Die Autoren danken Hannah Zamore, Emily Saks und Josh Searle für ihre Hilfe bei der Etablierung dieses operanten Strategiewechsel-Paradigmas im Grafe-Labor. Sie möchten auch Kevin Snyder für seine Hilfe mit dem MATLAB-Code für die Analyse danken.

Die Autoren haben nichts preiszugeben.

Das Protokoll zeigt, wie die Auswirkungen von Stress auf die kognitive Funktion gemessen werden können. Insbesondere wird bei Nagetieren ein modifiziertes operatives Strategiewechselparadigma verwendet, das die kognitive Flexibilität misst (analog zur Wisconsin Card Sorting Task beim Menschen)1. Kognitive Flexibilität bezeichnet die Fähigkeit, kognitive Verarbeitungsstrategien an neue Bedingungen in der Umwelt anzupassen, und sie ist entscheidend für das normale tägliche Funktionieren<sup cl...

Beim Menschen können stressige Lebensereignisse die kognitive Funktion beeinträchtigen (d.h. kognitive Flexibilität1), was die Fähigkeit bezeichnet, kognitive Verarbeitungsstrategien an neue Bedingungen in der Umwelt anzupassen2. Eine Beeinträchtigung der Kognition beschleunigt und verschlimmert viele psychiatrische Störungen wie posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) und Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)3,4. Diese Störungen sind bei den Frauen5, 6,7,8doppelt so häufig, doch die biologische Grundlage für diese Ungleichheit bleibt unbekannt. Aspekte der exekutiven Funktion beim Menschen können mit der Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, einer Demonstration der kognitiven Flexibilität2,bewertet werden. Die Leistung bei dieser Aufgabe ist bei Patienten mit PTBS9 und MDD10beeinträchtigt, aber die neuronalen Grundlagen dieser Veränderung können nur durch Bildgebung des Gehirns untersucht werden11.
Fortschritte im Verständnis, wie sich Stress auf das Gehirn auswirkt, wurden durch die Verwendung von Tiermodellen, insbesondere Nagetieren, erzielt. Da die kognitive Flexibilität bei stressbedingten Erkrankungen beeinträchtigt ist, ist es ein außergewöhnlich relevanter Phänotyp, der bei Nagetieren untersucht werden muss. Bis heute hat die meiste Stress-Neurobiologie-Literatur ein alternatives kognitives Flexibilitätsparadigma verwendet (manchmal auch als Grabaufgabe bezeichnet)12,13,14,15. Während diese Aufgabe ausführlich überprüft wurde, erfordert es mehr Zeit und Mühe vom Experimentator, Nagetiere zu trainieren. Angepasst und beschrieben ist hier ein gut etabliertes automatisiertes Set-Shifting-Protokoll16 zur Beurteilung der kognitiven Flexibilität bei männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten unter Verwendung verschiedener Stressmodelle17,18. Das Verfahren erfordert eine minimale Aufsicht durch den Experimentator und ermöglicht es, mehrere Ratten gleichzeitig zu testen. Darüber hinaus erfordert die Anpassung dieses Paradigmas im Gegensatz zu anderen Versionen dieser automatisierten Aufgabe19nur 3 Tage Training und beinhaltet eine effiziente programmierte Datenanalyse.
Ob Stress die kognitive Funktion verbessert oder beeinträchtigt, hängt von der Art, Intensität und Dauer des Stressors sowie dem Zeitpunkt des Stressors in Bezug auf das Lernen oder Ausführen einer kognitiven Aufgabeab 20,21. Daher beinhaltet das Protokoll Stressverfahren sowohl vor als auch nach dem Operandentraining. Es untersucht auch repräsentative Ergebnisse aus Stressstudien. Darüber hinaus sind die Gehirnregionen, die bestimmten Aspekten der Mengenverschiebung zugrundeliegen,gut etabliert2,16,22; Daher beschreibt der Bericht auch, wie bestimmte Gehirnregionen während oder nach den Stress- und Strategiewechselverfahren gezielt und bewertet werden können.
Es gibt nur begrenzte Forschung zur direkten Untersuchung von Geschlechtsunterschieden in der kognitiven Flexibilität18,23.  Das Protokoll beschreibt, wie 1) sowohl männliche als auch weibliche Ratten in das experimentelle Paradigma einbezogen werden können, dann 2) Östruszyklen vor und während der Verfahren bei frei kreisenden Weibchen verfolgt werden. Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, dass Stress vor dem operativen Training bei Ratten zu geschlechtsspezifischen Defiziten in der kognitiven Flexibilität führen kann17. Insbesondere weibliche Ratten zeigen Störungen der kognitiven Flexibilität nach Stress, während sich die kognitive Flexibilität bei männlichen Ratten nach Stress verbessert17. Interessanterweise ist ein Hauptmerkmal stressbedingter psychiatrischer Störungen, die beim Menschen eine geschlechtsspezifische Inzidenz aufweisen, die kognitive Inflexibilität. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Frauen anfälliger für diese Art von kognitiver Beeinträchtigung sein können als Männer. Die Verwendung dieser Techniken in Tiermodellen wird Aufschluss über die Auswirkungen von Stress auf das Gehirn geben und wie er die Kognition bei psychiatrischen Störungen beim Menschen beeinträchtigt.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3 inch glass pipette eye droppers</td><td>Amazon</td><td>4306-30-012LC</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Wipes</td><td>VWR</td><td>15648-990</td><td>To clean trays in set shifting boxes between rats</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin-SP-conjugated AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Mouse lgG (H+L), minimal cross reaction to bovine, chicken, goat, guinea pig, hamster, horse, human, rabbit, sheep serum proteins</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>715-065-150</td><td>All other DAB protocol staining materials are standard buffers/DAB and are not specified here, as this is not the main focus of the methods paper</td></tr><tr><td>C-fos mouse monoclonal primary antibody</td><td>AbCam</td><td>ab208942</td><td>To stain neural activation in brain areas after set shifting</td></tr><tr><td>Dustless Food Pellets</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>F0021</td><td>For set shifting boxes (dispenser for reward)</td></tr><tr><td>GraphPad Prism</td><td></td><td></td><td>Used for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Leica DM4 B Microscope and associated imaging software</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td>Lots of different parts for the microscope and work station, for imaging lavage and/or cfos</td></tr><tr><td>MatLab</td><td></td><td></td><td>Software; code to help analyze set shifting data, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Med-PC Software Suite</td><td>Med Associates</td><td>SOF-736</td><td>Software; uses codes to operate operant chambers</td></tr><tr><td>Operant Chambers</td><td>Med PC</td><td>MED-008-B2</td><td>Many different parts for the chamber set up and software to work with it; we also wrote a separate code for set shifting, available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Rat Bedding</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.7097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat Chow</td><td>Envigo</td><td>T.2014.15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restraint Devices</td><td>Bryn Mawr College</td><td>Made by our shop</td><td>For stress exposure; specifications available upon request.</td></tr><tr><td>Scribbles 3d fabric paint</td><td>Amazon</td><td>54139</td><td>For vaginal lavage</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague Dawley Rats</td><td>Envigo</td><td></td><td>At least D65 Males and Females</td></tr><tr><td>VWR Superfrost Plus Micro Slide</td><td>VWR</td><td>48311-703</td><td>For vaginal lavage and/or brain slices/staining for c-fos</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of stress effects on cognitive flexibility using an operant strategy shifting paradigm

