Wir danken der Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center für die Fliegenbestände; C. Gahr, JT Alkema und S. van Hasselt für ihren frühen Versuch, den Druckluft-Assay zu entwickeln; Jasper Bosman für den Rat zum Anbau von Hefe; Und Rezza Azanchi und Joel Levine für die ursprüngliche Entwicklung der Zeitraffer-Überwachung von Drosophila Paarung Verhalten. JA Gorter wurde von einer Neuroscience Research School BCN / NWO Graduate Program Grant unterstützt. Diese Arbeit wurde teilweise von der niederländischen Organisation für wissenschaftliche Forschung (NWO) (Referenz: 821.02.020) an JC Billeter unterstützt.

<ol>
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Die Autoren haben keine konkurrierenden Interessen zu offenbaren.

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt einen Assay, um das Paarungsverhalten über 24 h zu testen, während kontinuierlich die Umgebungsbedürfnisse kontrolliert werden, dass ein Paarungspaar hypothetisch verwendet wird, um die Paarungsfrequenz zu bestimmen. Es ist möglich, die Gegenfrequenz in Reaktion auf Hefeluft zu erhöhen, die durch ein Druckluftsystem zugeführt wird, wenn das Medium auch Hefe enthält ( 2B ). Zusätzlich kann eine ähnliche Antwort in der Paarungsfrequenz mit einem vereinfachten Nahrungsm...

