוזל היוני הידרוליזה, אך לא התאושש. אם סוכרי hemicellulose הם רצויים, צעד מראש חילוץ hemicellulose לפני delignification Ionosolv עשוי להיות נחוץ. זה היה עד כה בלתי אפשרי לסגור את מאזן מס?...

חדרי הביקוש לאנרגיה של האנושות בר קיימא הוא אחד האתגרים הגדולים שהציוויליזציה שלנו פרצופים. שימוש באנרגיה צפוי להכפיל ב 50 השנים הבאות, הגדלת עומס רב יותר על משאבי דלק מאובנים. 1 ההצטברות של גזי חממה (GHG) באטמוספרה באמצעות שימוש בדלק מאובנים רחב התפשט היא בעייתית במיוחד, כמו CO 2 שנוצר משריפה דלקים מאובנים אחראים 50% של אפקט החממה אנתרופוגניים. 2 לכן, יישום בקנה מידה הגדולה של טכנולוגיות ניטראליות מתחדשות פחמן חיוני שעונה על הצרכים של הדורים הבאים אנרגיה וחומרים המוגבר. 1, 3 ביומסה הצמח הוא משאב מתחדש המגוונים ביותר, כפי שהוא יכול לשמש כדי לייצר חום, חשמל, כמו גם, חומרים כימיקלים מבוססי פחמן ודלקים. היתרונות העיקריים של ביומסה lignocellulosic פני סוגים ביומסה אחרים הם שפע, הפוטנציאל שלה PE תשואות גבוהותאזור r אדמה ועל פי רוב חיסכון פליטה CO 2 גבוה יותר, הכולל שימור גבוה של פחמן בקרקע. 4, 5 יתרונות של שימוש ביומסה כולל זמינות מקומית, דרישות הון נמוכות להמיר ביומסה לאנרגיה, ומניעת סחף קרקע. 8 המפיקים הגדולים של חומר זינה lignocellulosic הם תעשיית ייעור במגזר החקלאי וכן ניהול פסולת עירונית. 6 ייצור lignocellulose יש פוטנציאל להיות מורחבת, עם מוח כדי להגביל יערות והימנעות החלפת גידולי מזון שחרור מזהמים פוטנציאליים. 7 עבור ביומסה מתחדשת להפוך למקור נפוץ קיימא של דלקים לתחבורה נוזלים כימיקלים, העיבוד שלה חייב להיות תחרותי כלכלי עם טכנולוגיות מרת דלק מאובנים. 9, 10, אחת הדרכים להשגה זו היא להגביר את התפוקה ואיכות של חומרי ביניים הנגזרות ביומסה תוך צמצום עלות. &lt;/ P&gt; Lignocellulose מכיל שיעור סוכרים גבוהה אשר ניתנות להמרה דלקים וכימיקלים באמצעות המרות הקטליטי מיקרוביאלי. 11 סוכרים אלה נמצאים lignocellulose בצורה פולימריים כמו תאית hemicellulose. הם יכולים להיות הידרוליזה לתוך מונומרים גלוקוז וסוכר אחרים ולאחר מכן המשמשים לייצור ביו-וכימיקלים שמקורם ביו אחרים וממסים. 12 כדי לגשת הסוכרים התאיים, המקדים של ביומסה יש צורך הדרך פיזי, כימי או תהליכים משולבים. 4 המקדים הוא לטעון את הצעד היקר ביותר יִצוּב מְחִיר של ביומסה lignocellulosic. לפיכך מחקר לתוך תהליכי המקדים שיפור הכרחי. טכנולוגיות מקדימות שונות זמינות. מעניין במיוחד הם אלה שמפרידים בין ליגנין מתאית (מקדים fractionative). ליגנין, המרכיב העיקרי השלישיlignocellulose, גישת גבולות hydrolyzing סוכנים תאיים hemicellulose ומקטינה את תשואת הסוכר לטון של זינה. 11 ליגנין המופרד יכול להיות מנוצל כמו biorefinery נוסף ביניים אם היא מבודדת באיכות מתאימה. 13 אחת תהליך fractionative הוא תהליך קראפט אשר הוא המקדים הנפוץ ביותר לייצור נייר / תאי. בשנת מעיכת קראפט, שבבי עץ ממוקמים בתוך תערובת של הידרוקסיד נתרן גופרתי נתרן מחומם בטמפרטורות גבוהות של כ 170 מעלות צלזיוס בלחץ גבוה. 14 התגובות אלקליין להסיר hemicellulose ו ליגנין ידי שבירת הפולימרים עד שברים קצרים דרך nucleophilic ו בסיס קטליזה, ועל ידי המסת שברי הליגנין באמצעות דה-protonation של קבוצות הידרוקסיל פנוליות / אלכוהול. תהליך נוסף delignification נפוץ הוא תהליך Organosolv אשר גם שהברים מתמוסס ליגנין ו hemicellulose. במקום להשתמש aqueo אלקלייןפתרון אותנו, ממיסים אורגניים כגון אתנול וחומצה אצטית משמשים בטמפרטורות גבוהות הנעים בין 160-200 מעלות צלזיוס ולחצים מסרגל 5-30. יש מקדים Organosolv כמה יתרונות על פני קראפט מעיכה בכך שהיא מייצרת פחות אוויר וזיהום מים. 15 שני התהליכים להחזיק כמה אתגרים כלכליים, אם משתמשים בו לייצור כימיקלים ודלקים ולא תאי. 16 מקדים Ionosolv משתמש נוזלים יוניים, אשר הם מלחימים יש נקודת התכה מתחת ל -100 מעלות צלזיוס, כתוצאת אינטראקציות Coulombic החזקות שלהם, לחץ אדים נמוכים מאוד. 17 זה מבטל זיהום אוויר בתהליך המקדים, ומאפשר עיבוד ליד או בלחץ אטמוספרי. בעוד שרוב ILs נוצר סינתזות מייגעות, רבי שלבים, ILs protic יכול להיות מסונתז תהליך חד-שלב מ כימיקלי סחורות, מה שהופך אותם פחות יקרים; ההערכה היא כי חלק ILs יכול להיות מיוצר על בקנה מידה גורפת עבורמחיר של 1.24 $ לכל קילו אשר ניתן להשוות בממסים אורגניים שכיחים כגון אצטון טולואן. 18 היכולת למחזר ולעשות שימוש חוזר ILs להתאמה האישי אלה בתהליך הפועלת יחסית בטמפרטורות נמוכות ולחצים עושה את זה אלטרנטיבה שפירה יותר מועמד אטרקטיבי מבחינה כלכלית עבור Biorefining. פרוטוקול וידאו מפורט זה מדגים גרסה בקנה מידה במעבדה של תהליך Ionosolv עבור delignification של ביומסה lignocellulosic ואת saccharification האנזימטית הסופי של עיסת התאית עשירה כמו גם ההתאוששות של ליגנין ריח ללא טוהר גבוה. 19

