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Chapter 7
The drug disposition in the body is a complex process and can be studied using two major approaches: the model and the model-independent approaches. The ...
Compartmental analysis is a commonly used approach to characterize drug pharmacokinetics. Compartment models assume the body as a series of reversibly ...
A one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model describes the drug concentration-time course in the body post-administration. It views the body as a single, ...
The one-compartment open model for IV bolus drug administration considers drug elimination as a monoexponential process. Analyzing the plasma drug ...
Clearance signifies the theoretical fluid volume from which a drug is completely removed within a specific timeframe, expressed as volume per unit time. ...
IV infusion is suitable when maintenance of constant and stable drug concentration in the body is desired or when the drug poses toxicity risks. For ...
Extravascular drug administration occurs via oral, intramuscular, or rectal routes. It relies on absorption for the drug's therapeutic activity. Here, ...
The first-order absorption model for extravascular administration considers the rate at which a drug is absorbed, distributed in body tissues, and ...
The Wagner-Nelson method estimates the absorption rate constant, ka, for drugs administered without assuming zero- or first-order absorption. Its ...
Urinary excretion data helps understand the process of drug elimination from the body, providing insight into the clearance of unaltered drugs. It is a ...
Multicompartment models illustrate how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They offer a more accurate depiction than one-compartment ...
Multicompartment pharmacokinetic models illustrate drug distribution and elimination within the body. The most common type of these models is the ...
The two-compartment model for intravenous bolus administration comprises central and peripheral compartments, representing the distribution of a drug in ...
Two-compartment models are pharmacokinetic tools to understand drug distribution. For a drug administered via a constant rate or zero-order intravenous ...
Two-compartment models for extravascular administration involve a central and a peripheral compartment. For a drug entering the body via a first-order ...
Three-compartment models are similar to the two-compartment model but have an additional deep tissue compartment. The deep tissue compartment represents ...
Pharmacokinetic models can be classified as empirical or mechanistic. Empirical models include data description with minimal assumptions about the ...
The individual analysis uses mechanistic models involving single-source data. However, data collection errors prevent perfect observed data prediction. In ...
Mechanistic models use numerical problem-solving algorithms to evaluate parameters. Some algorithms use linearization techniques to simplify the model ...
Physiological models illustrate the drug's distribution and elimination processes within the body. They describe the drug concentration in target ...
Physiological models can predict drug disposition assuming linear drug-protein interactions. Compared to conventional models, they effectively predict ...
Physiological models generally postulate a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood. Rapid drug equilibrium assumes quick drug diffusion ...
Drug transporters are pivotal in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes and should be included in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic ...
Pharmacokinetic models employ mathematical expressions for predicting drug behavior in the body and calculating pharmacokinetic parameters. Different ...
Noncompartmental analysis is an alternative method for describing drug pharmacokinetics without assigning a particular compartmental model to the drug. ...
Noncompartmental analyses rely on statistical moment theory to examine time-related changes in macroscopic events. Mean residence time, MRT, describes the ...
According to statistical moment theory, mean residence time is the expected mean of a probability density function distribution. It can also be viewed ...
When drugs are administered extravascularly, various parameters are considered for noncompartmental analysis. The mean transit time, MTT, is the total ...
The noncompartmental approach utilizes various factors, including clearance, bioavailability, and total volume of distribution. Once a drug is ...
Physiological and compartmental models used to study biological systems rely on differential equations for mass balance. Physiological models consider ...
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