Name: establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model for investigating epithelial wound repair in a native microenvironment
Uploaded: 2015-06-05T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 53 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment at JoVE.com

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant to A.S.M. (EY021784).

Das folgende Protokoll erfüllt die Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Ausschuss Leitlinien und mit der ARVO Erklärung für die Nutzung von Tieren in der Vision Research. 1. Aufbau und Herstellung von Linsen für Ex Vivo Wund Kultur <ol><li> Platzieren Sie drei 100 mm-Petrischalen in einer sterilen, Sterilbank. Füllen zwei der Petrischalen bis zur Hälfte mit Tris / Dextrose-Puffer (TD Puffer; 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0,7 mM Na 2 PO 4, 5 mM D-Glucose, 8,25 mM Tris-Base, mit HCl auf pH 7,4) bei RT , so dass die dritte leer. Pre-warmen Kulturmedien (Medien 199 mit 1% L-Glutamin und 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin) bis 37 o C. Hinweis: Der Standard-Wundheilung Kulturmedien ist Serum-freien, als in vivo auftritt; jedoch können die Wundreparatur Kulturen erfolgreich in definierten Medien Bedingungen, Serum oder anderen Faktoren gehören gezüchtet werden. </li><li> Entfernen fruchtbaren embryonalen day 15 weiße Leghorn-Küken Ei Inkubator (bei 37,7 ° C unter leichtem Schütteln gehalten) </li><li> Ort Ausgewählter Ei in der Sterilbank und saubere Außenschale mit 70% Ethanol aus einer Waschflasche. Führen alle Verfahren unter unter aseptischen Bedingungen in der Sterilbank, mit sterilen Lösungen und Instrumente. </li><li> Knacken Sie Ei und Ort Inhalt in den leeren 100 mm Petrischale. Enthaupten Embryo mit Standard-Pinzette und einer feinen Schere. Setzen Sie den Hühnerembryo Kopf in einer Petrischale mit TD-Puffer und ordnungsgemäß von dem Rest des Embryos zu entsorgen. Gegebenenfalls halten die Hühnerembryo-Köpfe in TD-Puffer für einen kurzen Zeitraum, nicht länger als 15 min. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Hühnerembryo Kopf auf eine Petrischale Deckel. Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionszangen, nehmen Sie das Objektiv zusammen mit seinem beigefügten Glaskörper aus dem Auge in der folgenden Reihenfolge. Drücken Sie den hinteren Teil des Auges mit der Zange, um eine kleine Öffnung in der Rückseite des Auges zu schaffen. </li><li> Dann fassen Sie den Glaskörper with Pinzette und sanft zerren an den Glaskörper mit einer Rollbewegung, wird der Glaskörper mit dem Objektiv aus dem Auge verdrängt werden. Ort Linsen- / glasigen im übrigen Petrischale mit TD-Puffer. Lassen Sie die Linsen in TD-Puffer für nicht mehr als 30 Minuten zu bleiben. </li><li> Bewegen Sie das Objektiv auf eine neue Petrischale Deckel unter einem Binokular. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an alle Schritte unter einem Binokular. Mit hoher Präzision Pinzette sorgfältig wegzuwischen jede Ziliarkörper (pigmentierten Zellen), die mit dem Rand der Zange unter Vorsicht nicht, um die Linse Gewebe schädigen mit der Linse verdrängt wurden. Anmerkung: Das Entfernen des Ziliarkörpers sichergestellt, dass Zelltypen, die nicht endogen der Linse nicht in der Wundreparatur Kultur enthalten. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Linse aus dem Glaskörper mit hoher Präzision Pinzette durch Abquetschen des Glaskörpers aus seiner Teilnahme an der hinteren Linsenkapsel. </li><li> Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionspinzette übertragen die Linse in einem kleinen TropfenTD-Puffer (etwa 200 ul) in einer 35 mm Gewebekulturschale. </li></ol> 2. Durchführung Mock Kataraktchirurgie <ol><li> Richten Sie die Linse in der Drop von TD-Puffer in der 35-mm-Schale mit der vorderen Seite der Linse nach oben zeigt. Anmerkung: Die vordere der Linse leicht durch die Anwesenheit einer dichten Ring in dem Gewebe, die die Grenze zwischen dem vorderen und äquatorialen Region Linsenepithels stellt identifiziert. Im Gegensatz dazu gibt es ein Fehlen von Markierungen auf dem hinteren Teil der Linsenkapsel zu dem die Linsenfaserzellen angebracht sind. </li><li> Verwendung von zwei Hochpräzisions Pinzette einen kleinen Einschnitt (etwa 850 um) in der Mitte der vorderen Linsenkapsel, die dicke Basismembran, die das Linsengewebe umgibt und der zugehörigen vorderen Linsen Epithels durch Ergreifen des Gewebes mit einer Zange in jeder Hand und leichtes Ziehen in entgegengesetzte Richtungen. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Faserzellmasse, die bis macht den Großteil der Linsengewebe, dislodGing es von seiner Anhänge zu der Linse Epithel und Umgebung Linsenkapsel durch hydro-Elution (Ansatz im klassischen Katarakt-Operation verwendet, die in 1A modelliert). </li><li> Eine 1 ml-Spritze mit einer 27,5 g Nadelspitze mit 300 ul TD-Puffer. Legen Sie die Nadelspitze in den Einschnitt in der vorderen Linsenkapsel hergestellt und etwa auf halbem Weg in die Linse. </li><li> Die Spritze Injektion des TD-Puffer in die Linse Faserzellmasse sanft niederdrücken. Injizieren von 50 bis 200 &amp; mgr; TD und niemals mehr als 300 &amp; mgr; l. Beachten Sie die Faserzellmasse Lösen sich aus dem Epithel und Linsenkapsel. </li><li> Mithilfe von Hochpräzisionszangen, entfernen Sie den aufgelockerten Faserzellmasse von der Linse durch den vorderen Einschnittstelle. Hinweis: Dieses Verfahren lässt den hinteren Linsenkapsel Basalmembran, an die die Faserzellen war angebracht entblößt von Zellen und einen verletzten Linsenepithels direkt neben dieser Website. </li></ol> 3. Preparing der Verwundeten Objektiv für ex vivo Kultur <ol><li> Glätten Sie das Linsenkapselsack, die aus der oben auf der Kulturschale beschrieben Kataraktchirurgie, Zellseite nach oben führt, indem sie fünf Schnitte in der Vorderseite des Kapselsack. </li><li> Senkrecht zur ursprünglichen Inzisionsstelle bis zum Äquator der Linse geschnitten. Glätten Sie die resultierenden fünf &quot;Klappen&quot; der Linsenkapsel mit angeschlossenem Epithel auf der Kulturschale Kapsel nach unten, Zellseite nach oben. Beachten Sie nun die ex vivo verwundet Linse sollte auf einen Stern oder blumen Form (siehe Abbildung 1B) zu nehmen. </li><li> Um die Kapsel in die Schale sanft nach unten mit der Zange an jedem Punkt des Sterns zu sichern, drücken Sie. Dies wird eine kleine Vertiefung an den fünf Außenspitzen der Explantation zu machen und zu einer anhaltenden Befestigung an der Schale. Hinweis: Es ist möglich, die Kapsel während dieses Verfahrens schädigen und so ist es wichtig, um die Kapsel in die Schale so nah an den Spitzen der fla sichernps wie möglich, als auch für die geringste Menge an Befestigungspunkte wie möglich zu machen (in der Regel zwei, höchstens drei pro Klappe). </li><li> Entfernen Sie das TD-Puffer aus dem 35-mm-Schale und ersetzen Sie es mit 1,5 ml vorgewärmten Medien. Decken Sie die 35-mm-Schale mit Deckel und in den Inkubator (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li></ol> 4. Trennung des Central Migration Zone (CMZ), wo Reepithelisierung des verwundeten Bereich der hinteren Kapsel eintritt, von der Original-Befestigungszone (OAZ) von Linsenepithelzellen, für die quantitative Analyse. Anmerkung: Die Zellen beginnen, in der Region unmittelbar CMZ in Reaktion auf eine Verletzung zu bewegen. Von ersten Tag an in der Kultur genügend Zellen für die CMZ Migration für die molekulare und biochemische Analyse, nach der Trennung von der CMZ und der OAZ durch Mikrodissektion 23. Dieses Protokoll schließt die Entfernung einer Klappe (OAZ) zu einem Zeitpunkt aus dem verwundeten Bereich der Kapsel. <ol><li> Beachten Sie eine demarKation, unter dem Binokular deutlich sichtbar ist, zwischen dem OAZ und CMZ (siehe Abbildung 2A). Der Einsatz von zwei hochpräzisen Pinzette greifen mit beiden Zangen am Rande des OAZ / CMZ Linie, ein direkt neben dem anderen, auf beiden Seiten der Linie (siehe Abbildung 2A, B, Pfeil). </li><li> Mit einer Hand / eine Zange auf der CMZ Seite weiterhin auf die verletzten Kultur zu halten, während mit der anderen Seite / Pinzette, ziehen Sie den OAZ entlang der OAZ / CMZ Linie. Die CMZ leicht trennt sich von der OAZ entlang dieser Linie. Fahren Sie weiter auf dieser Linie um die gesamte Kultur, bis die beiden Bereiche vollständig getrennt. </li><li> Studieren Sie die getrennt OAZ und CMZ Fraktionen für die molekulare Analyse, wie RNA-Seq 24 oder biochemischen Analyse, wie Western-Blot oder Co-Immunopräzipitation 23,25. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Here is described a technique for preparing a culture model of wound repair that involves performing an ex vivo cataract surgery on chick embryo lenses after their removal from the eye. The lens epithelium responds to this clinically relevant wounding with a repair process that closely mimics that which occurs in vivo, and shares features with wound repair in other epithelial tissues2,4. While the protocol is straightforward and simple to follow, performing mock cataract surgery with embryoni...