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;IL synthesis&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Round bottom flask, with standard ground joint 24/29 NS, 1,000 ml</td><td>Lenz</td><td>3 0024 70</td><td>VWR product code 271-1309</td></tr><tr><td>250 ml Addition Funnel, Graduated, 29/26 Joint Size, 0-4&amp;nbsp;mm PTFE Valve</td><td>GPE</td><td>CG-1714-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dish-shaped dewar flask, SCH 31 CAL&amp;nbsp;</td><td>KGW-Isotherm</td><td>1197</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Volumetric flask, 200 ml</td><td>VWR</td><td>612-3745&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cork rings, pasteur pipettes and teet, wash bottle with deionised water, large magentic stir bar</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Biomass size reduction&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Heavy Duty Cutting Mill SM2000&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Discontinued</td><td>Replaced with Cutting Mill SM 200 (20.728.0001)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Bottom sieves (10 mesh square holes, for particle size &amp;lt;2 mm)</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>03.647.0318</td><td>Part of cutting mill</td></tr><tr><td>Analytical Sieve Shaker AS 200</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>30.018.0001</td><td>Part of sieving machine</td></tr><tr><td>Test Sieve 200 mm &amp;Oslash; x 50 mm height ISO 3310/1 (180 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>60.131.000180</td><td>Part of sieving machine</td></tr><tr><td>Test Sieve 200 mm &amp;Oslash; x 50 mm height ISO 3310/1 (850 &amp;micro;m)</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>60.131.000850</td><td>Part of sieving machine</td></tr><tr><td>Collecting pan, stainless steel, 200&amp;nbsp;mm &amp;Oslash;, height 50 mm</td><td>Retsch&amp;nbsp;</td><td>69.720.0050</td><td>Part of sieving machine</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Rotary evaporator&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-210)</td><td>Buchi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Discontinued</td><td>Replaced with Rotavapor R-300</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath (Heating bath B-491)</td><td>Buchi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>48201</td><td>Part of rotary evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Recirculator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Julabo</td><td>F25</td><td>Part of rotary evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump (MPC 101 Z)</td><td>Ilmvac GmbH</td><td>412522</td><td>Part of rotary evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum controller (Vacuum Control Box VCB 521)</td><td>Ilmvac GmbH</td><td>600053</td><td>Part of rotary evaporator</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Parallel evaporator&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>StarFish Base Plate 135&amp;nbsp;mm (for Radleys &amp;amp; IKA)</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95010</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Monoblock for 5 x 250&amp;nbsp;ml Flasks</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95130&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Telescopic 5-way Clamp with Velcro</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95400</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Gas/Vacuum Manifold with connectors</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95510&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>650&amp;nbsp;mm Rod</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95665&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Quick Release Male, R/A Barbed 6.4&amp;nbsp;mm + Shut-off (3.2&amp;nbsp;mm ID)</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95520</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Stirrer/hot plate</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR98072</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR98073</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Elliptical Stirring Bar 15&amp;nbsp;mm Rare Earth</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR98097&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum cold trap, plastic coated, PTFE stopcock</td><td>Chemglass</td><td>CG-4519-01</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump (MPC 101 Z)</td><td>Ilmvac GmbH</td><td>412522</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td>Tygon tubing E-3603, 6.40&amp;nbsp;mm (internal) 12.80&amp;nbsp;mm (external)</td><td>Saint-Gobain/VWR</td><td>228-1292&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of parallel evaporator</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Parallel Soxhlet extractor&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>StarFish Base Plate 135&amp;nbsp;mm (for Radleys &amp;amp; IKA)</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95010&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Monoblock for 5 x 250&amp;nbsp;ml