This work was supported by a Project for Private Universities: matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (T.I.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from MEXT (S.T. and K.N).

Los protocolos y uso de animales experimentales fueron aprobados por los comités de cuidado animal y el uso institucional de la Universidad de Yamanashi y la Universidad de Waseda. Cuidado de los animales se realizó de acuerdo con las directrices institucionales. 1. Preparación CPEC <ol><li> Preparar los siguientes aparatos y materiales: un microscopio estéreo, preferiblemente capaz de transmitir la iluminación desde la parte inferior; un par de pinzas de relojero (Dumont # 3 o # 4), llama-esterilizado, tijeras de funcionamiento rectas, llama-esterilizado; dos platos de 10 cm de plástico estériles que contienen 20 ml de hielo frío medio Leibovitz L-15; Platos con fondo de cristal de 35 mm que contienen 2 ml RT Leibovitz medio L-15; un vaso de precipitados de 100 ml que contiene 70% de etanol; cachorros neonatales ratón. </li><li> Brevemente sumerja un ratón neonatal en etanol al 70% y la eutanasia de forma rápida por decapitación con las tijeras que operan. </li><li> Coloque la cabeza inmediatamente helada Leibovitz L-15 en el medio estéril 10 cm dish. </li><li> Retire la piel de los bóveda craneal utilizando el par de pinzas relojero, cortar el cráneo para exponer el cerebro, y luego cortar los nervios craneales para aislar todo el cerebro. </li><li> Transferir el cerebro a un nuevo plato que contiene helado Leibovitz L-15 medio y observar bajo el microscopio estereoscópico, asegurándose de que el cerebro está completamente inmerso en el medio. </li><li> Establezca la cara dorsal del cerebro hacia arriba, y orientar el cerebro para que los bulbos olfatorios residen en la posición tres (para personas diestras). Mantenga el cerebro suavemente con las pinzas en la mano izquierda. </li><li> Usando las pinzas de disección finas (Dumont # 3 o # 4) en la mano derecha, cortar el cuerpo calloso y debajo del parénquima que conecta los hemisferios cerebrales, a lo largo de la fisura longitudinal del cerebro. </li><li> Presione suavemente los hemisferios cerebrales de distancia a los lados laterales y exponer la fisura cerebral transversal. </li><li> Separar los hemisferios pellizcando a cabo ªe parénquima entre el hemisferio y el tálamo. </li><li> Retire con cuidado el plexo coroideo del ventrículo lateral que se adjuntan a la parte lateral del hipocampo por el Affixa lámina. </li><li> Transferir el plexo coroideo aisladas para el plato de fondo de vidrio de 35 mm que contiene frescos medio Leibovitz L-15, y las cubrirás de un peso (Lista de Materiales) suavemente para mantener el tejido en su lugar. </li></ol> 2. imágenes en vivo de CPEC cilios <ol><li> Confirmar ultravioleta adecuada (UV) y el filtro (s) deducido (IR) de corte para bloquear la luz corta que 400 nm y más de 700 nm, y que de densidad neutra (ND) Filtros (25% y 6%) se inserta en la trayectoria de la luz del microscopio invertido. </li><li> Ajuste el enfoque de la lente objetivo más o menos a ojo, y luego ajustar el condensador de modo que el centro y el enfoque para ajustarse a la iluminación Köhler. Insertar un contraste de interferencia diferencial apropiado (DIC) prisma, un elemento de DIC, así como elementos del analizador y el polarizador en el liruta luchar para ajustarse a la óptica DIC. </li><li> Ajustar el contraste de la vista por la posición del prisma DIC modo que la estructura de la superficie del tejido es más reconocible. Si todos los cilios de las células diana son móviles, una visión clara de cilios móviles no se puede obtener por el ojo a causa de su