Fortpflanzungsverhalten haben typischerweise hohe Energiekosten, vor allem für Frauen, die größere Gameten produzieren als Männer und müssen sorgfältig die Bedingungen wählen, um ihre sich entwickelnden Nachkommen zu erhöhen. Wegen der Energiekosten ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die Reproduktion mit den Ernährungsbedingungen verbunden ist. Dies gilt in den meisten, wenn nicht alle Tiere , einschließlich Säugetiere, deren Pubertät durch Unterernährung verzögert werden kann und Sexualtrieb , dessen kann sich negativ durch Nahrungsbeschränkung 1 betroffen sein. Die Reproduktion des genetischen Modellorganismus Drosophila melanogaster wird auch durch Ernährungsbedingungen beeinflusst. Males Gericht auf höherem Niveau in Gegenwart von Lebensmitteln flüchtige 2 , und Frauen sind mehr sexuell empfänglich in Gegenwart von Hefe, ein wichtiger Nährstoff für die Eiproduktion und Nachkommen Überleben 3 , 4 , 5 . DiesEvolutionäre konservierte Reproduktionsreaktion auf Nahrung bietet die Möglichkeit, Mechanismen zu untersuchen, die die Umweltnahrungsmittelverfügbarkeit mit der sexuellen Reproduktion in einem genetisch tragbaren und zeitsparenden Organismus verbinden. In der Tat hat die Arbeit in D. melanogaster den Insulinweg als wichtigen Regulator des Zusammenhangs zwischen Nahrung und Paarungsverhalten verwickelt 6 . Es hat auch gezeigt, dass der Akt der Paarung selbst die Nahrungspräferenz von Weibchen sowie die damit verbundenen chemosensorischen Neuronen 7 , 8 , 9 ändert. Es ist klar, dass Lebensmittel-Cues Reproduktionsverhalten in D. melanogaster beeinflussen . Diese Effekte scheinen vor allem Frauen zu behandeln, speziell diejenigen, die bereits gepaart haben 5 . Um jedoch diese akuten Effekte von Umgebungsbedingungen zu testen, kann der Assay, der klassisch für weibliches Paarungsverhalten verwendet wird,Nicht sehr geeignet wegen der langen Unterbrechungen zwischen Paarung Episoden. In der klassischen Remoting-Assay, eine Jungfrau weiblich erste Kumpel mit einem Mann, und ist sofort isoliert und präsentiert mit einem neuen Mann 24 bis 48 Stunden später. Dieser klassische Assay wurde mit großem Erfolg verwendet, um Komponenten des männlichen Ejakulats zu identifizieren, die das weibliche Verhalten und die weibliche Antwort 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 modifizieren. Der hier vorgestellte kontinuierliche Paarungsassay ist daher eine Ergänzung zu klassischen Paarungsassays, mit denen die akute Wirkung von Umgebungsbedingungen auf das Fortpflanzungsverhalten untersucht werden kann. Mit dem kontinuierlichen Assay für das Paarungsverhalten, das hier erklärt wird, haben wir vorher gezeigt, dass ein Paar Fliegen, die Hefe ausgesetzt sind, sAlltägliche Zeiten über einen 24-Stunden-Beobachtungszeitraum 5 , 19 , 20 , 21 , während Fliegen, die nicht der Nahrung ausgesetzt sind, nur einmal 5 Dieser Befund kann im Lichte eines großen Teils der D. melanogaster- Literatur rätselhaft sein, was darauf hinweist, dass Frauen sich nach einer anfänglichen Paarung (einige in den Ziffern 10 , 11 ) nicht wiederholen. Allerdings kann diese Diskrepanz leicht durch Assay-Bedingungen erklärt werden, wo eine Frau für ein bis mehrere Tage isoliert ist, bevor eine neue Paarungsmöglichkeit zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Wenn das Paar in dieser stundenlangen Beobachtungsperiode nicht passt, wird das Weibchen als nicht empfänglich charakterisiert. Darüber hinaus sollte die hohe Paarungsfrequenz nicht überraschen, da die Daten von wild gefangenen Fliegen zeigen, dass Frauen Spermien von 4 bis 6 Männchen in ihren Speicherorganen enthalten; Also inDass Frauen selbstverständlich mehrmals 22 , 23 . Hier zeigen wir die Verwendung dieses kontinuierlichen zusammenpassenden Assays, um zu enträtseln, wie Fliegen sammeln und kombinieren Informationen über Umgebungsbedingungen, um Paarungsfrequenz zu modulieren. Dieser Assay erlaubt es, eine relativ große Anzahl von Paarungspaaren für genetische Studien zu testen und den Einfluss von flüchtigen und nicht-flüchtigen Umwelt-Cues zu testen. Der Assay läuft typischerweise für 24 h, kann aber auf 48 h verlängert werden, was die Prüfung von Zyklus-Umgebungs-Cues wie dem Hell-Dunkel-Zyklus ermöglicht. Wir zeigen diesen Assay, indem wir den Einfluss von flüchtigen Cues aus einer Hefekultur innerhalb eines Druckluftsystems in Kombination mit der Verfügbarkeit von nicht-flüchtigen Hefe-Nährstoffen in dem Nahrungsmittelsubstrat untersuchen. Das Druckluftsystem pumpt kontinuierlich flüchtige Cues in eine passende Arena, die enthaltenSa-Food-Substrat und ein Test-Paar (dessen Paarungsverhalten überwacht wird). Um die Besonderheiten, durch die die Hefe beeinflusst, zu bestimmen, testen wir eine große flüchtige Verbindung von Hefe, nämlich Essigsäure 24 , in Kombination mit einem Aminosäuregehalt, der dem von Hefe im Nahrungsmittelsubstrat entspricht, in Form von Pepton (Amino Säuren, die aus der enzymatischen Verdauung von tierischen Proteinen gewonnen wurden). Gemeinsam zeigen diese Experimente, wie die Wirkung von Umwelteinflüssen auf das Paarungsverhalten von D. melanogaster mit diesem Assay getestet werden kann.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cabinet&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel kitchen cabinet</td><td>Horecaworld</td><td>7412.0105</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White LEDs</td><td>Lucky Light</td><td>ll-583wc2c-001</td><td>Cold white, 20 mAmp and 2 V</td></tr><tr><td>Red LEDs</td><td>Lucky Ligt</td><td>ll-583vc2c-v1-4da</td><td>Wavelength between 625 nm, 20 mAmp and 6 V</td></tr><tr><td>Resistor</td><td>Royal Ohm</td><td>CFR0W4J0561A50</td><td>560 ohm, 0.25 W, 250 V and 5 % tolerance</td></tr><tr><td>Smartphone light meter app</td><td>Patrick Giudicelli</td><td></td><td>Light/Lux Meter FREE, version 1.1.1</td></tr><tr><td>Power timer</td><td>Alecto</td><td>TS-121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal brackets</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sharp angle 5 by 5 mm,&amp;nbsp; 2 x 5450 and 1 x 1100 mm long</td></tr><tr><td>Frosted glass plate</td><td></td><td></td><td>1190 x 545 x 5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper sheets</td><td>LEE filters</td><td>220</td><td>White frost</td></tr><tr><td>Small fan</td><td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td><td>4260285292828</td><td>80 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 1200 RPM</td></tr><tr><td>Big fan</td><td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td><td>4260285292910</td><td>120 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 650-1500 RPM</td></tr><tr><td>Webcam camera</td><td>Logitech</td><td>950270</td><td>B910 HD WEBCAM OEM, Angle: 78-degree, resolution: 5-million-pixel&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Camera software</td><td>DeskShare</td><td></td><td>Security monitor pro</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Fly rearing&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly rearing bottles</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>32-130</td><td>6oz Drosophila stock bottle</td></tr><tr><td>Flypad</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>59-114</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wild-type flies</td><td></td><td></td><td>Canton-S</td></tr><tr><td>Fly rearing vials</td><td>Dominique Dutscher</td><td>789008</td><td>Drosophila tubes narrow 25x95 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Sanyo</td><td>MIR-154</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic hot plate</td><td>Heidolph</td><td>505-20000-00</td><td>MR Hei-Standard</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Caldic Ingredients B.V.</td><td>010001.26.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose</td><td>Gezond&amp;amp;wel</td><td>1019155</td><td>Dextrose/Druivensuiker</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Van Gilse</td><td></td><td>Granulated sugar</td></tr><tr><td>Cornmeal</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>62-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wheat germ</td><td>Gezond&amp;amp;wel</td><td>1017683</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soy flour</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>62-115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molasses</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>62-117</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Active dry yeast</td><td>Red Star</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tegosept</td><td>Flystuff</td><td>20-258</td><td>100%</td></tr><tr><td>Peptone (bacto)</td><td>BD</td><td>211677</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic Acid</td><td>Merck</td><td>1000631000</td><td>Glacial, 100%</td></tr><tr><td>Small petridish</td><td>Greiner bio-one</td><td>627102</td><td>35 x 10 mm with vents</td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin film</td><td>Bemis NA</td><td></td><td>Parafilm</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Yeast and pressurised air set-up&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Big petridish</td><td>Gosselin</td><td>BP140-01</td><td>140 x 20.6 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrapure water</td><td>Millipore corporation</td><td></td><td>MiliQ</td></tr><tr><td>Yeast extract</td><td>BD</td><td>212750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar (pure)</td><td>BD</td><td>214530</td><td>bacto</td></tr><tr><td>Glucose (0(+)-glucose monohydrate)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck</td><td>18270000004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Open caps</td><td>Schott</td><td>29 240 28&amp;nbsp;</td><td>GL45</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone septum</td><td>VWR</td><td>548-0662</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Barbed bulkhead fittings</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>6149-0002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Large PVC tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td>diameter: outer 1.2 cm and inner 0.9 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Small PVC tubing</td><td></td><td></td><td>diameters: outer 0.8 cm and inner 0.5 cm</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml tube</td><td>Falcon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aquarium pump</td><td>Sera precision</td><td></td><td>Sera air 110 plus, AC 220-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 3 W and pressure &gt;100 mbar</td></tr><tr><td>Activated charcoal</td><td>Superfish</td><td>A8040400</td><td>Norit activated carbon</td></tr><tr><td>Disposible filter unit</td><td>Whatman</td><td>10462100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Serological pipettes</td><td>VWR</td><td>612-1600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>BD Plastipak</td><td>300013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot glue</td><td>Pattex</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td></td><td>FP 30/pore size 0.45 mm CA-S</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Statistics software</td><td>R</td><td></td><td>lme4 package</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to test the effect of environmental cues on mating behavior in drosophila melanogaster

