Name: ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary
Uploaded: 2018-06-19T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Wir danken Dr. Naojiro Minami (Kyoto University) für die Bereitstellung der Oog1pro3.9 Mäuse. Diese Forschung wurde von der JSPS (KAKENHI # JP15H06275) und der Nitto-Stiftung unterstützt.

Mäuse wurden in einem ökologisch kontrollierten Raum 23 ±1 ° C mit einem 12 h Licht/12 h dunklen Zyklus untergebracht. Tierbetreuung Protokolle und Experimente wurden gemäß den Richtlinien für Tier-Experimente an der Aichi Medical University durchgeführt und von der etablierten Tier Pflege und Nutzung Ausschuss angenommen wurden.
1. Vorbereitung des Kulturmediums und Gerichte
<ol><li>Fügen Sie um grundlegende Kulturmedium vorzubereiten, fetalen bovine Serum (FBS, 5 % V/V), FSH (100 mIU/mL), LH (10 mU/mL) und Penicillin-Streptomycin (Penicillin, 100 U/mL; Streptomycin, 100 mg/mL), minimale wesentliche mittlere Alpha (MEM-Alpha) und mischen in 50 mL Röhrchen. Hinweis: Gesamtvolumen der erforderlichen Nährmedien variieren zwischen Experimente, aber 1 mL Kulturmedium ist in der Regel ausreichend für 3,5 cm Glasboden Kultur Gerichte.</li>
	<li>Gießen Sie 1 mL Aliquote gemischte Kulturmedium in 3,5 cm Glasboden Kultur Gerichte und Gerichte eingelassen Sie statt 30 mm Zelle Kultur Einsätze. Wärmen Sie vor, Medien und Gerichte in einem Inkubator (5 % CO2 und 37 ° C).</li>
</ol>2. Vorbereitung von Eierstockgewebe
<ol><li>Pre-warme Phosphat gepufferte Kochsalzlösung (PBS) (−) und MEM-Alpha mit 5 % FBS, 100 U/mL Penicillin und 100 mg/mL Streptomycin im Inkubator (5 % CO2 und 37 ° C). Hinweis: Etwa 3 mL Aliquote von PBS (−) pro Eierstock sind ausreichend für den Einsatz im Eierstock Sezierungen, und 1 mL Aliquots der MEM-Alpha sind ausreichend für die vorübergehende Speicherung einzelner Eierstöcke in 3,5 cm Gerichte.</li>
	<li>
Verbrauchsteuern Sie Eierstöcke aus 4 - Wochen alten weiblichen ICR (benannt nach dem Institute of Cancer Research) Mäusen und trimmen Sie das Gewebe um den Eierstock mit Schere und Pinzette stereoskopische Mikroskop zu. Reservieren Sie die entfernten Eierstöcken in Kulturmedium (siehe Punkt 2.1) bis zur Verwendung.
	<ol>
<li>Statt einzelne Eierstöcke auf Filterpapier befeuchtet mit vorgewärmt PBS (−) (siehe Punkt 2.1) und in Scheiben schneiden in 4 Stücke, die mit einem Mikrotom Klinge unter dem stereoskopische Mikroskop. Hinweis: Eierstöcke der 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäuse sind ca. 2 mm im Durchmesser. Die Anzahl der Stücke hängt von der Eierstock-Größe; etwa 500 µm Dicke Stücke erlauben jedoch für korrekte Follikel Beobachtungen (in Stücke dicker als 500 mm, Gewebe Transparenz wird verringert; in Stücke dünner als 500 mm, viele antrale Follikel sind gebrochen und verloren).</li>
		<li>Legen Sie nach Dissektion die in Scheiben geschnittenen Eierstock Exemplare in vorgewärmten Kulturmedium in 3,5 cm Gerichte (siehe Punkt 2.1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>(3) Eierstock Gewebekultur
<ol><li>Fallen etwa 0,5 µL Kulturmedium pro geschnitten eierstockgewebe auf die Zelle Kultur einfügen wo werden die ovarielle Gewebe mit einer Mikropipette eingestellt.</li>
	<li>Platzieren Sie jedes geschnittene Muster zu einem Tropfen Kulturmedium auf die Zelle-Kultur-Einsätze mit einer Pinzette.</li>
	<li>Kultur der Eierstock-Gewebe in 5 % CO2 bei 37 ° C.</li>
	<li>Ersetzen Sie das Kulturmedium mit frischen vorgewärmten Medium alle 2 Tage. Hinweis: Der Zeitplan für mittlere Veränderungen für die Kultur der Eierstock Abschnitte von 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäusen ist in Abbildung 1dargestellt.<ol>