Flasks</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95130&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Telescopic 5-way Clamp with Velcro</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95400&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Telescopic 5-way Clamp with Silicone Strap and Long Handle</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95410&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Water Manifold with connectors</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95500&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>650&amp;nbsp;mm Rod</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95665&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Quick Release Male, R/A Barbed 6.4&amp;nbsp;mm + Shut-off (3.2&amp;nbsp;mm ID)</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR95520&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Coil condensers with standard ground joints 29/32 NS</td><td>Lenz</td><td>5.2503.04&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Extractor Soxhlet 40&amp;nbsp;ml borosilicate glass 29/32 socket 24/29 cone</td><td>Quickfit</td><td>EX5/43&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Stirrer/hot plate</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR98072</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller</td><td>Radleys</td><td>RR98073</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Recirculator</td><td>Grant</td><td>LTC1</td><td>Part of soxhlet extractor</td></tr><tr><td>Cellulose extraction thimble</td><td>Whatman</td><td>2280-228</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tweezers</td><td>Excelta</td><td>20A-S-SE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Vacuum drying oven&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum drying oven</td><td>Binder</td><td>VD 23</td><td>Part of vacuum oven</td></tr><tr><td>Dewar vessel 2&amp;nbsp;L 100&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;290&amp;nbsp;mm with handle</td><td>KGW-Isotherm</td><td>10613</td><td>Part of vacuum oven</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum Trap</td><td>GPE</td><td>CG-4532-01&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of vacuum oven</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Other equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Analytical balance</td><td>A&amp;amp;D</td><td>GH-252</td><td>accuracy to &amp;plusmn; 0.1 mg</td></tr><tr><td>Volumetric Karl Fischer titrator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>V20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 ml disposable pipette</td><td>Corning Inc</td><td>Costar 4101 10 mL Stripette</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Research plus pipette, variable volume, volume 100-1,000&amp;nbsp;&amp;mu;l</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3120000062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Desiccator</td><td>Jencons</td><td>JENC250-028BOM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ace pressure tube bushing type, Front seal, volume 15&amp;nbsp;ml</td><td>Ace Glass</td><td>8648-04&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ace O-rings, silicone, 2.6&amp;nbsp;mm, I.D. 9.2&amp;nbsp;mm&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ace Glass</td><td>7855216</td><td>O-ring for pressure tube</td></tr><tr><td>Vortex shaker</td><td>VWR International</td><td>444-1378 (UK)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fan-assisted convection oven</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>HeraTherm OMH60</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oven glove (Crusader Flex)</td><td>Ansel Edmont</td><td>42-325</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 ml Round bottom flask single neck ground joint 24/29 (Pyrex)</td><td>Quickfit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FR250/3S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotaflo stopcock adapter with cone 24/29</td><td>Rotaflo England</td><td>MF11/2/SC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml Falcon tube</td><td>Heraeus/Kendro</td><td>HERA 76002844</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge (Mega Star 3.0)</td><td>VWR&amp;nbsp;</td><td>521-1751</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol absolute</td><td>VWR</td><td>20820.464</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triethylamine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0886</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric acid 5 mol/L (10&amp;nbsp;N) AVS TITRINORM volumetric solution Safe-break bottle 2.5&amp;nbsp;L</td><td>VWR</td><td>191665V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Purified water (15 M&amp;Omega; ressitance)</td><td>Elga</td><td>CENTRA R200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Lignocellulosic biomass&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Miscanthus X gigantheus</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pinus sylvestris</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with low-cost ionic liquids

