This study was supported by the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (HT), Takeda Science Foundation (HT), and MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (HT).

NOTA: Las moscas transgénicas utilizadas en este estudio son las siguientes: DE-cad 10 :: GFP. 1. Preparación de la placa de Apple <ol><li> Preparar una mezcla de 12,5 g de agar, 125 ml 100% disponible comercialmente jugo de manzana, 12,5 g de glucosa, y 375 ml de H 2 O. Se calienta la mezcla en el microondas y se vierte en una placa de cultivo celular de 3 cm. Almacenar la mezcla a 4 ° C para uso futuro. </li><li> Después de preparar la placa de manzana, añadir una capa delgada de pasta de levadura amasada en la parte superior de la misma para permitir que las moscas de la puesta de huevos. </li></ol> 2. Preparación de embriones y el Protocolo de imágenes en vivo <ol><li> Coloque aproximadamente 50 moscas (25 machos y 25 hembras) en una botella para aparearse y posteriormente poner huevos durante la noche en una placa de manzana cubierta en la levadura amasada. Coloque la placa de jugo de manzana en la boca de la botella. Mantenga la botella boca abajo en una incubadora. Envolver las botellas de plástico Drosophila acciones con papel de aluminio para impulsar THe vuela a poner más huevos. </li><li> A la mañana siguiente, reemplace la placa de jugo de manzana vieja por una nueva. </li><li> Deje que las moscas ponen sus huevos durante 3 a 4 h envolviendo la botella con papel de aluminio. </li><li> De tres a cuatro horas más tarde, recoger los embriones en un colador de embrión a partir de la placa de jugo de manzana con un pincel o algodón malo y lavarlos con PBS. Lavar los embriones de 2 a 3 veces más con PBS en placas de cultivo de 12 pocillos. </li><li> Dechorionate los embriones con 50% de lejía por 5 min en placas de cultivo de 12 pocillos. </li><li> Tras el proceso de dechorionation, lavar los embriones de 2 a 3 veces más con PBS. </li><li> La transferencia de los embriones para una placa de cultivo celular 3 cm que contiene PBS y seleccione etapa 5 embriones bajo el microscopio basado en el nivel de transparencia en sus fronteras. Pipetear los embriones progresivo a través de una punta de pipeta 200 l. </li><li> A continuación, coloque dos embriones seleccionados en un cubreobjetos de vidrio, y eliminar el exceso de PBS con un pañuelo de papel torcido. Orientar los embriones lado dorsal arriba enel cubreobjetos usando un papel de seda torcido. Después de eso, una los embriones a la cubreobjetos de vidrio con grasa de silicona utilizando una aguja fina y papel de seda trenzado. </li><li> Añadir una pequeña gota de aceite de halocarbono 700 en los embriones y colocar el cubreobjetos que contiene los embriones al revés en la corredera dentada, dejando un poco de espacio en la parte inferior de la corredera. </li><li> Examinar los embriones utilizando un sistema de imagen confocal, un / 488 láser de argón, y un objetivo de inmersión en aceite (63X). NOTA: La identificación del embrión en la etapa de desarrollo apropiada es importante para capturar imágenes del evento gastrulación. En estas condiciones, observan casi todos los embriones se desarrollan normalmente hasta al menos la etapa 14. El embrión se analizaron puede cultivarse más de desarrollarse como un adulto. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Haruta, T., Warrior, R., Yonemura, S., Oda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proximal+half+of+the+Drosophila+E-cadherin+extracellular+region+is+dispensable+for+many+cadherin-dependent+events+but+required+for+ventral+furrow+formation.">The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation.</a> Genes Cells. 15 (3), 193-208 (2010).</li><li>Oda, H., Takeichi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution:+structural+and+functional+diversity+of+cadherin+at+the+adherens+junction.">Evolution: structural and functional diversity of cadherin at the adherens junction.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193 (7), 1137-1146 (2011).</li><li>Fernandez-Sanchez, M. E., Serman, F., Ahmadi, P., Farge, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+induction+in+embryonic+development+and+tumor+growth+integrative+cues+through+molecular+to+multicellular+interplay+and+evolutionary+perspectives.">Mechanical induction in embryonic development and tumor growth integrative cues through molecular to multicellular interplay and evolutionary perspectives.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 98, 295-321 (2010).</li><li>Alderton, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+Epithelial+to+mesenchymal+and+back+again.">Metastasis: Epithelial to mesenchymal and back again.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 13 (1), 3 (2013).</li><li>Fabregat, I., Malfettone, A., Soukupova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Insights+into+the+Crossroads+between+EMT+and+Stemness+in+the+Context+of+Cancer.">New Insights into the Crossroads between EMT and Stemness in the Context of Cancer.</a> J. Clin. Med. 5 (3), (2016).</li><li>Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Maziveyi, M., Alahari, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+through+epigenetic+and+post-translational+modifications.">Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications.</a> Mol. Cancer. 15, (2016).</li><li>Yu, A. Q., Ding, Y., Li, C. L., Yang, Y., Yan, S. R., Li, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TALEN-induced+disruption+of+Nanog+expression+results+in+reduced+proliferation,+invasiveness+and+migration,+increased+chemosensitivity+and+reversal+of+EMT+in+HepG2+cells.">TALEN-induced disruption of Nanog expression results in reduced proliferation, invasiveness and migration, increased chemosensitivity and reversal of EMT in HepG2 cells.</a> Oncol. Rep. 35 (3), 1657-1663 (2016).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+is+dispensable+for+metastasis+but+induces+chemoresistance+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.</a> Nature. 527 (7579), 525-530 (2015).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basics+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119 (6), 1420-1428 (2009).</li><li>Huang, J., Zhou, W., Dong, W., Watson, A. M., Hong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed,+efficient,+and+versatile+modifications+of+the+Drosophila+genome+by+genomic+engineering.">Directed, efficient, and versatile modifications of the Drosophila genome by genomic engineering.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (20), 8284-8289 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Although we have previously reported a similar procedure to capture live images of the gastrulation process in Drosophilla1, the method we describe here is detailed and easy to trace endogenous cadherin expression and thus is quite useful for genetic screening of key factors involved in gastrulation. To maximize success with this imaging procedure, it is essential to use an indented slide. Mechanical pressure sometimes causes embryonic death. Therefore, it is also important to handle the embryos as ge...