Die klinisch relevanten, mock Kataraktchirurgie, ex vivo hier beschriebenen epithelialen Wundheilung Modell wurde entwickelt, um ein Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der Mechanismen, die die Reparatur von Epithelgeweben regulieren in Reaktion auf eine Verletzung bereitzustellen. Key Features, die für die Schaffung dieses Modell ausgerichtet wurden eingeschlossen 1) Bereitstellen von Bedingungen, die eng repliziert die in vivo Antwort auf Verwundung in einer Kultur, Betrieb, 2) Leichtigkeit der Modulation der regulatorischen Elemente der Reparatur, und 3) die Fähigkeit, die dem Bild mit der Reparatur, in seiner Gesamtheit, in Echtzeit. Die Herausforderung war also, eine Kultur-Modell, in dem es möglich war, zu untersuchen, in nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen zu erstellen und zu manipulieren, epitheliale Wundheilung. Die Verfügbarkeit dieses Wundreparaturmodell eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Identifizierung der endogenen Signal Hinweise aus Matrixproteine, Zytokine und Chemokine, die den Reparaturvorgang zu regulieren. Darüber hinaus ist das Modell ideal für die Prüfung, wie einn Epithel ist in der Lage, als eine kollektive Blatt neu epithelisieren den Wundbereich 2,3, und für die Bestimmung der Abstammung von mesenchymalen Zellen Führer am Wundrand, die bei der Steuerung der kollektiven Migration des verletzten Epithel 4 funktionieren zu bewegen. Dieses Modell bietet auch eine Plattform, um Therapeutika, die effektive Wundheilung zu fördern und zu verhindern, anomale Wundheilung 5 könnten. Es gibt bereits eine Anzahl von verfügbaren Wundreparatur Modellen, sowohl in Kultur als auch in vivo, die das meiste, was über den Wundheilungsprozess bekannt heute zur Verfügung gestellt haben. In Tiermodellen Verletzungen, wie Hornhaut und die Haut 6-12 13-17, gibt es die Möglichkeit, die Reaktion des Gewebes auf Verwundung im Zusammenhang mit allen Reparatur-Mediatoren, die in den Prozess eingebunden werden könnten, einschließlich der Beiträge aus der Studie Gefäßsystem und das Nervensystem. Jedoch gibt es Beschränkungen für die Manipulation der Erfahmentale Zustände in vivo, und es ist noch nicht möglich, bildgebenden Untersuchungen des Reparaturantwort in vivo durchzuführen, über die Zeit kontinuierlich. Dagegen arbeiten die meisten in vitro Wundreparatur Kulturmodellen, wie die Kratzwunde, kann leicht bearbeitet werden und anschließend im Laufe der Zeit aber nicht die Umwelt Rahmen des Studierens der Wundheilung in vivo Gewebe. Während ex vivo Modelle bieten den Vorteil des Studiums der Verletzungsreparatur Verfahren kontinuierlich mit der Zeit im Zusammenhang mit der Mikroumgebung der Zellen in Verbindung mit der Fähigkeit, die Molekularregulatoren der Reparatur zu jedem Zeitpunkt in dem Verfahren zu modulieren, es gibt nur wenige Modelle, diese passen Parameter. Hier wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, um in hohem Maße reproduzierbar ex vivo epithelialen Wundheilung Kulturen, die Reaktion einer epithelialen Gewebes auf einen physiologischen Verwundung reproduzieren zu generieren. Unter Verwendung der Hühnerembryo Linse als Gewebequelle, einem ex vivo mock Kataraktoperation durchgeführt wird. Das Objektiv ist die ideale Gewebe für diese Studien zu verwenden, da es sich geschlossene innerhalb einer dicken Basalmembran Kapsel, avaskuläre, nicht innerviert, und frei von assoziierten Stroma 18,19. Bei der menschlichen Krankheit, Katarakt-Operation adressiert Sehverlust durch Trübung der Linse und ist die Entfernung der Linse Faserzellmasse, die die Masse der Linse umfasst. Nach einer Kataraktchirurgie Vision wird durch die Einfügung einer künstlichen Intraokularlinse wiederhergestellt. Die Kataraktchirurgieverfahren durch Entfernung von Faserzellen, induziert eine Verletzungsantwort in der benachbarten Linsen Epithel, das durch Reepithelisierung der hinteren Fläche der Linsenkapsel, die von den Faserzellen besetzt war anspricht. In der Kataraktchirurgie, wie in den meisten der Wundheilung