Sensation is the awareness of changes within or outside the body, either consciously or subconsciously. The conscious interpretation of a sensation is ...

Sensory receptors are dendrites of sensory neurons or specialized receptor cells that detect external and internal stimuli. Sensory receptors are grouped ...

The somatosensory system is the components of the central and peripheral nervous system that sense and process touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and ...

The somatic sensory pathways transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum. These pathways are composed of bundles of ...

The major somatic sensory pathways include the posterior column-medial lemniscus, the spinothalamic, and the spinocerebellar pathways. The posterior ...

The hierarchy of motor control is a way to categorize motor control circuits in order to understand how the human body can perform complex motor ...

The direct or pyramidal motor pathways regulate conscious and voluntary movements through the skeletal muscles. The tracts of motor pathways comprise ...

The indirect motor pathways control balance, posture, limb movements, and movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.  The indirect motor ...

A reflex is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus, like pulling your hand away from heat or lifting your foot off a sharp object.   A ...

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord. One of the ...

Brain waves are the patterns of electrical activity resulting from the action of millions of neurons. An electroencephalogram, or EEG, is a visual ...

Sleep is a physiological state of partial consciousness with reduced sensory and motor activity that can be disrupted by external stimuli. The sleep cycle ...

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information ...

Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres. ...