<li>Für die Reproduktion den LH-Anstieg behandeln Sie kultivierten 4 - Wochen alten ICR Mäuse Eierstöcke mit dem Medium mit 100 mU/mL FSH und LH für 12 h alle 4 Tage (Abbildung 1).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>(4) Mikroskopaufnahmen kultivierten Eierstöcke
<ol><li>Starten Sie imaging die kultivierten Eierstöcke nach Tag 1 Wenn das Gewebe auf die Zelle Kultur Einsätze geklebt haben und konfokale oder umgekehrtes Mikroskop Analysen in 24 h Abständen ausreichend Follikelwachstums zwischen Zeitpunkten zu ermöglichen. Hinweis: Konfokale Mikroskopie ist besser als invertierte Mikroskopie zur Beobachtung von Follikeln in ganzen kultivierten Eierstöcke.</li>
</ol>(5) Zeitraffer Imaging kultivierten Eierstöcke
<ol><li>
Optimieren Sie die Time-Lapse imaging Bedingungen, einschließlich Laser-Intensitäten und Belichtungszeiten für die imaging-System (Tabelle 1).
	<ol>
<li>Wählen Sie gepaarten Eierstock Proben von einzelnen Mäusen für den Einsatz als Behandlung und Kontrollgruppen. Variieren Sie Laser Intensitäten und Belichtungszeit, die besten Bilder (Tabelle 1) zu erreichen.</li>
		<li>Vergleichen Sie Follikelwachstums unter jeder Bedingung Kultur durch die Messung der Follikel Bereiche in Bildern von Kontrollproben in 24-Stunden-Intervallen und in Zeitraffer bildgebenden Proben (siehe Schritt 6). Gleichzeitig die Anzahl der Eisprung Eizellen in jedem Eierstock-Satz und wählen Sie die optimale Zeitraffer imaging Bedingungen.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Die Aufnahmen Sie in 30 min Abständen mit Zeitraffer-imaging-System unter den festgelegten Bedingungen (Tabelle 1).</li>
</ol>(6) Follikel Wachstum Analyse
<ol><li>
Um die Entwicklung der Follikel zu analysieren, Messen Sie die Follikel Bereiche der aufgenommenen Bilder mit ImageJ-Software (http://resbweb.nih.gov/ij/).
	<ol>
<li>Zunächst legen Sie den Maßstab des Bildes durch Klicken auf "Set Scale" unter "Analysieren" in der Symbolleiste. Geben Sie die Seitenlängen der das aufgenommene Bild und der entsprechenden Anzahl von Pixel in die leeren Felder der "Bekannten Abstand" und "Abstand in Pixel", beziehungsweise.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie auf "Freie Hand" in der Symbolleiste und skizzieren Sie die Follikel in den erfassten Hellfeld-Bildern zu.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie auf "Messen" unter "Analysieren" in der Symbolleiste. Hinweis: Wenn andere Messdaten gewünscht werden, klicken Sie auf "Messung" unter "Analysieren" in der Werkzeugleiste, und überprüfen Sie die entsprechenden Felder in der Liste.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>7. Analyse der Entwicklung der Follikel mit transgenen Mäusen
<ol><li>Sammeln Sie Eierstöcke von postnatalen Tagen 0 und 4 (P0 und P4) weibliche Transgene Mäuse mit den transgenen Oog1pro3.9 R26-H2B-mCherrund Kultur auf Einsätze wie in beschrieben Schritte 1.1 – 3.2, außer nicht Slice der P0 und P4 Eierstöcke.</li>
	<li>Ersetzen Sie das Kulturmedium mit frischen, vorgewärmten Medium in 3,5 cm Gerichte in einem Inkubator mit 5 % CO2 bei 37 ° C alle 2 Tage. Hinweis: Die Konzentration von LH in das Kulturmedium P0 und P4 Eierstöcke kann konstant bleiben, weil LH Überspannungen in P0 und P4 Mäuse nicht vorkommen.</li>
	<li>Legen Sie das Mikroskop nur AcGFP1-positiven primären Follikel in kultivierten P4 Eierstöcken (Tabelle 1) zu visualisieren. Hinweis: Nur ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel sind in P4 weibliche Maus Eierstöcke.</li>
	<li>Die Aufnahmen der kultivierten P0 Oog1pro3.9/R26-H2B-mCherry Transgene Mäuse Eierstöcke in 30 min Abständen mit den Einstellungen für P4 Eierstöcke (siehe Punkt 5.2).</li>
	<li>Verfolgen Sie und analysieren Sie Follikel Entwicklung mit AcGFP1 und H2B-mCHerry Signale.</li>
</ol>