movimiento. </li><li> Cambie la trayectoria de la luz a la cámara de video, y quitar los filtros ND para aumentar la potencia de la luz. </li><li> Utilice la cámara en el modo de enfoque para ajustar el campo de visión y el enfoque. Durante el enfoque, en el que las imágenes de vídeo se visualizan en tiempo real en el monitor, una visión clara de cilios móviles no está disponible. </li><li> Utilice la cámara a 200 Hz con un tiempo de exposición de 0,1 ms para el período (segundos a minutos) deseado. Después de la adquisición de la pila de imágenes, cuadros individuales se mostrarán las estructuras ciliares claras. Si bordes ciliares están borrosas, aumentar la velocidad de fotogramas o utilizar un tiempo de exposición corto. </li><li> Registrar el movimiento de los cilios CPEC dentro 25-60 minutos después de la eutanasia en LeibovitzL-15 medio. </li></ol> 3. Análisis de movimiento ciliar <ol><li> Rastrear manualmente superando patrones de cada cilio en el monitor de la computadora. Marcar las posiciones de punta ciliar en cada cuadro con el puntero del ratón, que se ensamblan para obtener información trayectoria de cada cilio. Cualquiera de analizar la información de trayectoria utilizando el mismo software o exportar a otras aplicaciones más generales para su posterior análisis. La eficiencia de este paso de análisis se describe en la discusión. </li><li> Clasificar las trayectorias en dos modos de movimiento, de ida y vuelta o de rotación, por ojo. </li><li> Calcular la frecuencia de latido ciliar (CBF) utilizando la siguiente fórmula: [CBF = (número de fotogramas por segundo) / (número promedio de marcos para un solo latido)] 14, que se puede obtener a partir de un diagrama de movimiento punta ciliar (Figura 3 ). Repetir este cálculo para múltiples ciclos de batido ciliar, porque otra cilios en la misma célula puede interferir con el movimiento de cada cilium, resultando en irregularidad. </li><li> Para analizar la uniformidad angular de la ciliar superando ejes dentro de una sola célula, definir el ángulo θ golpes para cada trayectoria (Figura 4). Para trayectorias de nuevo adelante y hacia atrás, ajuste la posición de la punta cilios a una línea recta, y definir θ como el ángulo de la línea hace con el eje x. Para las trayectorias de rotación, encajar las posiciones a una elipse, y definir θ como el ángulo del eje mayor de la elipse hace con eje x. Los detalles de la instalación se describen en la sección de Resultados Representante. </li><li> Para obtener una descripción cuantitativa de cada trayectoria, calcular generalizada relación de aspecto AR. Brevemente, rotar la trayectoria por - θ y definir AR como la relación entre las anchuras de la distribución a lo largo de x - y -axes Y (Figura 4B). Los detalles se muestran en la sección Resultados Representante, y la interpretación, El significado y la limitación de los parámetros se describen en la Discusión. </li></ol> 4. Preparación de muestras para SEM Nota: SEM es un método importante para evaluar el estado de los cilios en CPECs de una manera integral. Para preparar muestras para SEM, un procedimiento estándar se informó anteriormente 15 se emplea con ligeras modificaciones. <ol><li> Antes de la disección de los tejidos del cerebro, preparar el fijador en un vial de vidrio de 5 ml con un tapón de polietileno. El fijador se compone de 2% de paraformaldehído, 2.5% de glutaraldehído (solución media de Karnovsky 16) en tampón fosfato 0,1 M, pH 7,4. </li><li> Diseccionar el tejido del cerebro como se describe en el paso 1. </li><li> Brevemente enjuagar el tejido aislado con solución salina equilibrada de Hank (HBSS) en un nuevo plato y luego fijar el tejido en el fijador