Stress beeinflusst die kognitive Funktion. Ob Stress die kognitive Funktion verbessert oder beeinträchtigt, hängt von mehreren Faktoren ab, einschließlich der 1) Art, Intensität und Dauer des Stressors; 2) Art der untersuchten kognitiven Funktion; und 3) Timing des Stressors in Bezug auf das Lernen oder Ausführen der kognitiven Aufgabe. Darüber hinaus wurden Geschlechtsunterschiede zwischen den Auswirkungen von Stress auf die kognitive Funktion umfassend dokumentiert. Hier beschrieben ist eine Adaption eines automatisierten operanten Strategiewechsel-Paradigmas, um zu beurteilen, wie sich Stressschwankungen auf die kognitive Flexibilität bei männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten auswirken. Insbesondere wird Zurückhaltungsstress vor oder nach dem Training in dieser operantenbasierten Aufgabe verwendet, um zu untersuchen, wie sich Stress auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit bei beiden Geschlechtern auswirkt. Bestimmte Gehirnareale, die mit jeder Aufgabe in diesem automatisierten Paradigma assoziiert sind, sind gut etabliert (d.h. der mediale präfrontale Kortex und der orbitofrontale Kortex). Dies ermöglicht gezielte Manipulationen während des Experiments oder die Beurteilung bestimmter Gene und Proteine in diesen Regionen nach Abschluss des Paradigmas. Dieses Paradigma ermöglicht auch die Erkennung verschiedener Arten von Leistungsfehlern, die nach Stress auftreten und jeweils über definierte neuronale Substrate verfügen. Ebenfalls identifiziert wurden deutliche Geschlechtsunterschiede bei ausdauernden Fehlern nach einem wiederholten Zurückhaltungsstressparadigma. Die Verwendung dieser Techniken in einem präklinischen Modell kann zeigen, wie sich Stress auf das Gehirn auswirkt und die Kognition bei psychiatrischen Störungen wie posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung (PTBS) und schwerer depressiver Störung (MDD) beeinträchtigt, die deutliche Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Prävalenz aufweisen.