Der sexuelle Antrieb eines Individuums wird durch Genotyp, Erfahrung und Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst. Wie diese Faktoren interagieren, um sexuelle Verhaltensweisen zu modulieren, bleibt schlecht verstanden. In Drosophila Melanogaster , Umwelt-Cues, wie die Verfügbarkeit der Lebensmittel, beeinflussen Paarung Aktivität bietet ein traktierbares System, um die Mechanismen zu modulieren sexuelles Verhalten zu untersuchen. In D. melanogaster werden ökologische Hinweise oft über die chemosensorischen Geschmacks- und Geruchsstoffe erkannt. Hier stellen wir eine Methode vor, um die Wirkung von umweltchemischen Stichworten auf das Paarungsverhalten zu testen. Der Assay besteht aus einer kleinen Paarungsarena mit Nahrungsmedium und einem Paarungspaar. Die Paarungsfrequenz für jedes Paar wird kontinuierlich für 24 Stunden überwacht. Hier stellen wir die Anwendbarkeit dieses Assays dar, um Umgebungsverbindungen aus einer externen Quelle durch ein Druckluftsystem zu testen und die Umweltkomponenten direkt in der Paarungsarena zu manipulieren. Das UEin Druckluftsystem ist besonders nützlich, um die Wirkung von sehr flüchtigen Verbindungen zu testen, während die Manipulation von Komponenten direkt in der Paarungsarena von Wert sein kann, um die Anwesenheit einer Verbindung zu ermitteln. Dieser Assay kann angepasst werden, um Fragen über den Einfluss von genetischen und ökologischen Cues auf Paarungsverhalten und Fruchtbarkeit sowie andere männliche und weibliche Fortpflanzungsverhalten zu beantworten.