A number of ionic liquids (ILs) with economically attractive production costs have recently received growing interest as media for the delignification of a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Here we demonstrate the use of these low-cost protic ILs in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass (Ionosolv pretreatment), yielding cellulose and a purified lignin. In the most generic process, the protic ionic liquid is synthesized by accurate combination of aqueous acid and amine base. The water content is adjusted subsequently. For the delignification, the biomass is placed into a vessel with IL solution at elevated temperatures to dissolve the lignin and hemicellulose, leaving a cellulose-rich pulp ready for saccharification (hydrolysis to fermentable sugars). The lignin is later precipitated from the IL by the addition of water and recovered as a solid. The removal of the added water regenerates the ionic liquid, which can be reused multiple times. This protocol is useful to investigate the significant potential of protic ILs for use in commercial biomass pretreatment/lignin fractionation for producing biofuels or renewable chemicals and materials.

הסכום המדויק של הסרה ליגנין ומשקעים ליגנין, התאושש עיסת תשואת גלוקוז תלוי בסוג של ביומסה בשימוש, הטמפרטורה בה הטיפול מנוהל ואת משך הטיפול. פעמים מקדימות קצרות וטמפרטורות נמוכות להוביל מקדים שלם תוך בטמפרטורות גבוהות התאי הופכת לבלתי יציב בנוזל היו...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids at JoVE.com

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with protic low-cost ionic liquids is shown, resulting in a delignified cellulose-rich pulp and a purified lignin. The pulp gives rise to high glucose yields after enzymatic saccharification.

המקדים של ביומסה Lignocellulosic עם נוזלים יוניים בעלות נמוכה

A number of ionic liquids (ILs) with economically attractive production costs have recently received growing interest as media for the delignification of ...

pretreatment-of-lignocellulosic-biomass-with-low-cost-ionic-liquids

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.9K Views.  Imperial College London. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with protic low-cost ionic liquids is shown, resulting in a delignified cellulose-rich pulp and a purified lignin. The pulp gives rise to high glucose yields after enzymatic saccharification.

Video: Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high quality paper. Black liquor is a pulping waste generated by the kraft process that has potential for downstream bioconversion. However, the recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose resources, its chemical derivatives that constitute the majority of available organic carbon within black liquor, and its basic pH present challenges to microbial biodegradation of this waste material. Methods for the collection and modification of black liquor for microbial growth are aimed at utilization of this pulp waste to convert the lignin, organic acids, and polysaccharide degradation byproducts into valuable chemicals. The lignocellulose extraction techniques presented provide a reproducible method for preparation of lignocellulose growth substrates for understanding metabolic capacities of cultured microorganisms. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry enables the identification and quantification of the fermentation products resulting from the growth of microorganisms on pulping waste. These methods when used together can facilitate the determination of the metabolic activity of microorganisms with potential to produce fermentation products that would provide greater value to the pulping system and reduce effluent waste, thereby increasing potential paper milling profits and offering additional uses for black liquor.