Das oben beschriebene angepasste paradigma des automatisierten paradigma des strategiewechsels wurde verwendet, um festzustellen, ob wiederholter Zurückhaltungsstress die Kognition bei männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten beeinflusst. Repräsentative Verhaltensdaten sind in Abbildung 2 unten beschrieben. Kurz gesagt, Kontroll- und wiederholt zurückgehaltene Ratten führten diesen operanten Strategiewechseltest durch, der aus einer Reihe von Aufgaben bestand: Seitenunterscheidun...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm at JoVE.com

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Stressige Lebensereignisse beeinträchtigen die kognitive Funktion und erhöhen das Risiko psychiatrischer Störungen. Dieses Protokoll veranschaulicht, wie Stress die kognitive Flexibilität beeinflusst, indem ein automatisiertes paradigmatisches Paradigma der operanten Strategie bei männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten verwendet wird. Spezifische Gehirnbereiche, die bestimmten Verhaltensweisen zugrunde liegen, werden diskutiert und die translationale Relevanz der Ergebnisse untersucht.

Bewertung von Stresseffekten auf die kognitive Flexibilität anhand eines operanten Strategiewechsel-Paradigmas

Stress affects cognitive function. Whether stress enhances or impairs cognitive function depends on several factors, including the 1) type, intensity, and ...

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Behavior

3.3K Aufrufe.  Bryn Mawr College. Stressige Lebensereignisse beeinträchtigen die kognitive Funktion und erhöhen das Risiko psychiatrischer Störungen. Dieses Protokoll veranschaulicht, wie Stress die kognitive Flexibilität beeinflusst, indem ein automatisiertes paradigmatisches Paradigma der operanten Strategie bei männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten verwendet wird. Spezifische Gehirnbereiche, die bestimmten Verhaltensweisen zugrunde liegen, werden diskutiert und die translationale Relevan...

Serie: Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

Die Kongruenz Crossmodale Aufgabe als ein Mittel zum Ziel Behavioral Messen in der Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm erhalten

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

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Verhalten

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

Irrelevante Reize und Aktionssteuerung: Analyse der Einfluss von Stimuli ignoriert über die Distraktor-Response-Paradigma-Bindung

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Die Aufmerksamkeits Set Shifting Aufgabe: Eine Messung der kognitiven Flexibilität bei Mäusen

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Antipsychotika und Schizotypie auf der N400 Mit Ereignis-korrelierte Potenziale und Semantic Kategorisierung

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these processes is the ability to adjust behavior in response to changes in one&#8217;s environment (i.e., behavioral flexibility). These processes are essential to normal human behavior, and may be disrupted in diverse neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, alcoholism, depression, stroke, and Alzheimer&#8217;s disease. Understanding of the neurobiology of executive functions has been greatly advanced by the availability of animal tasks for assessing discrete components of behavioral flexibility, particularly strategy shifting and reversal learning. While several types of tasks have been developed, most are non-automated, labor intensive, and allow testing of only one animal at a time. The recent development of automated, operant-based tasks for assessing behavioral flexibility streamlines testing, standardizes stimulus presentation and data recording, and dramatically improves throughput. Here, we describe automated strategy shifting and reversal tasks, using operant chambers controlled by custom written software programs. Using these tasks, we have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex governs strategy shifting but not reversal learning in the rat, similar to the dissociation observed in humans. Moreover, animals with a neonatal hippocampal lesion, a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, are selectively impaired on the strategy shifting task but not the reversal task. The strategy shifting task also allows the identification of separate types of performance errors, each of which is attributable to distinct neural substrates. The availability of these automated tasks, and the evidence supporting the dissociable contributions of separate prefrontal areas, makes them particularly well-suited assays for the investigation of basic neurobiological processes as well as drug discovery and screening in disease models.

The ability to assess executive functions such as behavioral flexibility in rats is useful for investigating the neurobiology of cognition in both intact animals and disease models. Here we describe automated tasks for assessing strategy shifting and reversal learning, which are particularly sensitive to disruptions in prefrontal cortical networks.

Operante Verfahren zur Bewertung der Verhaltensflexibilität bei Ratten

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

An Operant Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set-shift Task for Mice

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric diseases. The most widely used neuropsychological tests for the evaluation of attentional set-shifting in human subjects are the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the CANTAB Intra-/Extra-dimensional set shift task (ID/ED). These tasks have proven clinical relevance and have been modified and successfully adapted for research in animal models. However, currently available tasks for rodents present several limitations, mainly due to their manual-based testing procedures, which are hampering translational advances in psychiatric medicine. To overcome these limitations and to better mimic the original version in primates, we present the development of a novel operant-based two-chamber ID/ED "Operon" task for rodents. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this novel task to measure different facets of cognitive flexibility in mice including attentional set formation and shifting, and reversal learning. Moreover, we show the high flexibility of this task in which three different perceptual dimensions can be manipulated with a high number of stimuli cues for each dimension. This novel ID/ED Operon task can be an effective preclinical tool for drug testing and/or large genetic screening relevant to the study of executive dysfunction and cognitive symptoms found in psychiatric disorders.