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E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+differentiation+factor-9+stimulates+progression+of+early+primary+but+not+primordial+rat+ovarian+follicle+development.">Growth and differentiation factor-9 stimulates progression of early primary but not primordial rat ovarian follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 67 (3), 1018-1024 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Kezele, P., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukemia+inhibitory+factor+(LIF)+promotes+the+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition+in+rat+ovaries.">Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition in rat ovaries.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 188 (1-2), 65-73 (2002).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+protein-4+acts+as+an+ovarian+follicle+survival+factor+and+promotes+primordial+follicle+development.">Bone morphogenetic protein-4 acts as an ovarian follicle survival factor and promotes primordial follicle development.</a> Biol Reprod. 69 (4), 1265-1272 (2003).</li><li>Nilsson, E. E., Skinner, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kit+ligand+and+basic+fibroblast+growth+factor+interactions+in+the+induction+of+ovarian+primordial+to+primary+follicle+transition.">Kit ligand and basic fibroblast growth factor interactions in the induction of ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 214 (1-2), 19-25 (2004).</li><li>Abe, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+conditional+reporter+mouse+lines+at+ROSA26+locus+for+live+cell+imaging.">Establishment of conditional reporter mouse lines at ROSA26 locus for live cell imaging.</a> Genesis. 49 (7), 579-590 (2011).</li><li>Lan, Z. J., Xu, X., Cooney, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+oocyte-specific+expression+of+Cre+recombinase+activity+in+GDF-9-iCre,+Zp3cre,+and+Msx2Cre+transgenic+mice.">Differential oocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase activity in GDF-9-iCre, Zp3cre, and Msx2Cre transgenic mice.</a> Biol Reprod. 71 (5), 1469-1474 (2004).</li><li>Payer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stella-GFP+transgenic+mice:+a+novel+tool+to+study+germ+cell+development.">Generation of stella-GFP transgenic mice: a novel tool to study germ cell development.</a> Genesis. 44 (2), 75-83 (2006).</li><li>Ohinata, Y., Sano, M., Shigeta, M., Yamanaka, K., Saitou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive,+non-invasive+visualization+of+primordial+germ+cell+development+in+mice+by+the+Prdm1-mVenus+and+Dppa3-ECFP+double+transgenic+reporter.">A comprehensive, non-invasive visualization of primordial germ cell development in mice by the Prdm1-mVenus and Dppa3-ECFP double transgenic reporter.</a> Reproduction. 136 (4), 503-514 (2008).</li></ol>

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In dieser Studie haben wir zwei neue Methoden für die Untersuchung der Entwicklung der Follikel in den Eierstöcken Maus entwickelt. Die erste Methode beinhaltet Kultur der geschnittenen Eierstock Erwachsener Mäuse Gewebe gefolgt von Analysen zur Entwicklung der Follikel, und die zweite beinhaltet die Verwendung von Time-Lapse imaging zu visualisieren, frühe Entwicklung der Follikel bei der Gonadotropin-unabhängig. Zuvor wir verwendet das vorliegende Eierstock Gewebekultur Verfahren zur Beurteilung der Wirkung von he...