en el vial de vidrio durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. Utilice pipetas de transferencia desechables y manipular las muestras gently. Después de enjuagar en HBSS, el tejido se vuelve pegajosa. <ol><li> Para transferir los especímenes en la solución de fijación, expulsar lentamente una pequeña cantidad de solución que contiene el tejido de la pipeta de transferencia como una gotita y añadir a la fijador. </li></ol></li><li> Después de la fijación, deseche el fijador y lavar el tejido con tampón fosfato tres veces. </li><li> Sumergir el tejido en una solución de sacarosa al 10% para lavar los aldehídos restantes. Para garantizar la eliminación completa de los aldehídos, sumergir las muestras en la solución durante 10 min y luego repetir dos veces con 10% de sacarosa fresco. Este paso es importante para lograr la adecuada post-fijación en los pasos posteriores. </li><li> Sumergir el tejido en una solución de 1% de tetróxido de osmio en tampón fosfato durante 30 min y luego se coloca en hielo durante post-fijación. Juzgar el grado de osmification por el color de la muestra: cuando aldehídos se eliminan por completo, la muestra es de color negro. </li><li> Lavar las muestras de tejidos después de la fijada extensamente con doble destiladad agua varias veces. </li><li> Deshidratar las muestras por inmersión en concentraciones graduadas de etanol, por lo general 65%, 75%, 85%, 95%, 99%, y 100%, durante 10 min cada uno. Obtener etanol anhidro mediante la colocación de tamices moleculares en etanol 99,5% de una botella que acaba de adquirir. Repita deshidratación con etanol anhidro tres veces. </li><li> Colocar las muestras deshidratadas en acetato de isoamilo, un reactivo de sustitución de secado de punto crítico, para 10 min. Repita este paso dos veces. Este reactivo se evapora rápidamente y la muestra puede convertirse en seco, lo que resulta en la destrucción por la tensión superficial. Por lo tanto, no secar la muestra por completo. </li><li> Después de que el intercambio final de acetato de isoamilo, eliminar la mayor parte del disolvente, inmediatamente envolver el vial de vidrio abierto con papel de aluminio, y colocar el vial en hielo seco. Usando una aguja o unas pinzas finas, hacer varios agujeros en la lámina que cubre la boca del vial, de modo que el dióxido de carbono líquido fluye fácilmente en el vial en el secador de punto crítico. Continúe con el siguiente pasolo más rápido posible. </li><li> En este paso, minimizar el arrastre de acetato de isoamilo en la cámara de la secadora, pero no dejes que la muestra se seque completamente antes de secado de punto crítico. Además, no deje la muestra en hielo seco durante un tiempo innecesariamente largo para evitar la formación de escarcha en el vial. </li><li> La transferencia de los viales de vidrio envueltas en papel aluminio que contienen las muestras de tejido en el secador de punto crítico que asegura la estructura de la superficie del tejido permanece intacta, mientras que la eliminación de agua contenida en el tejido. La información detallada sobre el funcionamiento del secador de punto crítico puede obtenerse a partir de las instrucciones del fabricante. </li><li> Maneje las muestras cuidadosamente con un palillo de dientes para minimizar el daño mecánico. Las muestras de tejido secas resultantes son frágiles. Montar las muestras en trozos de metal y escudo de oro-paladio usando una pulverización catódica de iones. </li></ol> 5. Observación por SEM <ol><li> Observe por SEM y grabar imágenes con una cámara digitalequipado para microscopio electrónico de barrido. </li><li> Transferir datos de imagen digital a un PC para su análisis. </li></ol>