La gastrulación es el primero conjunto de eventos morfológicamente dinámicas que se producen durante el desarrollo embrionario de los animales multicelulares tales como Drosophila 1,2. Curiosamente, la evidencia emergente sugiere que este proceso está regulado a través de la interacción entre los mecanismos mecánicos y moleculares 3. Por otra parte, la transición epitelial a mesenquimal (EMT), que es un proceso crucial en la gastrulación, también está implicada en procesos de enfermedades humanas, tales como metástasis de cáncer de 4-8. Como también se conocen tal, muchos genes que controlan la constricción apical ser factores clave en la EMT observado en la metástasis del cáncer 9. Por lo tanto, la constricción apical en el momento de la gastrulación es un excelente modelo para investigar los mecanismos de regulación mencionados anteriormente y para mejorar nuestra comprensión de la metástasis del cáncer. La ventaja de esta técnica es que se puede observar el movimiento de células en el momento de la gastrulación en tiempo real y por lo tanto, estaremoscapaz de pantalla genes implicados en la gastrulación, así como la metástasis del cáncer. Aunque relativamente desconocido, se cree que la adhesión célula a célula para jugar un papel central en la constricción apical 1. La genética de Drosophila es muy adecuado para las investigaciones nivel de células individuales que exploran los mecanismos moleculares de regulación. Este modelo nos permitirá descubrir la importancia de la constricción apical durante la gastrulación. Por otra parte, este método se puede utilizar para detectar los genes implicados en la metástasis del cáncer. La captura de imágenes en directo de Drosophila gastrulación nos ha permitido además a entender con mayor detalle los mecanismos moleculares que regulan el reordenamiento de los tejidos. En este documento, se proporciona una descripción completa de un método simple para lograrlo.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Halocarbon oil 700</td><td>Sigma</td><td>MKBH 5726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum grease Silicone</td><td>Beckman</td><td>335148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslip&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Matsunami glass</td><td>Thickness No1</td><td>24 - 36 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Embryo stariner</td><td>Corning</td><td>Corning3477</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Drosophilla Stock Bottles</td><td>Hitec</td><td>MKC-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DE-Cadherin knock-in flies</td><td></td><td></td><td>REF (10)</td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging of cell shape alteration and cell movement in drosophila gastrulation using de-cadherin reporter transgenic flies