Industrial wastes can be collected and modified to analyze microbial growth. Lignocellulose extraction techniques provide components to analyze specific biodegradation ability. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identifies fermentation products of microorganisms grown on pulping waste. These methods determine the metabolic capacity of microorganisms to degrade pulping waste.

The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high ...

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall.

The objective of this research was to form synthetic plant cell wall tissue using layer-by-layer assembly of nanocellulose fibrils and isolated lignin assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions.&#160; Surface measurement techniques of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the formation of the polymer-polymer nanocomposite material.

לקראת Biomimicking עץ: סרטים מפוברק חופשי עומדים בNanocellulose, ליגנין, וPolycation סינטטי

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

Chemistry

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

הקרנת תפוקה גבוהה של וריאציות סרבנות בlignocellulosic יומסה: סה&quot;כ ליגנין, מונומרים ליגנין, ואנזימתי שחרור סוכר

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

שיטה לניתוח Pentosan נוכח יוטה ביומסה והמרה שלה לתוך מונומרים סוכר באמצעות נוזל חומצי יוניים

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

ליגנין Down-תקנה של<em&gt; Zea mays</em&gt; באמצעות dsRNAi וKlason ליגנין ניתוח

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Bioengineering

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

מיצוי של ליגנין עם תכולה גבוהה של β-O-4 על-ידי הפקת אתנול מתון והשפעתו על התשואה Depolymerization

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process

The shift from a petroleum-based to a more sustainable and bio-based economy requires the development of new refinery concepts to maintain the supply of raw materials and energy. For these novel and sustainable biorefinery concepts, it is important to use catalysts and solvents that are aligned with the principles of Green Chemistry. Therefore, the implementation of biogenic alternatives can be a promising solution. The lignocellulose pretreatment and fractionation process presented herein-OrganoCat-is an integrated fractionation of lignocellulose into its main components using biogenic acids such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid as catalyst. Hemicelluloses and other non-cellulosic polysaccharides are selectively depolymerized by the diluted acid and dissolved, while the crystalline cellulose remains in the solid pulp. In the presence of a second organic phase consisting of biogenic 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, disentangled lignin is extracted in situ. The process allows for the efficient fractionation of the three main components-lignin, cellulose, and non-cellulosic sugars. This helps to focus on the quality of the lignin, the improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose-enriched pulp, and the mild non-cellulosic sugar extraction with low degradation.

OrganoCat is a method for the pretreatment and fractionation of lignocellulose under mild conditions into lignin, fermentable sugars, and cellulose pulp. In a biogenic, biphasic solvent system of water and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran with 2,5-furancarboxylic acid as catalyst, the OrganoCat products are separated in situ for straightforward product recovery.

שבר ביומסה ליגנוקולוסית באמצעות תהליך OrganoCat

The shift from a petroleum-based to a more sustainable and bio-based economy requires the development of new refinery concepts to maintain the supply of ...

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Pretreatment is still the most expensive step in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. It must be made cost-effective by minimizing chemical requirements as well as power and heat consumption and by using environment-friendly solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are key, green, and low-cost solvents in sustainable biorefineries. They are transparent mixtures characterized by low freezing points resulting from at least one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrogen bond acceptor. Although DESs are promising solvents, it is necessary to combine them with an economic heating technology, such as microwave irradiation, for competitive profitability. Microwave irradiation is a promising strategy to shorten the heating time and boost fractionation because it can rapidly attain the appropriate temperature. The aim of this study was to develop a one-step, rapid method for biomass fractionation and lignin extraction using a low-cost and biodegradable solvent. 
In this study, a microwave-assisted DES pretreatment was conducted for 60 s at 800 W, using three kinds of DESs. The DES mixtures were facilely prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) and three hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs): a monocarboxylic acid (lactic acid), a dicarboxylic acid (oxalic acid), and urea. This pretreatment was used for biomass fractionation and lignin recovery from marine residues (Posidonia leaves and aegagropile), agri-food byproducts (almond shells and olive pomace), forest residues (pinecones), and perennial lignocellulosic grasses (Stipa tenacissima). Further analyses were conducted to determine the yield, purity, and molecular weight distribution of the recovered lignin. In addition, the effect of DESs on the chemical functional groups in the extracted lignin was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that the ChCl-oxalic acid mixture affords the highest lignin purity and the lowest yield. The present study demonstrates that the DES-microwave process is an ultrafast, efficient, and cost-competitive technology for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation.