Attentional set-shifting cognitive abnormalities are a core feature of many psychiatric diseases. Here, we present the development of a novel automatic system for the effective study of attentional set-shifting abilities, executive functions and other cognitive abilities in mice with high translational validity to human studies.

Ein Operante Intra- / Extra-dimensionalen Set-Shift-Aufgabe für Mäuse

Alterations in executive control and cognitive flexibility, such as attentional set-shifting abilities, are core features of several neuropsychiatric ...

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy based on a change in governing rules. We describe a strategy set-shifting task that requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. The paradigm is often used for testing cognitive flexibility in primates. However, the rodent version has not been as extensively developed. We have recently extended an established set-shifting task in the rat1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. All the experimental conditions required animals to choose either a left or right lever. Initially, all animals had to choose on the basis of the location of the lever. Subsequently, a change in the rule occurred, which required a shift in set from location-based rule to a rule in which the correct lever was indicated by a light cue. We compared performance on three different versions of the task, in which the light stimulus was either novel, previously relevant, or previously irrelevant. We found that specific neurochemical lesions selectively impaired the ability to make particular types of set shift as measured by the performance on the different versions of the task.

Set-shifting, a form of behavioral flexibility, requires an attentional shift from one stimulus dimension to another. We extended an established rodent set-shifting task1 by requiring attention to different stimuli according to context. The task was combined with specific lesions to identify neuron subtypes underlying a successful shift.

Neue Variationen für Strategie-Verschiebung in der Ratte

Behavioral flexibility is crucial for survival in changing environments. Broadly defined, behavioral flexibility requires a shift of behavioral strategy ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

Chronischer Stress verschiebt aufwandsbezogenes Wahlverhalten in einer Y-Maze Barriere-Aufgabe bei Mäusen

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Einfluss von Restraint-Stress auf die Physiologie und Neurobiologie in Nagetiermodellen

Restraint to Induce Stress in Mice and Rats

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the restraint stress procedure. Restraint stress has been used for decades to investigate changes in physiology, genetics, neurobiology, immunology, and other systems impacted by stress. Due to the ease of performing the procedure, low cost, and numerous modifications to scale for the intensity and duration of stress exposure, a vast literature of studies has used restraint stress in mice and rats. As one example, this study presents previously published data showing the impact of restraint stress in transgenic mice on plasma corticosterone levels and optogenetically-induced norepinephrine release. Acute restraint stress increased plasma corticosterone levels, yet this effect was blunted in mice following repeat restraint stress. However, stimulated norepinephrine release in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was increased only in the repeat restraint stress group. These data highlight important considerations of restraint parameters on dependent measures. Additional descriptions of restraint stress in rats are also included for comparison. Finally, the influence of the parameters of the restraint (e.g., acute vs. chronic) and characteristics of the animal subjects (strain, sex, age) are discussed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Fixierung, um Stress bei Mäusen und Ratten zu induzieren

This article covers the procedures to induce stress responses using physical restraint stress in mice and rats. Additional considerations that should be observed when selecting and using restraint stress in rodent models are discussed.

Fixierung, um Stress bei Mäusen und Ratten zu induzieren

Across all animal species, exposure to stressful conditions induces stress responses. One method to study the effects of stress using rodent models is the ...

Bewertung von Stresseffekten auf die kognitive Flexibilität anhand eines operanten Strategiewechsel-Paradigmas

Zusammenfassung

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Irrelevante Reize und Aktionssteuerung: Analyse der Einfluss von Stimuli ignoriert über die Distraktor-Response-Paradigma-Bindung

Die Aufmerksamkeits Set Shifting Aufgabe: Eine Messung der kognitiven Flexibilität bei Mäusen

Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Antipsychotika und Schizotypie auf der N400 Mit Ereignis-korrelierte Potenziale und Semantic Kategorisierung

Operante Verfahren zur Bewertung der Verhaltensflexibilität bei Ratten

Ein Operante Intra- / Extra-dimensionalen Set-Shift-Aufgabe für Mäuse

Neue Variationen für Strategie-Verschiebung in der Ratte

Chronischer Stress verschiebt aufwandsbezogenes Wahlverhalten in einer Y-Maze Barriere-Aufgabe bei Mäusen

Fixierung, um Stress bei Mäusen und Ratten zu induzieren

Fixierung, um Stress bei Mäusen und Ratten zu induzieren