Reaktionen tritt es manchmal ein anomales Ergebnis fibrotische zur Wundheilungsreaktion, mit dem Aufkommen von Myofibroblasten, die in der Linse als Posterior capsu bekannt verbundenle Die Trübung 20-22. Um die Kataraktchirurgie Wundheilung Modell zu erzeugen, wird eine Katarakt-Operation Verfahren in Linsen von der Hühnerembryo-Auge entfernt, um eine physiologische Verletzung produzieren nachgeahmt. Mikro Entfernung von Linsenfaserzellen führt zu einer sehr konsistenten kreisWundBereich durch die epithelialen Linsenzellen umgeben. Diese Zellpopulation bleibt fest an der Linsenkapsel befestigt Basalmembran und durch das chirurgische Verfahren verletzt. Die Epithelzellen wandern auf der defektfreien Bereich des endogenen Basalmembran, um die Wunde, von einer Bevölkerung von Vimentin reichen mesenchymalen Zellen in der Reparatur als Führer Zellen 1 bekannt, führte zu heilen. Mit diesem Modell wird die Antwort eines Epithels, um Verletzungen können leicht visualisiert und anschließend mit der Zeit im Zusammenhang mit der Zellen-Mikroumgebung werden. Die Zellen sind leicht zugänglich für Modifikationen der Expression oder Aktivierung der Moleküle erwartet, eine Rolle bei der Wundheilung spielen. Eine leistungsstarke Funktion von thist ein Modell ist die Fähigkeit, zu isolieren und zu untersuchen Migration spezifische Veränderungen im Rahmen der Wundheilung. Die Fähigkeit, eine große Anzahl von im Alter abgestimmt ex vivo Wundheilungs Kulturen für Studien vorzubereiten, ist ein weiterer Vorteil dieses Modells. Somit liefert diese Modellsystem eine einzigartige Gelegenheit, auf ihre Wirkung auf die Wundheilung necken neben Mechanismen der Wundheilung und Test Therapeutika. Die ex vivo mock Kataraktchirurgie Modell wird erwartet, dass eine breite Anwendbarkeit haben, die eine kritische Ressource für das Studium Mechanismen der Schädigung zu reparieren.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Use at 140 mM in TD Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P217-500</td><td>Use at 5 mM in TD Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Phosphate (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S0876</td><td>Use at 0.7 mM in TD Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>D-glucose (Dextrose)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>D16-500</td><td>Use at 0.5 mM in TD Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Tris Base</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP152-1</td><td>Use at 8.25 mM in TD Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A144-500</td><td>Use to pH TD buffer to 7.4</td></tr><tr><td>Media 199</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>11150-059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>Corning/CellGro</td><td>25-005-CI</td><td>Use at 1% in Media199</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Corning/CellGro</td><td>30-002-CI</td><td>Use at 1% in Media199</td></tr><tr><td>100 mm petri dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>FB0875711Z</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stericup Filter Unit</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SCGPU01RE</td><td>Use to filter sterilize Media</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 forceps (need 2)</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>35 mm Cell Culture Dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>430165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27 G 1 ml SlipTip with precision glide needle</td><td>BD</td><td>309623</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14058-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>91100-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Other Items Needed: General dissection instruments,&amp;nbsp; fertile white leghorn chicken eggs, check egg incubator (humidified, 37.7&amp;deg;C), laminar flow hood, binocular stereovision dissecting microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model for investigating epithelial wound repair in a native microenvironment