Mit diesem kontinuierlichen Assay, Paarungsverhalten und Paarungsfrequenz im spezifischen, kann unter experimentellen Umgebungsbedingungen bestimmt werden. Um die Umgebungsbedingungen zu kontrollieren, haben wir einen Edelstahl-Küchenschrank in einen Testbereich mit eigener Lichtquelle und Diffusion verwandelt, der eine hohe Lichtmenge und eine minimale Blendung von der Oberseite der Paarungsarenen gewährleistet ( Abbildung 1A ) . Der innere Testbereich ist komplett au...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Wir zeigen einen Assay, um die ökologischen und genetischen Cues zu analysieren, die das Paarungsverhalten in der Fruchtfliege beeinflussen Drosophila melanogaster .

Eine Methode, um die Wirkung von Umwelteinflüssen auf das Paarungsverhalten zu untersuchen<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

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A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

9.0K Aufrufe.  University of Groningen.  Wir zeigen einen Assay, um die ökologischen und genetischen Cues zu analysieren, die das Paarungsverhalten in der Fruchtfliege beeinflussen Drosophila melanogaster . 

Serie: A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and various neurological diseases1. We have optimized simple and robust behavioral assays for determining larval locomotion, adult climbing ability (RING assay), and courtship behaviors of Drosophila. These behavioral assays are widely applicable for studying the role of genetic and environmental factors on fly behavior. Larval crawling ability can be reliably used for determining early stage changes in the crawling abilities of Drosophila larvae and also for examining effect of drugs or human disease genes (in transgenic flies) on their locomotion. The larval crawling assay becomes more applicable if expression or abolition of a gene causes lethality in pupal or adult stages, as these flies do not survive to adulthood where they otherwise could be assessed. This basic assay can also be used in conjunction with bright light or stress to examine additional behavioral responses in Drosophila larvae. Courtship behavior has been widely used to investigate genetic basis of sexual behavior, and can also be used to examine activity and coordination, as well as learning and memory. Drosophila courtship behavior involves the exchange of various sensory stimuli including visual, auditory, and chemosensory signals between males and females that lead to a complex series of well characterized motor behaviors culminating in successful copulation. Traditional adult climbing assays (negative geotaxis) are tedious, labor intensive, and time consuming, with significant variation between different trials2-4. The rapid iterative negative geotaxis (RING) assay5 has many advantages over more widely employed protocols, providing a reproducible, sensitive, and high throughput approach to quantify adult locomotor and negative geotaxis behaviors. In the RING assay, several genotypes or drug treatments can be tested simultaneously using large number of animals, with the high-throughput approach making it more amenable for screening experiments.

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically and behaviorally tractable model system that has been used to understand the molecular and cellular basis of many important biological processes for over a century 1. Drosophila has been well exploited to gain insights into the genetic basis of fly behavior.

Methoden zum Test Drosophila Verhalten

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

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Neurowissenschaften

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In a light-tight box illuminated by red light that is invisible to fruit flies, a camera linked to custom data acquisition software monitors the position of six flies simultaneously. Each fly is confined to walk in individual arenas containing a food odor at the center. The testing arenas rest on a porous floor that functions to prevent odor accumulation. Latency to locate the odor source, a metric that reflects olfactory sensitivity under different physiological states, is determined by software analysis. Here, we discuss the critical mechanics of running this behavioral paradigm and cover specific issues regarding fly loading, odor contamination, assay temperature, data quality, and statistical analysis.