La gastrulación es el primero conjunto de eventos morfológicamente dinámicas que se producen durante el desarrollo embrionario de los animales multicelulares tales como Drosophila. Esta alteración morfológica también es reconocida como transición epitelial a mesenquimal (EMT). La desregulación de EMT está asociado con la fibrosis y la metástasis del cáncer. Hay pruebas de que EMT es controlado por un número de mecanismos moleculares. Como también se conocen tales muchos genes, clave que controlan la constricción apical a ser factores importantes en la EMT observado en la metástasis del cáncer. Como EMT durante la gastrulación Drosophila, las células epiteliales pueden ser inducidas a cambiar su forma y ser reprogramadas para redirigir el destino celular hacia otros diversos tipos de células. Aquí se proporciona un método de formación de imágenes robusta de Drosophila gastrulación para ensayar la iniciación de los movimientos celulares morfogenéticos y la identificación del destino celular durante esta etapa del desarrollo embrionario. Usando este método, identificamos cell reordenación en el momento de la gastrulación y demostrar la importancia de la constricción apical durante la gastrulación usando GFP etiquetados DE-cadherina.

Aquí, mostramos los eventos de gastrulación en el embrión de Drosophila y una descripción general del procedimiento de preparación del embrión (Figura 1). Las membranas celulares se marcaron utilizando DE-cadherina :: GFP y formación de imágenes en vivo de movimientos de las células se realiza en el momento de la gastrulación en Drosophila (Figura 2). Desde moscas DE-cadherina GFP nos permiten visualizar las uniones de adherencia celul...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies at JoVE.com

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

Obtención de imágenes de alteración celular de la forma y el movimiento celular en<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Uso de la gastrulación DE-cadherina Reporter moscas transgénicas

Gastrulation is the first set of morphologically dynamic events that occur during the embryonic development of multicellular animals such as Drosophila. ...

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Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

7.0K vistas.  Jahangirnagar University. Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

Video: Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track during live cell imaging. These processes include: retinal rotation, cell growth and organismal movement. Additionally, irregularities in the topology of the epithelium, including subtle bumps and folds often introduced as the pupa is prepared for imaging, make it challenging to acquire in-focus images of more than a few ommatidia in a single focal plane. The workflow outlined here remedies these issues, allowing easy analysis of cellular processes during Drosophila pupal eye development. Appropriately-staged pupae are arranged in an imaging rig that can be easily assembled in most laboratories. Ubiquitin-DE-Cadherin:GFP and GMR-GAL4&#8211;driven UAS-&#945;-catenin:GFP are used to visualize cell boundaries in the eye epithelium 1-3. After deconvolution is applied to fluorescent images captured at multiple focal planes, maximum projection images are generated for each time point and enhanced using image editing software. Alignment algorithms are used to quickly stabilize superfluous motion, making individual cell behavior easier to track.

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

This protocol presents an efficient method for imaging the live Drosophila pupal eye neuroepithelium. This method compensates for tissue movement and uneven topology, enhances visualization of cell boundaries through the use of multiple GFP-tagged junction proteins, and uses an easily-assembled imaging rig.