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to follow and manipulate the wound response ex vivo in an environment that closely mimics that of epithelial tissue injury in vivo. This issue was addressed by creating a clinically relevant epithelial ex vivo injury-repair model based on cataract surgery. In this culture model, the response of the lens epithelium to wounding can be followed live in the cells&#8217; native microenvironment, and the molecular mediators of wound repair easily manipulated during the repair process. To prepare the cultures, lenses are removed from the eye and a small incision is made in the anterior of the lens from which the inner mass of lens fiber cells is removed. This procedure creates a circular wound on the posterior lens capsule, the thick basement membrane that surrounds the lens. This wound area where the fiber cells were attached is located just adjacent to a continuous monolayer of lens epithelial cells that remains linked to the lens capsule during the surgical procedure. The wounded epithelium, the cell type from which fiber cells are derived during development, responds to the injury of fiber cell removal by moving collectively across the wound area, led by a population of vimentin-rich repair cells whose mesenchymal progenitors are endogenous to the lens1. These properties are typical of a normal epithelial wound healing response. In this model, as in vivo, wound repair is dependent on signals supplied by the endogenous environment that is uniquely maintained in this ex vivo culture system, providing an ideal opportunity for discovery of the mechanisms that regulate repair of an epithelium following wounding.

Ex-vivo-Modell erstellt, um den Wundheilungsprozess in nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen zu studieren Mechanismen bei der Regulierung der Wundheilung eines Epithels im nativen Mikroumgebung der Zellen beteiligt zu untersuchen, wurde eine klinisch relevante ex vivo mock Kataraktchirurgie-Modell erstellt. Dieses Modell wird von Linsengewebe, die viele Vorteile aufgrund seiner inhärenten Eigenschaften bietet erstellt: 1) das Objektiv ist ein in sich geschlossenes Orgel durch e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment.

Einrichtung von einem klinisch relevanten<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Mock Kataraktchirurgie Modell zur Untersuchung von epithelialen Wundheilung in einer nativen Mikromilieu

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

6.5K Aufrufe.  Thomas Jefferson University. Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment. 

Serie: Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Human Ex vivo Wound Model and Whole-Mount Staining Approach to Accurately Evaluate Skin Repair

Chronic non-healing wounds, which primarily affect the elderly and diabetic, are a significant area of clinical unmet need. Unfortunately, current chronic wound treatments are inadequate, while available pre-clinical models poorly predict the clinical efficacy of new therapies. Here we describe a high throughput, pre-clinical model to assess multiple aspects of the human skin repair response. Partial thickness wounds were created in human ex vivo skin and cultured across a healing time course. Skin wound biopsies were collected in fixative for the whole-mount staining procedure. Fixed samples were blocked and incubated in primary antibody, with detection achieved via fluorescently conjugated secondary antibody. Wounds were counterstained and imaged via confocal microscopy before calculating percentage wound closure (re-epithelialization) in each biopsy. Applying this protocol, we reveal that 2 mm excisional wounds created in healthy donor skin are fully re-epithelialized by day 4-5 post-wounding. On the contrary, closure rates of diabetic skin wounds are significantly reduced, accompanied by perturbed barrier reformation. Combining human skin wounding with a novel whole-mount staining approach allows a rapid and reproducible method to quantify ex vivo wound repair. Collectively, this protocol provides a valuable human platform to evaluate the effectiveness of potential wound therapies, transforming pre-clinical testing and validation.

Here we demonstrate an optimized technique for assessing wound repair using ex vivo human skin combined with a whole-mount staining approach. This methodology provides a pre-clinical platform for the evaluation of potential wound therapies.