Deep eutectic solvent-based, microwave-assisted pretreatment is a green, fast, and efficient process for lignocellulosic fractionation and high-purity lignin recovery.

מיצוי ליגנין מהיר במיוחד משאריות ליגנוקלולוסיות ים תיכוניות יוצאות דופן

Pretreatment is still the most expensive step in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. It must be made cost-effective by minimizing chemical requirements ...

High-throughput Saccharification Assay for Lignocellulosic Materials

Polysaccharides that make up plant lignocellulosic biomass can be broken down to produce a range of sugars that subsequently can be 
used in establishing a biorefinery. These raw materials would constitute a new industrial platform, which is both sustainable and carbon neutral, to replace 
the current dependency on fossil fuel. The recalcitrance to deconstruction observed in lignocellulosic materials is produced by several intrinsic properties 
of plant cell walls. Crystalline cellulose is embedded in matrix polysaccharides such as xylans and arabinoxylans, and the whole structure is encased by the 
phenolic polymer lignin, that is also difficult to digest 1. In order to improve the digestibility of plant materials we need to discover the main bottlenecks 
for the saccharification of cell walls and also screen mutant and breeding populations to evaluate the variability in saccharification 2. These tasks require 
a high throughput approach and here we present an analytical platform that can perform saccharification analysis in a 96-well plate format. This platform has 
been developed to allow the screening of lignocellulose digestibility of large populations from varied plant species. We have scaled down the reaction volumes 
for gentle pretreatment, partial enzymatic hydrolysis and sugar determination, to allow large numbers to be assessed rapidly in an automated system.
This automated platform works with milligram amounts of biomass, performing ball milling under controlled conditions to reduce the plant 
materials to a standardised particle size in a reproducible manner. Once the samples are ground, the automated formatting robot dispenses specified and recorded 
amounts of material into the corresponding wells of 96 deep well plate (Figure 1). Normally, we dispense the same material into 4 wells to have 4 replicates for 
analysis. Once the plates are filled with the plant material in the desired layout, they are manually moved to a liquid handling station (Figure 2). In this 
station the samples are subjected to a mild pretreatment with either dilute acid or alkaline and incubated at temperatures of up to 90&deg;C. The pretreatment solution 
is subsequently removed and the samples are rinsed with buffer to return them to a suitable pH for hydrolysis. The samples are then incubated with an enzyme
mixture for a variable length of time at 50&deg;C. An aliquot is taken from the hydrolyzate and the reducing sugars are automatically determined by the MBTH 
colorimetric method.

A simple, rapid method for determining the saccharification potential of large numbers of plant biomass samples is described. The automated platform for this analysis involves the preparation of the plant biomass for analysis in 96 well plates and the subsequent performance of pretreatment, hydrolysis and quantification of the sugars released.

תפוקה גבוהה Saccharification Assay חומרים Lignocellulosic

Polysaccharides that make up plant lignocellulosic biomass can be broken down to produce a range of sugars that subsequently can be 
used in establishing ...

Biology

Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, grasses, etc.) will be used as a feedstock for the production of ethanol.&#160;The cellulosic material is first pretreated (ground and heated), digested with enzymes, and then fermented with yeast.&#160;Ethanol production is monitored using an ethanol probe.&#160;The experiment can be extended to optimize ethanol production by varying the feedstock used, pretreatment conditions, enzyme variation, yeast variation, etc.&#160;An alternative method of monitoring the reaction is to measure the carbon dioxide produced (using a gas sensor) instead of the ethanol.&#160;As a low-tech alternative, glucose meters (found in any drug store) can be used to monitor the glucose during the process, if an ethanol probe or carbon dioxide gas sensor is not available.
With an increased emphasis on &#8216;inquiry-based learning&#8221;, scientific probes are becoming more popular.&#160;Handheld devices like the Vernier Lab Quest used in conjunction with a variety of probes (such as those for conductivity, dissolved oxygen, voltage, and more) allow for less focus on collecting data and/or making graphs and more on analyzing the data and making predictions.&#160;Another advantage is that these are small and lightweight and can be taken into the field for measurements.

דלקים ביולוגיים: הפקת אתנול מחומר צלולוסי

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, ...

המקדים של ביומסה Lignocellulosic עם נוזלים יוניים בעלות נמוכה

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