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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia. Este documento tiene por objeto informar metodología detallada para observar la motilidad de los cilios en los tejidos del plexo coroideo aisladas. Novedades científicas se han reportado en estudios anteriores 1,8.

Perspectivas de este método Aunque la técnica descrita aquí no proporciona un análisis más detallado de los cilios que los métodos publicados anteriormente, la importancia de esta técnica reside en la simplicidad del sistema y la eficacia de costes, que se puede aplicar fácilmente a cualquier tipo de detección de la motilidad ciliar ex vivo. En particular, TI Workbench proporciona una interfaz simple y fácil de usar que permite a los investigadores observar y analizar la m...

Cilia are hair-like projections on the surface of most vertebrate cells, which have attracted attention by medical researchers because of a class of diseases termed ciliopathies2&#8211;4. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the organelle, a wide variety of ciliary functions have been reported, including motility and biosensing. For example, motile cilia on the mucoepithelial surface transport mucus5 and epithelial debris to the outlet of tracts, thereby preventing disease by clearing the surface of epithelia. Moreover, during early developmental periods and embryonic stages, cilia regulate the proliferation of stem cells6, and are involved in the determination of left&#8211;right asymmetry of the vertebrate body7. 
Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) are derivatives of neuroepithelial cells that cover the surface of the choroid plexus tissue in the brain, which play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of the intracranial environment by production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It has been previously demonstrated that CPECs have multiple non-motile cilia that regulate the production of CSF through G-protein-coupled receptors that are specifically concentrated on the cilia8. Although these cilia had been regarded as quiescent non-motile cilia, it was discovered that some CPEC cilia exhibit transient motility during the neonatal period1. This finding was quite important because it revealed that so-called non-motile cilia are not necessarily immotile from the beginning of development and might display transient motility during specific time windows, possibly in response to specific physiological demands and functions9. To precisely describe the motile nature of CPEC cilia, it is necessary to develop an ex vivo observation system that encompasses analysis of the kinetic profiles unique to CPEC cilia. 
With respect to motility, although several technical reports have described observations of the motile cilia of the tracheal epithelium5,10, motile single-cell flagella11, so-called conventional motile cilia12, and nodal cilia13, detailed analytical methods applicable to relatively undulated structures such as the choroid plexus have not been well documented so far. Moreover, a high time resolution is required to analyze the ciliary movement of CPECs, in which expensive high-speed cameras are indispensable. To circumvent this necessity and simplify monitoring the ciliary motility of various cell types, a low cost, high-speed camera has been introduced, and an easily accessible and convenient method to record the motility of motile cilia, especially to describe the speed and pattern of motion of each cilium, has been developed1. Moreover, original image analysis software &#8220;TI Workbench&#8221; has been used here to facilitate detailed analysis of motility. Collectively, this method provides a new concise strategy to analyze ciliary motion together with correlative scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which can be adopted in a wide range of cilium research.