Weibliche Maus Eierstöcke enthalten mehrere tausend Follikel1und regelmäßigen Eisprung reift etwa zehn Eizellen bei jedem Brunst-Zyklus. Follikel sind in mehrere Entwicklungsstufen eingeteilt: Primordial, Primar-, Sekundar-, antral, und Graafian Follikel, abhängig von der Form der Granulosa zellulärer Ebene rund um jede Eizelle. Die meisten primordialfollikel ruhen, und einige von ihnen werden aktiviert und wachsen in primären Follikel bei jeder Östrus Zyklus2. Nach der sekundären follikuläre Phase ist Follikel Entwicklung vor allem von Gonadotropinen, follikuläre stimulierende Hormon (FSH) und Luteinisierendes Hormon (LH) geregelt. Jedoch ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel Entwicklung ist unabhängig von der Gonadotropin und Regulationsmechanismen, die diese Stufen Regeln bleiben schlecht Inderstood3,4,5. Die ursprüngliche und primäre Follikel ist zusätzlich Wachstumsfaktoren und Hormone die Interaktionen zwischen den Follikeln6,7geregelt. Daher wir Analysen der Follikel Dynamik in Maus Eierstock Gewebe durchgeführt, und die damit verbundenen Regulationsmechanismen mit Eierstockkrebs Gewebekulturen8,9,10untersucht.
Hier stellen wir zwei Eierstöcke Gewebekultur Modell Methoden. Die erste dient zur Follikel Entwicklung analysieren durch Messung der follikulären Bereiche, und die zweite wird verwendet, um den Regulierungsmechanismus in frühen Entwicklung der Follikel aus ur auf sekundäre Follikel Bühne mit transgenen Mäusen zu studieren. Für Follikel Entwicklungsanalyse benutzten wir hauptsächlich Eierstöcke der 4 - Wochen alten weiblichen Mäusen, weil sie für einfache Visualisierung der Follikel ermöglichen. Um regelmäßige Ovulation und Modellentwicklung in Vivo Follikel zu induzieren, reproduziert wir LH-Anstieg und beobachteten Eisprung Follikel Atresie und Sekretion von Estradiol Gewebekultur Bedingungen. Bilder der kultivierten Eierstöcke wurden gefangen genommen, und die Follikel Entwicklungsprozesse durch Rückverfolgung Veränderungen im Bereich follikulären analysiert wurden. Allerdings war die Unterscheidung zwischen ursprünglicher und frühen primären Follikel im Hellfeld Mikroskopieren Analysen, unklar. So wir entwickelten eine Methode, um kleine Follikel zu erkennen und zu unterscheiden zwischen dem ursprünglichen, primäre, und sekundäre Follikel in kultivierten ovariellen Gewebe mit Oogenesin1 (Oog1) pro3. 9 und R26-H2B-mCherry Transgene Mäuse Eierstöcke bei 0 und 4 Tage nach Geburt11. Oog1 Ausdruck ist nachweisbar in Eizellen nach Inkrafttreten der Meiose und allmählich mit der Entwicklung der Follikel, so dass Beobachtung des Übergangs vom ursprünglichen primären Follikel mit Zeitraffer-Bilder der kultivierten eierstockgewebe11 ,12. Obwohl morphologische Methoden verwendet wurden, um Faktoren zu untersuchen, die ruhende primordialfollikel13,14,15,16aktivieren, ist die Entwicklung der physiologischen Follikel in den Eierstöcken schwer zu beobachten, und die Effekte verschiedener Faktoren bleiben fußgelenkes. Die gegenwärtige Kulturmethoden wurden entwickelt, um diesen Mangel in Echtzeit Analysen Ziel Faktoren anzugehen.
In der vorliegenden Studie wir follikulären Entwicklung mit einem Zeitraffer bildgebenden Methode verfolgt und charakterisiert den Prozess der Entwicklung der Follikel. Unsere neuartigen Methoden bieten ein noch nie da gewesenen Instrument zur Erforschung der Physiologie der Eierstöcke.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Follicle stimulating hormone from human pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>F4021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lutenizing hormone from equine pituitary</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>L9773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin solution</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td><td>168-23191</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEM a, GlutaMax, no nucleotides</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>32561037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom dish</td><td>MatTek</td><td>P35G-0-10-C</td><td>35mm dish, No. 0 coverslip, 10mm glass diameter</td></tr><tr><td>Millicell cell culture insert</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>PICM0RG50</td><td>Diameter: 315 mm, pore size: 0.4 mm, material: hydrophilic PTTE</td></tr><tr><td>3.5cm cell culture dishes</td><td>greiner bio-one</td><td>627160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50ml / centrifuge tube with triple seal cap</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>2345-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-profile disposable blades 819</td><td>Leica</td><td>14035838925</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM 710</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Confocal microscope</td></tr><tr><td>CellVoyager, CV1000</td><td>Yokogawa Electric Corporation</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr><tr><td>BZ-X700</td><td>KEYENCE</td><td></td><td>Time-lapse imaging</td></tr></tbody></table>