Humanes Ex-vivo-Wundmodell und Whole-Mount-Färbeansatz zur genauen Bewertung der Hautreparatur

Chronic non-healing wounds, which primarily affect the elderly and diabetic, are a significant area of clinical unmet need. Unfortunately, current chronic ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Investigating Scarless Tissue Regeneration in Embryonic Wounded Chick Corneas

Chick embryonic corneal wounds display a remarkable capacity to fully and rapidly regenerate, whereas adult wounded corneas experience a loss of transparency due to fibrotic scarring. The tissue integrity of injured embryonic corneas is intrinsically restored with no detectable scar formation. Given its accessibility and ease of manipulation, the chick embryo is an ideal model for studying scarless corneal wound repair. This protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. First, eggs are windowed at early embryonic ages to access the eye. Second, a series of in ovo physical manipulations to the extraembryonic membranes are conducted to ensure access to the eye is maintained through later stages of development, corresponding to when the three cellular layers of the cornea are formed. Third, linear cornea wounds that penetrate the outer epithelial layer and the anterior stroma are made using a microsurgical knife. The regeneration process or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure. Studies to date using this model have revealed that wounded embryonic corneas display activation of keratocyte differentiation, undergo coordinated remodeling of ECM proteins to their native three-dimensional macrostructure, and become adequately re-innervated by corneal sensory nerves. In the future, the potential impact of endogenous or exogenous factors on the regenerative process could be analyzed in healing corneas by using developmental biology techniques, such as tissue grafting, electroporation, retroviral infection, or bead implantation. The current strategy identifies the embryonic chick as a crucial experimental paradigm for elucidating the molecular and cellular factors coordinating scarless corneal wound healing.

The present protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. The regenerating or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure.&#160;

Untersuchung der narbenlosen Geweberegeneration bei embryonalen verwundeten Kükenhornhäuten

Chick embryonic corneal wounds display a remarkable capacity to fully and rapidly regenerate, whereas adult wounded corneas experience a loss of ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Epitheliale Korneaabnutzung mit okulärer Burr als Modell für die Hornhaut Wundheilung

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Medizin

Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.

A protocol for an ex vivo corneal organ culture model useful for wound healing studies is described. This model system can be used to assess the effects of agents to promote regenerative healing or drug toxicity in an organized 3D multicellular environment.

Ex Vivo Wundheilung Hornhaut Orgel Kulturmodells für Studien

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two ...

Development of a Noninvasive, Laser-Assisted Experimental Model of Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the optical breakdown at the laser focus. Acoustic shock waves and cavitation bubbles are generated, causing tissue rupture. Bubble sizes and pressure amplitudes vary with pulse energy and position of the focal point. In this study, enucleated porcine eyes were positioned in front of a commercially available Nd:YAG laser. Variable pulse energies as well as different positions of the focal spots posterior to the cornea were tested. Resulting lesions were evaluated by two-photon microscopy and histology to determine the best parameters for an exclusive detachment of corneal endothelial cells (CEC) with minimum collateral damage. The advantages of this method are the precise ablation of CEC, reduced collateral damage, and above all, the non-contact treatment.

Here, we present a protocol to detach corneal endothelial cells (CEC) from Descemet&#8217;s membrane (DM) using a neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser as an ex vivo disease model for bullous keratopathy (BK).

Entwicklung eines nichtinvasiven, laserunterstützten Versuchsmodells des cornealen Endotheliaalzellverlustes

Nd:YAG lasers have been used to perform noninvasive intraocular surgery, such as capsulotomy for several decades now. The incisive effect relies on the ...

An Epithelial Abrasion Model for Studying Corneal Wound Healing

The cornea is critical for vision, accounting for about two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Crucial to the role of the cornea in vision is its transparency. However, due to its external position, the cornea is highly susceptible to a wide variety of injuries that can lead to the loss of corneal transparency and eventual blindness. Efficient corneal wound healing in response to these injuries is pivotal for maintaining corneal homeostasis and preservation of corneal transparency and refractive capabilities. In events of compromised corneal wound healing, the cornea becomes vulnerable to infections, ulcerations, and scarring. Given the fundamental importance of corneal wound healing to the preservation of corneal transparency and vision, a better understanding of the normal corneal wound healing process is a prerequisite to understanding impaired corneal wound healing associated with infection and disease. Toward this goal, murine models of corneal wounding have proven useful in furthering our understanding of the corneal wound healing mechanisms operating under normal physiological conditions. Here, a protocol for creating a central corneal epithelial abrasion in mouse using a trephine and a blunt golf club spud is described. In this model, a 2 mm diameter circular trephine, centered over the cornea, is used to demarcate the wound area. The golf club spud is used with care to debride the epithelium and create a circular wound without damaging the corneal epithelial basement membrane. The resulting inflammatory response proceeds as a well-characterized cascade of cellular and molecular events that are critical for efficient wound healing. This simple corneal wound healing model is highly reproducible and well-published and is now being used to evaluate compromised corneal wound healing in the context of disease.