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Required reagents&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leibovitz L-15 medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11415-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>057-00456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hank&#039;s balanced salt solution</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14170112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1040051000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glutaraldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>17003-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isoamyl acetate</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>02710-95</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Sieves 4A 1/8&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wako Chemicals</td><td>130-08655</td><td>for preparation of anhydrous ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer saline (PBS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D1408</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>phosphate buffer, 0.1 M</td><td></td><td></td><td>To make 100 ml, mix 19.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and 81.0 ml of 0.1&amp;nbsp;M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>monosodium phosphate (dihydrate)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31718-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disodium phosphate (anhydrous)</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>31801-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>suclose</td><td>Nacalai tesque</td><td>30406-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>osmium tetroxide</td><td>Nisshin EM</td><td>300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dry ice</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Tools and materials for dissection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for both live imaging and SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>stereo microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>flat paper towel</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;Phi;10 cm plastic dish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml beaker</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>straight operating scissors</td><td>Sansyo</td><td>S-2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>watchmaker forceps</td><td>Dumont</td><td>No.DU-3 or -4, INOX</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>glass bottom dish</td><td>Matsunami Glass</td><td>D110300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM preparation&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>alminum foil</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml glass vial with a polyethylene cap</td><td>Nichiden Rika-Glass</td><td>PS-5A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>transfer pipette</td><td>Samco Scientific</td><td>SM251-1S</td><td>for specimen tranfer</td></tr><tr><td>toothpick</td><td></td><td></td><td>for specimen transfer</td></tr><tr><td>ion sputter with gold-palladium</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>E-1030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>critical point dryer</td><td>Hitachi</td><td>HCP-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopic equipment and materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for live cell imaging&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lump housing and power supply</td><td>Olympus</td><td>U-ULH and BH2-RFL-T3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 W mercury lamp</td><td>Ushio</td><td>USH103D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIC condenser, n.a. 0.55</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-LWUCD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrrical shutter</td><td>Vincent Associates</td><td>VS35S22M1R3-24 and VMM-D1</td><td>manual shutter can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>band-pass filter (400-700&amp;nbsp;nm, &amp;Phi;45&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>Koshin Kagaku</td><td>C10-110621-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ND filter (&amp;Phi;45 mm)</td><td>Olympus</td><td>45ND6, 45ND25</td><td>combination of 25% and 6% ND filters are used</td></tr><tr><td>objective lens (water immersion) with DIC element</td><td>Olympus</td><td>UApo 40XW/340, n.a., 1.15 with IX-DPAO40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>high-speed video camera</td><td>Allied Vision Technologies</td><td>GE680</td><td>&amp;#8805;200 Hz frame rate and 1 msec expose time</td></tr><tr><td>image acquisition / analysis software</td><td>in-hous software</td><td>TI Workbench</td><td>capable of acquisition at high frame rates.</td></tr><tr><td>PC for camera control / analysis</td><td>Apple</td><td>Mac Pro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>vibration isolation table</td><td>Meiritsu Seiki</td><td>AD0806</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>weight for tissue</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>slice anchor kits</td><td>It can be made with nylon mesh glued to a U-shape squashed &amp;Phi;0.5&amp;nbsp;mm platinum wire.</td></tr><tr><td>cover glass (alternative weight for tissue)</td><td>Matsunami</td><td>made-to-order</td><td>A cover glass can be used as a tissue weight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;for SEM&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>inverted microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>scanning electron microscope</td><td>JEOL</td><td>JSM-6510</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

observation of the ciliary movement of choroid plexus epithelial cells ex vivo

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) covering the surface of choroid plexus tissue harbor multiple unique cilia, but most of the functions of these cilia remain to be investigated. To uncover the function of CPEC cilia with particular reference to their motility, an ex vivo observation system was developed to monitor ciliary motility during embryonic, perinatal and postnatal periods. The choroid plexus was dissected out of the brain ventricle and observed under a video-enhanced contrast microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Under this condition, a simple and quantitative method was developed to analyze the motile profiles of CPEC cilia for several hours ex vivo. Next, the morphological changes of cilia during development were observed by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the relationship between the morphological maturity of cilia and motility. Interestingly, this method could delineate changes in the number and length of cilia, which peaked at postnatal day (P) 2, while the beating frequency reached a maximum at P10, followed by abrupt cessation at P14. These techniques will enable elucidation of the functions of cilia in various tissues. While related techniques have been published in a previous report1, the current study focuses on detailed techniques to observe the motility and morphology of CPEC cilia ex vivo.

Una visión general del flujo de trabajo se muestra en la Figura 1, incluyendo imágenes de los dispositivos. Observaciones de movimiento vivo de CPECs Película 1 muestra una película de CPECs aisladas a partir de un ratón perinatal, y la película 2 muestra una vista ampliada de las imágenes en la película 1. Debe tenerse en cuenta que las puntas ciliares individuales son menos claros en im...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo at JoVE.com

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Observación del Movimiento ciliar de las células epiteliales del plexo coroideo<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em

The choroid plexus is located in the ventricular wall of the brain, the main function of which is believed to be production of cerebrospinal fluid. ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

12.1K vistas.  Waseda University. In this study, a detailed light microscopic technique was optimized for real-time observation and analysis of the motion of CPEC cilia ex vivo together with an electron microscopic method for ultrastructural analysis.