ovarian tissue culture to visualize phenomena in mouse ovary

Säugetier-Frauen Eisprung in regelmäßigen Abständen eine nahezu konstante Anzahl von Eizellen bei jedem Brunst-Zyklus. Um solche Regelmäßigkeit und Häufigkeit zu erhalten, tritt die Verordnung auf die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden Achse-Ebene und auf die Entwicklung der Follikel in den Eierstöcken. Trotz aktiven Studien sind Follikel Fördermechanismen nicht klar wegen der mehrere Schritte aus der ruhenden primordialen Follikel-Aktivierung zur Ovulation und aufgrund der Komplexität der Verordnung, die in jeder follikuläre Phase unterscheidet. Um die Mechanismen der Entwicklung der Follikel und die Dynamik der Follikel während des Östrus Zyklus zu untersuchen, entwickelten wir ein Mausmodell ovariellen Gewebe-Kultur, die verwendet werden, um die Entwicklung der Follikel mit einem Mikroskop zu beobachten. Systematische Follikel Entwicklung und regelmäßigen Eisprung Follikel Atresie können alle im kultivierten Eierstock Modell reproduziert werden, und die Kulturbedingungen experimentell moduliert werden können. Hier zeigen wir die Nützlichkeit dieser Methode in der Studie die regulatorischen Mechanismen der Entwicklung der Follikel und anderen Eierstock Phänomene.

Abbildung 1 zeigt das Protokoll für Änderungen in den Medien während der ovariellen Gewebe-Kultur. Nach diesem Programm 4 Wochen alten ICR Mäuse Eierstöcke wurden kultiviert und in 24-Stunden-Abständen mit konfokalen Mikroskopie (Abbildung 2) abgebildet. Während der Kultur der Eierstock Gewebe für 3 Wochen die meisten antral und sekundäre Follikel wurden durch Follikel Atresie degeneriert und einige waren Eisprung (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary at JoVE.com

Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Ovarian Tissue Culture Phänomene in der Maus Eierstock zu visualisieren

Eierstöcke Gewebekulturen als Modelle der Follikel Entwicklung, Eisprung und Follikel Atresie einsetzbar und regulatorische Mechanismen der Eierstöcke Dynamiken zeigen.

Mammalian females periodically ovulate an almost constant number of oocytes during each estrus cycle. To sustain such regularity and periodicity, ...

ovarian-tissue-culture-to-visualize-phenomena-in-mouse-ovary

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.7K Aufrufe.  Aichi Medical University. Eierstöcke Gewebekulturen als Modelle der Follikel Entwicklung, Eisprung und Follikel Atresie einsetzbar und regulatorische Mechanismen der Eierstöcke Dynamiken zeigen.

Serie: Ovarian Tissue Culture to Visualize Phenomena in Mouse Ovary

Culture and Co-Culture of Mouse Ovaries and Ovarian Follicles

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together within a basement membrane. A finite pool of follicles is laid down during embryonic development, when oocytes in meiotic arrest form a close association with flattened granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles. By or shortly after birth, mammalian ovaries contain their lifetime&#8217;s supply of primordial follicles, from which point onwards there is a steady release of follicles into the growing follicular pool.
The ovary is particularly amenable to development in vitro, with follicles growing in a highly physiological manner in culture. This work describes the culture of whole neonatal ovaries containing primordial follicles, and the culture of individual ovarian follicles, a method which can support the development of follicles from an immature through to the preovulatory stage, after which their oocytes are able to undergo fertilization in vitro. The work outlined here uses culture systems to determine how the ovary is affected by exposure to external compounds. We also describe a co-culture system, which allows investigation of the interactions that occur between growing follicles and the non-growing pool of primordial follicles.

This protocol describes the primary culture/co-culture of mouse ovarian tissue, using ovaries from neonatal mice and individual ovarian follicles from prepubertal mice. The culture techniques support development in a highly physiological manner, allowing investigation of the effect of extrinsic agents on the ovary, and of interactions between ovarian follicles.