Here, a protocol for creating a central corneal epithelial abrasion wound in the mouse using a trephine and a blunt golf club spud is described. This corneal wound healing model is highly reproducible and is now being used to evaluate compromised corneal wound healing in the context of diseases.

Ein epitheliales Abriebmodell zur Untersuchung der Hornhautwundheilung

The cornea is critical for vision, accounting for about two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Crucial to the role of the cornea in vision is its ...

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, and result in a large, persistent corneal epithelial defect. Epithelial defect with the following corneal opacity and peripheral neovascularization result in irreversible visual impairment and hinder future management, especially keratoplasty. Since the animal model can be used as an effective drug development platform, models of corneal injury to the mouse and alkali burn to rabbit corneal epithelium are developed here. New Zealand white rabbit is used in the alkali burn model. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide can be applied onto the central circular area of the cornea for 30 s under intramuscular and topical anesthesia. After copious isotonic normal saline irrigation, residual loose corneal epithelium was removed with corneal burr deep down to the Bowman's layer within this circular area. Wound healing was documented by fluorescein staining under Cobalt blue light. C57BL/6 mice were used in the traumatic model of murine corneal epithelium. The murine central cornea was marked using a skin punch, 2 mm in diameter, and then debrided by a corneal rust ring remover with a 0.5 mm burr under a stereomicroscope. These models can be prospectively used to validate the therapeutic effect of eye drops or mixed agents such as stem cells, which potentially facilitate corneal epithelial regeneration. By observing corneal opacity, peripheral neovascularization, and conjunctival congestion with stereomicroscope and imaging software, therapeutic effects in these animal models can be monitored.

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Here, animal models based on mouse and rabbit are developed for mechanical and chemical injury of corneal epithelium to screen new therapeutics and the underlying mechanism.

Ex vivo und in vivo Tiermodelle für mechanische und chemische Verletzungen des Hornhautepithels

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, ...

Production of Modified Autologous Conditioned Serum and Ex Vivo Assessment of Its Healing Potential in Murine Corneal Epithelium

Human blood-derived topical therapies have been a boon to clinicians in recent decades. Autologous serum (AS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are enriched in epitheliotropic growth factors that are essential in corneal wound healing. Unlike AS, PRP is based on a differential centrifugation system, yielding more platelet-derived growth factors. Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) not only preserves the preparation of AS and PRP, but also focuses on immune-modulating properties, which are important in inflammatory diseases.
The lack of standardized protocols and high preparation costs are limitations for the clinical application of ACS. This video experiment demonstrates a standard operating procedure for preparing modified autologous conditioned serum (mACS) eye drops. First, glycerol was added into heparin syringes as the blood cell stabilizer during hypoxic incubation. To activate the blood cells, a 4 h incubation at 37 &#176;C was initiated. Then, the blood samples were centrifuged at 3,500 &#215; g for 10 min at room temperature. After filtration of the supernatant through a 0.22 &#181;m filter, the mACS eye drops were fully prepared.
A tentative try-out of the therapeutic effect of mACS showed that it may have competitive advantages over conventional AS in the corneal wound healing in ex vivo mouse eyes. The AS used in this study was prepared according to published studies and the clinical practice in our hospital. Therefore, the efficacy of mACS on ocular surface diseases could be evaluated in future research through in vivo animal studies and clinical trials.

Production of Modified Autologous Conditioned Serum and Ex Vivo Assessment of Its Healing Potential in Murine Corneal Epithelium

This article describes a protocol to simplify the process and render the preparation of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) less expensive. No special syringes or surface-coated glass beads are needed. Moreover, the modified ACS (mACS) has competitive advantages over conventional autologous serum in the corneal wound healing of murine eyes ex vivo.

