Name: using electroencephalography measurements and high-quality video recording for analyzing visual perception of media content
Uploaded: 2018-05-26T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content at JoVE.com

本研究得到西班牙经济和竞争力部 (BFU2014-56692-R 和 BFU2017-82375-R) 赠款的支持。

这里所描述的所有方法都得到了巴塞罗那大学 Autònoma 动物和人类研究伦理学委员会 (CEEAH) 的批准。
1. 视觉刺激的创作和展示
<ol><li>根据期望的目标创建视频刺激。<ol>
<li>确定哪些变量对视频刺激感兴趣。 注: 例如, 在目前的调查中, 主要的兴趣变量是编辑风格。<ol>
<li>根据实验的兴趣决定视频的持续时间、内容和风格。要确定所有这些变量, 请考虑参与者要观看多少视频以及参与者将在屏幕上观看多长时间, 评估视频的叙述是否符合兴趣, 并决定视频的视觉风格。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>编写脚本, 注意所选的变量。</li>
		<li>用高质量的摄像机录制视频, 并根据需要编辑视频。必要时寻求专业帮助。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>为刺激演示文稿设计适当的上下文。<ol>
<li>确定数据获取的位置, 并设计一个舒适的空间来显示刺激。参与者应该感到安心。</li>
		<li>为视频的演示选择高质量的屏幕。屏幕的质量越高, 效果越好。</li>
		<li>如果有几个视频影片要呈现, 选择一个方法来随机化他们的演示文稿。 注意: 为了避免由于参与者感知刺激的顺序而导致不确定的结果, 在整个主题中随机的刺激呈现是很方便的。</li>
		<li>选择一个软件包来展示视频。 注意: 有各种各样的选择, 允许研究员显示不同的刺激与相互试验的定时器和指示, 甚至随机的介绍。在选择软件时, 考虑其与数据采集设备同步的能力至关重要。由于该协议分析参与者的上只是一眨眼率, 视觉刺激和脑电图装置的视觉呈现之间的同步是至关重要的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 选择参加者
<ol><li>建立选择参与者的标准。当要分析特定变量时, 需要一个控制组。记下标准并与同事商量, 以改进学习设计。</li>
	<li>选择参与者并征求遵循相关准则和条例的道德委员会的批准。 注: 大多数大学和研究中心都有一个道德委员会。要申请批准, 就必须通知他们调查目标。共同的要求包括解释研究方法、调查对社会的好处、如何获得知情同意、是否会对参与者进行财务报偿以及如何管理从参与者收集的数据。花时间设计这个请求。这是非常重要的, 得到一个道德委员会的批准, 以分享的结果与科学界。在这方面可以有用的一些文件是《赫尔辛基宣言》、《纽伦堡法典和贝尔蒙特报告。</li>
	<li>为参加者设计知情同意表, 并遵循道德委员会的标准。</li>
	<li>向每个潜在参与者解释实验。让参与者知道所有重要的信息, 但是要避免不重要的信息, 或者会影响实验结果。 注意: 例如, 在上只是一眨眼检测协议中, 不能告诉参与者 eyeblinks 将被检测到, 因为这可能会修改自然的上只是一眨眼速率。征求他们的同意参加。给每个参与者提供知情同意的文件, 让他们有足够的时间阅读, 理解课文, 最后签署。</li>
	<li>与每个参与者预约进行实验。给参加者以下指示: 到达休息和与最近被洗涤的头发;化学产品, 如发胶,等, 应避免, 因为它们可能影响脑电图记录。给参与者所有必要的联系信息。</li>
</ol>3. 准备工作
<ol><li>在参加者到来之前准备好实验课程。与同事排练会话。如果检测到不正确的内容, 则对实验会话进行相应的修改。<ol>
<li>准备将要使用的所有设备之间的连接, 并检查它们的同步 (可视化刺激演示和数据获取)。 注意: 硬件和软件之间的连接至关重要。执行测试以确认同步是可取的。如有需要, 与制造商或软件开发人员进行讨论。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>让受试者在实验室感到舒适: 欢迎参加者, 为他们的东西 (包和其他) 准备一个空间。</li>
	<li>向参与者解释整个协议: 参与者将坐在哪里, 将显示多少视觉刺激, 以及会话的长度。解释参与者的合作是极其重要的。</li>
	<li>由于无线脑电图记录系统将被使用, 解释这些录音是多么困难, 并且为了获得适当的电生理信号与低工件, 参加者不应该不必要地移动。</li>
</ol>4. 数据采集
<ol><li>清洁参与者的皮肤表面, 去除毛发制品的污垢或残余痕迹。</li>
	<li>测量参与者的头部。测量 nasion 和 inion 之间的距离, 并将半方向点标记为顶点。</li>
	<li>使用10-20 系统在脑电图帽中准备电极。</li>
	<li>将 cap 置于标记之后, 以便顶点与 cap 的中心零 (Cz) 点匹配。</li>
	<li>将导电凝胶在注射器的帮助下应用于电极;确保帽子与主题的头部吻合得很好。</li>
	<li>将参考电极和 EOG 电极放在主语头上。</li>
	<li>确保参加者能舒舒服服地坐下来, 准备好参加会议。</li>
	<li>将高清摄像机对准参与者的面部特写。这将用于手动检测参与者的 eyeblinks。</li>
	<li>检查是否已同步所有设备。</li>
	<li>检查脑电图控制盒是否正确连接到注册数据的计算机上。</li>
	<li>检查每个电极的信号是否正确;如果没有, 检查有问题的电极。 注意: 从电极上发出坏信号的一些常见原因是电极上缺乏导电凝胶, 电极在头上的位置不好, 或者电极电缆与其控制盒的连接不良。</li>
	<li>当一切就绪, 开始录制实验 (并播放视频)。</li>
</ol>5. 实验后会议
<ol><li>从参与者的头部移除 cap, 并在可能的情况下, 向参与者提供与感兴趣的主题相关的调查表。</li>
	<li>将所有数据保存到外部硬盘驱动器。 注意: 推荐备份数据。一个好的选择是将数据保存到两个外部硬盘驱动器, 并将它们存储在不同的位置。在设计最佳程序时, 必须考虑道德委员会批准的数据存储协议。</li>
	<li>清洁电极和瓶盖;大多数电极在使用后需要立即清洗。<ol>
<li>在水龙头下和没有化学产品的情况下, 用充足的水清洁电极和瓶盖 (除非设备制造商另有说明). 小心干燥电极以防止腐蚀。如果此协议不足以清洗瓶盖, 则通常可以在洗衣机中清洗 (请参阅制造商的说明)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 数据分析
<ol><li>组织上只是一眨眼检测数据。<ol>
<li>将 EEG 文件导入到适合数据分析的软件包中。</li>
		<li>根据与可视化刺激演示软件一起使用的同步触发器, 选择感兴趣的 EEG 区域。筛选数据并应用上只是一眨眼筛选器查看生成 eyeblinks 的次数和时间。 注意: 大多数商业和免费软件包都有过滤器来检测脑电图中的 eyeblinks。</li>
		<li>选择参与者脸部的 HD 视频, 并手动将 eyeblinks 与脑电图数据中发现的图像匹配。</li>
		<li>创建一个电子表格矩阵与每个参与者的 eyeblinks 的最终列表, 并计算每分钟的速度, 而主题是看刺激。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>进行统计分析。<ol>
<li>将矩阵导入到相应的软件中进行统计分析。</li>
		<li>在统计软件程序中, 设计所需的分析来对比最初的假设并完成它们。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