Kultur und Co-Kultur von Maus Eierstöcke und Eibläschen

The mammalian ovary is composed of ovarian follicles, each follicle consisting of a single oocyte surrounded by somatic granulosa cells, enclosed together ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all gynecologic malignancies among US women 1,2,3. Serous tumors are the most widespread forms of ovarian cancer and 4,5 the Tg-MISIIR-TAg transgenic represents the only mouse model that spontaneously develops this type of tumors. Tg-MISIIR-TAg mice express SV40 transforming region under control of the Mullerian Inhibitory Substance type II Receptor (MISIIR) gene promoter 6. Additional transgenic lines have been identified that express the SV40 TAg transgene, but do not develop ovarian tumors. Non-tumor prone mice exhibit typical lifespan for C57Bl/6 mice and are fertile. These mice can be used as syngeneic allograft recipients for tumor cells isolated from Tg-MISIIR-TAg-DR26 mice.
Objective: Although tumor imaging is possible 7, early detection of deep tumors is challenging in small living animals. To enable preclinical studies in an immunologically intact animal model for serous ovarian cancer, we describe a syngeneic mouse model for this type of ovarian cancer that permits in vivo imaging, studies of the tumor microenvironment and tumor immune responses.
Methods: We first derived a TAg+ mouse cancer cell line (MOV1) from a spontaneous ovarian tumor harvested in a 26 week-old DR26 Tg-MISIIR-TAg female. Then, we stably transduced MOV1 cells with TurboFP635 Lentivirus mammalian vector that encodes Katushka, a far-red mutant of the red fluorescent protein from sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor with excitation/emission maxima at 588/635 nm 8,9,10. We orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat in the ovary 11,12,13,14 of non-tumor prone Tg-MISIIR-TAg female mice. Tumor progression was followed by in vivo optical imaging and tumor microenvironment was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Orthotopically implanted MOV1Kat cells developed serous ovarian tumors. MOV1Kat tumors could be visualized by in vivo imaging up to three weeks after implantation (fig. 1) and were infiltrated with leukocytes, as observed in human ovarian cancers 15 (fig. 2).
Conclusions: We describe an orthotopic model of ovarian cancer suitable for in vivo imaging of early tumors due to the high pH-stability and photostability of Katushka in deep tissues. We propose the use of this novel syngeneic model of serous ovarian cancer for in vivo imaging studies and monitoring of tumor immune responses and immunotherapies.

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

To study in vivo tumor growth and tumor microenvironment, we used a syngeneic and orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer in immunocompetent animals. We transduced a mouse tumor cell line (MOV1) with Katushka fluorescent protein (MOV1KAT) and here we show its orthotopic implantation in ovary and in vivo imaging.

Einem orthotopen Modell des seröse Ovarialkarzinom in immunkompetenten Mäusen für In vivo Tumor Imaging und Überwachung der Tumor Immunantworten

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

Immunologie und Infektion

Alginate Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Organ Culture of Ovaries and Oviducts

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ovarian cancers is still in question and might be either the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) or the distal epithelium of the fallopian tube fimbriae2,3. Culturing the normal cells as a primary culture in vitro will enable scientists to model specific changes that might lead to ovarian cancer in the distinct epithelium, thereby definitively determining the cell type of origin. This will allow development of more accurate biomarkers, animal models with tissue-specific gene changes, and better prevention strategies targeted to this disease.
Maintaining normal cells in alginate hydrogels promotes short term in vitro culture of cells in their three-dimensional context and permits introduction of plasmid DNA, siRNA, and small molecules. By culturing organs in pieces that are derived from strategic cuts using a scalpel, several cultures from a single organ can be generated, increasing the number of experiments from a single animal. These cuts model aspects of ovulation leading to proliferation of the OSE, which is associated with ovarian cancer formation. Cell types such as the OSE that do not grow well on plastic surfaces can be cultured using this method and facilitate investigation into normal cellular processes or the earliest events in cancer formation4.
Alginate hydrogels can be used to support the growth of many types of tissues5. Alginate is a linear polysaccharide composed of repeating units of &beta;-D-mannuronic acid and &alpha;-L-guluronic acid that can be crosslinked with calcium ions, resulting in a gentle gelling action that does not damage tissues6,7. Like other three-dimensional cell culture matrices such as Matrigel, alginate provides mechanical support for tissues; however, proteins are not reactive with the alginate matrix, and therefore alginate functions as a synthetic extracellular matrix that does not initiate cell signaling5. The alginate hydrogel floats in standard cell culture medium and supports the architecture of the tissue growth in vitro.
A method is presented for the preparation, separation, and embedding of ovarian and oviductal organ pieces into alginate hydrogels, which can be maintained in culture for up to two weeks. The enzymatic release of cells for analysis of proteins and RNA samples from the organ culture is also described. Finally, the growth of primary cell types is possible without genetic immortalization from mice and permits investigators to use knockout and transgenic mice.

Culture of normal cells in their three-dimensional context represents an alternative method to study early events required for cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. This method is used to grow normal ovarian and oviductal cells to study early events in ovarian cancer formation.