Herstellung eines modifizierten autologen konditionierten Serums und ex vivo Beurteilung des Heilungspotentials im murinen Hornhautepithel

Human blood-derived topical therapies have been a boon to clinicians in recent decades. Autologous serum (AS) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are enriched ...

Establishing a Severe Corneal Inflammation Model in Rats Based on Corneal Epithelium Curettage Combined with Corneal Sutures

Corneal inflammation, especially severe corneal inflammation, plays a significant role in the development of corneal limbal stem cell dysfunction. Constructing appropriate animal models can help us focus on the effects of severe inflammation on corneal limbal stem cells. A 2 mm rust remover&#160;was&#160;used to remove the central corneal epithelium of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to create an injury. Then, the central stroma of the cornea was sutured with nylon sutures to induce persistent inflammation. In this way, a corneal inflammation model with central corneal epithelium abrasion and central stroma suturing was constructed, which induced severe corneal inflammation. The changes in corneal inflammation and the condition of the limbal stem cells at 1, 3, and 7 days post-modeling were observed. On the 3rd day after modeling, the rats&#39; corneal limbus was severely edematous, with obvious neovascularization and local hyperplasia, which are typical signs of limbal stem cell deficiency. By the 7th day, the corneal edema gradually worsened, and the neovascularization continued to increase. Through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining, we found that the corneal epithelial inflammatory factors were significantly upregulated, the corneal epithelial differentiation was abnormal, the corneal epithelial stem cells were significantly reduced, and the cell proliferation and stemness had also decreased. Therefore, this model demonstrates that severe inflammation can induce limbal stem cell damage without directly damaging the limbal stem cells. The model is beneficial for observing the effects of severe inflammation on the biological mechanisms of stem cells and provides an ideal platform for studying the mechanisms of corneal epithelial stem cell dysfunction induced by inflammation.

We developed a rat model of severe corneal inflammation through corneal epithelium curettage combined with corneal sutures. The study evaluated corneal inflammation patterns, epithelial proliferation, and changes in limbal stem cells under inflammatory conditions.

Corneal inflammation, especially severe corneal inflammation, plays a significant role in the development of corneal limbal stem cell dysfunction. ...

Characterizing Epithelial Wound Healing In Vivo Using the Cnidarian Model Organism Clytia hemisphaerica

All animal organs, from the skin to eyes to intestines, are covered with sheets of epithelial cells that allow them to maintain homeostasis while protecting them from infection. Therefore, it is not surprising that the ability to repair epithelial wounds is critical to all metazoans. Epithelial wound healing in vertebrates involves overlapping processes, including inflammatory responses, vascularization, and re-epithelialization. Regulation of these processes involves complex interactions between epithelial cells, neighboring cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM); the ECM contains structural proteins, regulatory proteins, and active small molecules. This complexity, together with the fact that most animals have opaque tissues and inaccessible ECMs, makes wound healing difficult to study in live animals. Much work on epithelial wound healing is therefore performed in tissue culture systems, with a single epithelial cell-type plated as a monolayer on an artificial matrix. Clytia hemisphaerica (Clytia) provides a unique and exciting complement to these studies, allowing epithelial wound healing to be studied in an intact animal with an authentic ECM. The ectodermal epithelium of Clytia is a single layer of large squamous epithelial cells, allowing high-resolution imaging using differential interfering contrast (DIC) microscopy in living animals. The absence of migratory fibroblasts, vasculature, or inflammatory responses makes it possible to dissect the critical events in re-epithelialization in vivo. The healing of various types of wounds can be analyzed, including single-cell microwounds, small and large epithelial wounds, and wounds that damage the basement membrane. Lamellipodia formation, purse string contraction, cell stretching, and collective cell migration can all be observed in this system. Furthermore, pharmacological agents can be introduced via the ECM to modify cell:ECM interactions and cellular processes in vivo. This work shows methods for creating wounds in live Clytia, capturing movies of healing, and probing healing mechanisms by microinjecting reagents into the ECM.

Characterizing Epithelial Wound Healing In Vivo Using the Cnidarian Model Organism Clytia hemisphaerica

This paper describes a method to create wounds in the epithelium of a live Clytia hemisphaerica medusa and image wound healing at a high resolution in vivo. Additionally, a technique to introduce dyes and drugs to perturb signaling processes in the epithelial cells and extracellular matrix during wound healing is presented.

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