Live-proyección de imagen de la<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal Ojo

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

los<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Imaginal modelo de tumor de disco: visualización y cuantificación de la expresión génica y la invasividad tumoral Uso Genético Mosaicos

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Investigación sobre el cáncer

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

Imaging Upright de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Cámaras de huevo

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are an attractive model system for live imaging due to their translucent cuticle and powerful genetics. This protocol describes how to utilize a single-layer PDMS device, called the &#39;larva chip&#39; for live imaging of cellular processes within neurons of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae.

El uso de chips de microfluídica para imágenes en vivo y de estudio de las respuestas de lesiones en<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Las larvas

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

Bioingeniería

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Imágenes en directo de la migración de células gliales en el ojo del disco imaginal de Drosophila

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Biología

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted epithelial morphogen. In this assay, Fog is used as an agonist to activate Rho through a signaling cascade that includes a G-protein-coupled receptor (Mist), a G&#945;12/13 protein (Concertina/Cta), and a PDZ-domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF2). Fog signaling results in the rapid and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form a contractile purse string. Soluble Fog is collected from a stable cell line and applied ectopically to S2R+ cells, leading to morphological changes like apical constriction, a process observed during developmental processes such as gastrulation. This assay is amenable to high-throughput screening and, using RNAi, can facilitate the identification of additional genes involved in this pathway.

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

Here we describe a contractility assay using Drosophila S2R+ cells. The application of an exogenous ligand, folded gastrulation (Fog), leads to the activation of the Fog signaling pathway and cellular contractility. This assay can be used to investigate the regulation of cellular contractility proteins in the Fog signaling pathway.

Un ensayo basado en células para investigar la miosina no muscular II contractilidad a través de la gastrulación doblado señalización camino en Drosophila S2R + células

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Imágenes en directo de Drosophila melanogaster Migraciones hemocitos embrionarias

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

Imágenes y análisis de la orientación del tejido y la dinámica del crecimiento en el desarrollo de la Drosophila Epithelia durante las etapas pupales

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

Celular imagen Cambiar forma de vida Drosophila Los embriones

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Imágenes en vivo extendidas de la morfogénesis de las patas de la pupa de Drosophila sin pupario

Long-Term Live Imaging of Drosophila Pupal Leg Development After Puparium Removal

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which fate-determined cells form three-dimensional organismal shapes remains unclear. Recent advances in confocal microscopy have facilitated efforts to observe cell dynamics during development through live imaging. The Drosophila melanogaster pupa is ideal for live imaging due to its immobility, transparent pupal cuticle, and the availability of fluorescent reporter lines. A primary challenge for imaging is the puparium, the cuticle surrounding the pupa, which obstructs optical imaging. While previous methods involved either partial or complete removal of the puparium, maintaining pupal viability for extended periods after this procedure has remained challenging. Here, a simple method is presented for days-long live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete puparium removal. The method includes removing the puparium from a pupa adhered to double-sided tape, followed by assembling a small chamber on a glass-bottom dish to enclose the pupa and a drop of water. This setup is straightforward, reliable, and supports extended pupal survival by preventing desiccation. Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila pupa has significantly contributed to capturing how the adult leg undergoes dramatic three-dimensional structural changes over 2-3 days. These changes include the transient formation of an intriguing structure (the Parthenon-like structure) by epithelial cells, rapid tissue narrowing, joint formation, and bristle elongation. This method is applicable to the observation of various tissues and can potentially be combined with other techniques, such as optical gene induction, to advance the understanding of cell dynamics during the final shape formation of tissues in the pupal stage.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor destacado: Descubriendo estructuras epiteliales dinámicas durante el desarrollo de Drosophila

Here, a protocol is presented for long-term live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete removal of the puparium. This protocol can also be applied to other tissues.

Imágenes en vivo a largo plazo del desarrollo de la pata de la pupa de Drosophila después de la extracción del pupario

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which ...

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