Alginat Hydrogele für Three-Dimensional Organ Culture der Eierstöcke und Eileitern

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women and has a 63% mortality rate in the United States1. The cell type of origin for ...

Biotechnik

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical and molecular methods provides information of potential target genes and signaling pathways. To further elucidate specific regulatory mechanisms requires a system allowing the manipulation of only a small number of cells of a specific tissue by either overexpression, ablation or re-introduction of specific genes and follow their fate during development. To achieve this ex utero electroporation of hippocampal structures, especially the dentate gyrus, followed by organotypic slice culture provides such a tool. Using this system to generate mosaic deletions allows determining whether the gene of interest regulates cell-autonomously developmental processes like progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. Furthermore it facilitates the rescue of phenotypes by re-introducing the deleted gene or its target genes. In contrast to in utero electroporation the ex utero approach improves the rate of successfully targeting deeper layers of the brain like the dentate gyrus. Overall ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture provide a potent tool to study regulatory mechanisms in a semi-native environment mirroring endogenous conditions.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Culture of Mouse Hippocampal Tissue

Here we present a protocol providing a tool to examine regulatory mechanisms of specific genes during hippocampal development. Employing ex utero electroporation and organotypic slice culture allows the up- and down-regulation of the expression of genes of interest in single cells and follow their fate during development.

Ex Utero Elektroporation und Organotypischen Kultur der Maus Hippocampus-Gewebe

Mouse genetics offers a powerful tool determining the role of specific genes during development. Analyzing the resulting phenotypes by immunohistochemical ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

Eine neuronale Netzwerk-basierte Identifikation der entwicklungsgeschichtlich zuständigen oder inkompetent Maus ausgewachsene Eizellen

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Whole Mount Immunofluorescence and Follicle Quantification of Cultured Mouse Ovaries

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ovarian fitness is often assessed by visualizing and quantifying follicles and oocytes. Because the ovary is an opaque three-dimensional tissue, traditional approaches require laboriously slicing the tissue into numerous serial sections in order to visualize cells throughout the entire organ. Furthermore, because quantification by this method typically entails scoring only a subset of the sections separated by the approximate diameter of an oocyte, it is prone to inaccuracy. Here, a protocol is described that instead utilizes whole organ tissue clearing and immunofluorescence staining of mouse ovaries to visualize follicles and oocytes. Compared to more traditional approaches, this protocol is advantageous for visualizing cells within the ovary for numerous reasons: 1) the ovary remains intact throughout sample preparation and processing; 2) small ovaries, which are difficult to section, can be examined with ease; 3) cellular quantification is more readily and accurately achieved; and 4) the whole organ imaged.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify follicles in cultured ovaries of young mice without serial sectioning. Using whole organ immunofluorescence and tissue clearing, physical sectioning is replaced with optical sectioning. This method of sample preparation and visualization maintains organ integrity and facilitates automated quantification of specific cells.

Ganze Mount Immunfluoreszenz und Follikel Quantifizierung der kultivierten Maus Eierstöcke

Research in the field of mammalian reproductive biology often involves evaluating the overall health of ovaries and testes. Specifically, in females, ...

Accurate Follicle Enumeration in Adult Mouse Ovaries

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial follicles, the storage unit of the female germline. They are non-renewable, thus their number at birth and subsequent rate of loss largely dictates the female fertile lifespan. Accurate quantification of primordial follicle numbers in women and animals is essential for determining the impact of medicines and toxicants on the ovarian reserve. It is also necessary for evaluating the need for, and success of, existing and emerging fertility preservation techniques. Currently, no methods exist to accurately measure the number of primordial follicles comprising the ovarian reserve in women. Furthermore, obtaining ovarian tissue from large animals or endangered species for experimentation is often not feasible. Thus, mice have become an essential model for such studies, and the ability to evaluate primordial follicle numbers in whole mouse ovaries is a critical tool. However, reports of absolute follicle numbers in mouse ovaries in the literature are highly variable, making it difficult to compare and/or replicate data. This is due to a number of factors including strain, age, treatment groups, as well as technical differences in the methods of counting employed. In this article, we provide a step-by-step instructional guide for preparing histological sections and counting primordial follicles in mouse ovaries using two different methods: [1] stereology, which relies on the fractionator/optical dissector technique; and [2] the direct count technique. Some of the key advantages and drawbacks of each method will be highlighted so that reproducibility can be improved in the field and to enable researchers to select the most appropriate method for their studies.