Video: Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which represents 90% of the cases. Therapies are needed to slow or retard the development of geographic atrophy (GA), and understanding Bruch&#39;s membrane pathology is part of this process. Alterations in human Bruch&#39;s membrane precede the progression of AMD by contributing to the damage of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Given the lack of sufficient animal models to study AMD, ex vivo models of aged human Bruch&#39;s membrane serve as a useful tool to study the behavior of RPE cells from immortalized and primary cell lines as well as RPE lines derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we present a detailed method that allows one to determine the effects of RPE cell behavior seeded on harvested human Bruch&#39;s membrane explants from human donors, including attachment, apoptosis and proliferation, ability to phagocytize photoreceptor outer segments, establishment of polarity, and gene expression. This assay provides an ex vivo model of aged Bruch&#39;s membrane to assess the functional characteristics of RPE cells when seeded on aged/compromised extracellular matrix.

Culturing of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells on an Ex Vivo Model of Aged Human Bruch's Membrane

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the culturing of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on aged and/or diseased human Bruch&#39;s membrane. This method is suitable to study RPE cell behavior on a compromised extracellular matrix.

Cultivo de células epiteliales del pigmento retiniano en un modelo Ex Vivo de la membrana de Bruch humano envejecido

Aside from vitamins and antioxidants recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, there is no effective therapy for &#34;dry,&#34;&#160;or atrophic ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Live Imaging of the Ependymal Cilia in the Lateral Ventricles of the Mouse Brain

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various neurological deficits. The current ex vivo live imaging of motile ependymal cilia technique allows for a detailed study of ciliary dynamics following several steps. These steps include: mice euthanasia with carbon dioxide according to protocols of The University of Toledo&#8217;s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC); craniectomy followed by brain removal and sagittal brain dissection with a vibratome or sharp blade to obtain very thin sections through the brain lateral ventricles, where the ependymal cilia can be visualized. Incubation of the brain&#8217;s slices in a customized glass-bottom plate containing Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)/High-Glucose at 37 &#176;C in the presence of 95%/5% O2/CO2 mixture is essential to keep the tissue alive during the experiment. A video of the cilia beating is then recorded using a high-resolution differential interference contrast microscope. The video is then analyzed frame by frame to calculate the ciliary beating frequency. This allows distinct classification of the ependymal cells into three categories or types based on their ciliary beating frequency and angle. Furthermore, this technique allows the use of high-speed fluorescence imaging analysis to characterize the unique intracellular calcium oscillation properties of ependymal cells as well as the effect of pharmacological agents on the calcium oscillations and the ciliary beating frequency. In addition, this technique is suitable for immunofluorescence imaging for ciliary structure and ciliary protein localization studies. This is particularly important in disease diagnosis and phenotype studies. The main limitation of the technique is attributed to the decrease in live motile cilia movement as the brain tissue starts to die.

Using high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, an ex vivo observation of the beating of motile ependymal cilia located within the mouse brain ventricles is demonstrated by live-imaging. The technique allows a recording of the unique ciliary beating frequency and beating angle as well as their intracellular calcium oscillation pacing properties.

Imágenes en vivo de la ependimarios cilios en los ventrículos laterales del cerebro del ratón

Multiciliated ependymal cells line the ventricles in the adult brain. Abnormal function or structure of ependymal cilia is associated with various ...

Neurociencias

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary clearance function has been established. Freshly harvested mouse trachea is cut longitudinally through the trachealis muscle and mounted in a shallow walled chamber on a glass-bottomed dish. The trachea sample is positioned along its long axis to take advantage of the trachealis muscle to curl longitudinally. This allows imaging of ciliary motion in the profile view along the entire tracheal length. Videos at 200 frames/sec are obtained using differential interference contrast microscopy and a high speed digital camera to allow quantitative analysis of cilia beat frequency and ciliary waveform. With the addition of fluorescent beads during imaging, cilia generated fluid flow also can be determined. The protocol time spans approximately 30 min, with 5 min for chamber preparation, 5-10 min for sample mounting, and 10-15 min for videomicroscopy.