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

In this video article, we describe an automated assay to measure the effect of hunger or satiety on olfactory dependent food search behavior in the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Ein Single-fly-Assay für Sammelverhalten in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Einfache Assay zur Quantifizierung von Sozialvermeidung in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy and cheap methods to distinguish between individuals in a trial. A standard technique for this is CO2 anaesthesia and then labelling or wing clipping each fly. However, this is invasive and has been shown to affect behavior. Other techniques have used coloration to identify flies. This article presents a simple and non-invasive method for labelling Drosophila that allows them to be individually identified within experiments, using food coloring. This method is used in trials where two males compete to mate with a female. Dyeing allowed quick and easy identification. There was, however, some difference in the strength of the coloration across the three species tested. Data is presented showing the dye has a lower impact on mating behavior than CO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. The impact of CO2 anaesthesia is shown to depend on the species of Drosophila, with D. pseudoobscura and D. subobscura showing no impact, whereas D. melanogaster males had reduced mating success. The dye method presented is applicable to a wide range of experimental designs.

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

This protocol describes a simple, cost effective way to individually identify Drosophila or other insects. Demonstration data investigating mating success across three species of Drosophila show that this method is comparable or better than the use of CO2 anaesthesia.

Färben Insekten für Verhaltenstests: die Paarungsverhalten von narkotisierten<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

Bedingungen, die sozialen Raum, in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This complex behavior is influenced by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. As in many organisms, previous fighting experience influences the fighting strategy of flies and the outcome of later contests: losing a fight increases the probability of losing later contests, revealing &#34;loser&#34; effects that likely involve learning and memory 2-4. The learning and memory that accompanies expression of complex social behaviors like aggression, is sensitive to pre-test handling of animals 5,6. Many experimental procedures are used in different laboratories to study aggression 7-9, however, no routinely used protocol that excludes handling of flies is currently available. Here, we report a new behavioral apparatus that eliminates handling of flies, using instead their innate negative geotactic responses to move animals into or out of fighting chambers. In this protocol, small circular fight arenas containing a food cup are divided into two equal halves by a removable plastic slider prior to introduction of flies. Flies enter chambers from their home isolation vials via sliding chamber doors and geotaxis. Upon removal of plastic sliders, flies are free to interact. After specified time periods, flies are separated again by sliders for subsequent experimentation. All of this is done easily without handling of individual flies. This apparatus offers a novel approach to study aggression and the associated learning and memory, including the formation of &#34;loser&#34; effects in fly fights. In addition, this new general-purpose behavioral apparatus can be employed to study other social behaviors of flies and should, in general, be of interest for investigating experience-related changes in fundamental behavioral processes.

A New Approach that Eliminates Handling for Studying Aggression and the "Loser" Effect in Drosophila melanogaster

During fruit fly fights, the behavioral patterns observed, fight dynamics, and associated learning and memory are influenced by experimental conditions. The protocol presented here describes a novel procedure that entirely eliminates handling of flies during experiments. This improves fight dynamics and allows formation of strong &#34;loser&#34; effects.

Ein neuer Ansatz, die Handhabung für ein Studium Aggression Eliminiert und die &quot;Loser&quot; Effect in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aggressive behavior in Drosophila melanogaster is composed of the sequential expression of stereotypical behavioral patterns (for analysis see 1). This ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Ein Verhaltenstest für Mechanosensation der MARCM-basierte Klonen in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

Ein einfacher Weg zu messen Veränderungen in Reward-seeking Verhalten verwenden<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, reductionist, and scalable system for in-depth investigation of motivation using the mating drive of male Drosophila&#160;melanogaster (Drosophila), the methods for which we detail here. The behavioral paradigm centers on the finding that male mating drive decreases alongside fertility over the course of repeated copulations and recovers over ~3 d. In this system, the powerful neurogenetic tools available in the fly converge with the genetic accessibility and putative wiring diagram available for sexual behavior. This convergence allows rapid isolation and interrogation of small neuronal populations with specific motivational functions. Here we detail the design and execution of the satiety assay that is used to measure and alter courtship motivation in the male fly. Using this assay, we also demonstrate that low male mating drive can be overcome by stimulating dopaminergic neurons. The satiety assay is simple, affordable, and robust to influences of genetic background. We expect the satiety assay to generate many new insights into the neurobiology of motivational states.

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

This article describes a behavioral assay that uses male mating drive in Drosophila melanogaster to study motivation. Using this method, researchers can utilize advanced fly neurogenetic techniques to uncover the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie this motivation.

Messen und Ändern von Mating Antrieb in Male<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning Als Maß für Lernen und Gedächtnis

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

Eine Methode, um die Wirkung von Umwelteinflüssen auf das Paarungsverhalten zu untersuchen

Zusammenfassung

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