Here, we describe, compare, and contrast two different techniques for accurate follicle counting of fixed mouse ovarian tissues.

Genaue Follikel-Aufzählung in adulten Maus-Ovarien

Sexually reproducing female mammals are born with their entire lifetime supply of oocytes. Immature, quiescent oocytes are found within primordial ...

Whole Ovary Immunofluorescence, Clearing, and Multiphoton Microscopy for Quantitative 3D Analysis of the Developing Ovarian Reserve in Mouse

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells entering meiotic prophase I are eliminated during Fetal Oocyte Attrition (FOA) and the first week of postnatal life. Three major mechanisms regulate the number of oocytes that survive during development and establish the ovarian reserve in females entering puberty. In the first wave of oocyte loss, 30-50% of the oocytes are eliminated during early FOA, a phenomenon that is attributed to high Long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) expression. The second wave of oocyte loss is the elimination of oocytes with meiotic defects by a meiotic quality checkpoint. The third wave of oocyte loss occurs perinatally during primordial follicle formation when some oocytes fail to form follicles. It remains unclear what regulates each of these three waves of oocyte loss and how they shape the ovarian reserve in either mice or humans.
Immunofluorescence and 3D visualization have opened a new avenue to image and analyze oocyte development in the context of the whole ovary rather than in less informative 2D sections. This article provides a comprehensive protocol for whole ovary immunostaining and optical clearing, yielding preparations for imaging using multiphoton microscopy and 3D modeling using commercially available software. It shows how this method can be used to show the dynamics of oocyte attrition during ovarian development in C57BL/6J mice and quantify oocyte loss during the three waves of oocyte elimination. This protocol can be applied to prenatal and early postnatal ovaries for oocyte visualization and quantification, as well as other quantitative approaches. Importantly, the protocol was strategically developed to accommodate high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that can meet the needs in toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Here, we present an optimized protocol for imaging entire ovaries for quantitative and qualitative analyses using whole-mount immunostaining, multiphoton microscopy, and 3D visualization and analysis. This protocol accommodates high-throughput, reliable, and repeatable processing that is applicable for toxicology, clinical diagnostics, and genomic assays of ovarian function.

Immunfluoreszenz, Clearing und Multiphotonenmikroskopie des gesamten Eierstocks zur quantitativen 3D-Analyse der sich entwickelnden Ovarialreserve in der Maus

Female fertility and reproductive lifespan depend on the quality and quantity of the ovarian oocyte reserve. An estimated 80% of female germ cells ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion der vaskulären Architektur des Eierstocks Passive Klarheit geclearte Maus

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Biologie

Orthotopic Inoculation of Ovarian Cancer Cells into Murine Ovary: A Procedure to Establish an Ovarian Cancer Mouse Model to Study Peritoneal Dissemination of Cells

To carry out orthotopic inoculation, after anesthetizing an eight-week-old female nude mouse according to the text protocol, perform a toe pinch to verify depth of the anesthesia. Place the anesthetized mouse on an operating stage, belly side down. Then, disinfect the surgical area with several washes using a chlorhexidine-based scrub and alcohol.
Next, make an approximately 2-centimeter vertical incision near the spine, between the right costal arch and the femur. Place a sterile surgical drape around the incision site. Then, fix the incised skin surfaces with clamps to maintain the opening.
Now, make a second 1-centimeter incision at the parietal peritoneum under the first incision to open the abdominal cavity. Then, clamp the incised abdominal surfaces. With a clamp, clip the fat tissue that surrounds the ipsilateral ovary and fallopian tube to remove the ovary from the abdominal cavity.
Then, carefully place the ovary and fallopian tube on gauze before placing the mouse, belly side down, under the dissecting microscope. Transfer the cell suspension to an insulin syringe. Then, immediately and carefully inject 1 to 2 microliters of the prepared cell suspension into the ovary.
For several seconds, keep the needle in the ovary to ensure that the hydrogel sets. After gelation, the injected tumor cells will remain in the ovary. Carefully, return the ovary into the body. With sterile medical silk, suture the second incision before using wound clips to seal the skin.

Orthotope Inokulation von Eierstockkrebszellen in den Eierstock der Maus: Ein Verfahren zur Etablierung eines Mausmodells für Eierstockkrebs zur Untersuchung der peritonealen Verteilung von Zellen