Ex vivo Method for High Resolution Imaging of Cilia Motility in Rodent Airway Epithelia

An easy and reliable technique for visualizing and quantifying airway cilia motility and cilia generated flow using mouse trachea is described. This technique can be modified to determine how a wide range of factors influence cilia motility, including pharmacological agents, genetic factors, environmental exposures, and/or mechanical factors such as mucus load.

Método ex vivo de Imágenes de Alta Resolución de Motilidad Cilia en roedores las vías respiratorias epitelio

An ex vivo technique for imaging mouse airway epithelia for quantitative  analysis of motile cilia function important for insight into mucociliary  ...

Biología

Isolation and Culture of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the eye. This ganglion is constituted by a homogenous population of ciliary and choroidal neurons that innervate striated and smooth muscle fibers, respectively. Each of these neuronal types regulate specific eye structures and functions. Over the years, neuronal cultures of the chick ciliary ganglia were shown to be effective cell models in the study of muscle-nervous system interactions, which communicate through cholinergic synapses. Ciliary ganglion neurons are, in its majority, cholinergic. This cell model has been shown to be useful comparatively to previously used heterogeneous cell models that comprise several neuronal types, besides cholinergic. Anatomically, the ciliary ganglion is localized between the optic nerve (ON) and the choroid fissure (CF). Here, we describe a detailed procedure for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of ciliary ganglia neurons from chick embryos. We provide a step-by-step protocol in order to obtain highly pure and stable cellular cultures of CG neurons, highlighting key steps of the process. These cultures can be maintained in vitro for 15 days and, hereby, we show the normal development of CG cultures. The results also show that these neurons can interact with muscle fibers through neuro-muscular cholinergic synapses.

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. Neuronal cultures of chick CG neurons were shown to be effective cell models in the study of nerve muscle interactions. We describe a detailed protocol for the dissection, dissociation and in vitro culture of CG neurons from chick embryos.

Aislamiento y cultura de chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons

Chick ciliary ganglia (CG) are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are responsible for the innervation of the muscle tissues present in the ...

Microsurgical Dissection and Tissue Clearing for High Resolution Intact Whole Retina and Vitreous Imaging

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole retina imaging techniques compared to conventional retinal flat mount preparations and sections. However, immunofluorescent imaging of intact whole retina is hindered by the opaque coatings of the eyeball, i.e., sclera, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the light scattering properties of retinal layers that prevent full thickness high resolution optical imaging. Chemical bleaching of the pigmented layers and tissue clearing protocols have been described to address these obstacles; however, currently described methods are not suitable for imaging endogenous fluorescent molecules such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) in intact whole retina. Other approaches bypassed this limitation by surgical removal of pigmented layers and the anterior segment of the eyeball allowing intact eye imaging, though the peripheral retina and hyaloid structures were disrupted. Presented here is an intact whole retina and vitreous immunofluorescent imaging protocol that combines surgical dissection of the sclera/choroid/retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layers with a modified tissue clearing method and light sheet fluorescent microscopy (LSFM). The new approach offers an unprecedented view of&#160;unperturbed vascular and neuronal elements of the retina as well as the vitreous and hyaloid vascular system in pathologic conditions.

Presented here is a protocol for intact whole retina imaging in which the outer opaque/pigmented layers of the eyeball are surgically removed, and optical clearing is applied to render retina transparent enabling the visualization of the peripheral retina and hyaloid vasculature in intact retina using light sheet fluorescent microscopy.

Neuronal and vascular structures of the retina in physiologic and pathologic conditions can be better visualized and characterized by using intact whole ...

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

Cauterización de círculo completo del plexo vascular limbal para el glaucoma inducido quirúrgicamente en roedores

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Microdissection and Whole Mount Scanning Electron Microscopy Visualization of Mouse Choroid Plexus

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. As it is becoming increasingly clear that this tiny structure plays a crucial role in health and disease of the central nervous system (CNS), it is of utmost importance to properly dissect the CP out of the brain ventricles in a way that allows downstream processing, ranging from functional to structural analysis. Here, isolation of the lateral and fourth brain ventricle mouse CP without the need for specialized tools or equipment is described. This isolation technique preserves the viability, function, and structure of cells within the CP. On account of its high vascularization, the CP can be visualized floating inside the ventricular cavities of the brain using a binocular microscope. However, transcardial perfusion required for downstream analysis can complicate the identification of the CP tissue. Depending on the further processing steps (e.g., RNA and protein analysis), this can be solved by visualizing the CP via transcardial perfusion with bromophenol blue. After isolation, the CP can be processed using several techniques, including RNA, protein, or single cell analysis, to gain further understanding on the function of this special brain structure. Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on whole mount CP is used to get an overall view of the structure.

The choroid plexus (CP), an understudied tissue in neuroscience, plays a key role in health and disease of the central nervous system. This protocol describes a microdissection technique for isolating the CP and the use of scanning electron microscopy to obtain an overall view of its cellular structure.

Microdisección y microscopía electrónica de barrido de montaje completo Visualización del plexo coroideo del ratón

The choroid plexus (CP), a highly vascularized structure protruding into the ventricles of the brain, is one of the most understudied tissues in ...

An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell (EC) proliferation assays using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) or isolated primary retinal ECs are widely used in vitro models to study retinal angiogenesis. However, isolating pure murine retinal endothelial cells is technically challenging and retinal ECs may have different proliferation responses than choroidal endothelial cells and different cell/cell interactions. A highly reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay as a model of choroidal microvascular proliferation was developed. This model includes the interaction between choroid vasculature (EC, macrophages, pericytes) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Mouse RPE/choroid/scleral explants are isolated and incubated in growth-factor-reduced basal membrane extract (BME) (day 0). Medium is changed every other day and choroid sprouting is quantified at day 6. The images of individual choroid explant are taken with an inverted phase microscope and the sprouting area is quantified using a semi-automated macro plug-in to the ImageJ software developed in this lab. This reproducible ex vivo choroidal sprouting assay can be used to assess compounds for potential treatment and for microvascular disease research to assess pathways involved in choroidal micro vessel proliferation using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

This protocol presents choroid sprouting assay, an ex vivo model of microvascular proliferation. This assay can be used to assess pathways involved in proliferating choroidal micro vessels and assess drug treatments using wild type and genetically modified mouse tissue.

Un ensayo ex vivo de brotes de coroides de angiogénesis microvascular ocular

Pathological choroidal angiogenesis, a salient feature of age-related macular degeneration, leads to vision impairment and blindness. Endothelial cell ...

Choroid Sprouting Assay to Study Ocular Microvascular Proliferation Ex Vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/61677">An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the development of an ex vivo model of choroidal sprouting to study ocular microvascular angiogenesis. The assay involves culturing mouse eye explants containing the choroid tissue attached to the sclera and retinal pigment epithelium under specific conditions that promote choroidal microvascular sprouting.

Ensayo de brotación de coroides para el estudio de la proliferación microvascular ocular ex vivo

Source: Tomita, Y., et al. An Ex Vivo Choroid Sprouting Assay of Ocular Microvascular Angiogenesis. J. Vis. Exp. (2020)
This video demonstrates the ...

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Técnicas biológicas

Assay Techniques

Cell-based assays

Isolating Immune Cells from Mouse Choroid Plexuses

Source: Dominguez-Belloso, et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/63487">Isolation and Characterization of the Immune Cells from Micro-dissected Mouse Choroid Plexuses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the procedure of isolating immune cells from mouse choroid plexuses. This procedure is used in neuroimmunology research to understand how immune cells in the choroid plexuses impact brain health and various neurological diseases.

Aislamiento de células inmunitarias de plexos coroideos de ratón

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board. 
1. ...

Observación del Movimiento ciliar de las células epiteliales del plexo coroideo

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