本文介绍了一种利用目的视频制作分析媒体内容视觉感知的方法。许多其他的研究试图分析在叙事语境中的媒体内容与预先存在的电影的知觉。本方法建议根据感兴趣的标准来创建具有叙事结构的视觉内容, 并基于上只是一眨眼速率与查看者的注意9 相连接的建议。为此, 研究人员在观察媒体内容的同时, 在不同的条件下 (编辑风格和媒体专业化) 对参与者的 eyeblinks 进行了比较。</...

此方法的目的
该方法提出了一种检测 eyeblinks 的双协议。其目的是通过使用脑电图记录和高清视频记录系统, 分析观众对媒体内容的视觉感知, 专门为此次调查创建的。
这种方法的发展和/或使用背后的基本原理
每个上只是一眨眼隐藏 150-400毫秒1、2的可视流.闪烁有生理学的3,4,5和心理6,7函数。注意和上只是一眨眼率之间的联系已被研究和证明在不同的研究8。较高的注意力会降低上只是一眨眼率, 根据先前的研究, 人类共享一种机制来控制眨眼的时间, 搜索最佳时刻, 以避免丢失重要的视觉信息9。因此, 分析观众在观看屏幕时的上只是一眨眼行为, 可以提供有关媒体内容关注程度的信息。
一种检测自发性上只是一眨眼率的方法是利用脑电图电极记录电活动。Eyeblinks 可以很容易地检测到前额和 electrooculogram 电极连接到脑电图记录系统。在大多数脑电图分析中, eyeblinks 被认为是工件。因此, 为分析 EEG 数据而设计的许多软件包都有上只是一眨眼检测器10。使用 EEG 检测 eyeblinks 的优点是高时间分辨率 (以毫秒为单位), 以及在与那些 eyeblinks 同步的电影中记录不同叙事和切割的脑部效应的可能性-这是一个可以进一步研究。使用高清照相机录制参与者的脸部也可以用于匹配/对比目的9。
替代方法的优越性与相关研究的借鉴意义
有多种方法来计数眼睛眨眼。一些用于检测闪烁的专用仪器有磁性线圈、红外线 (IR) 光束、具有眼球运动分析的光电运动探测器, 如眼球跟踪技术, 以及基于生物电信号的几种技术,例如,electrooculography (EOG), 肌电图和脑电图。另一个更准确, 但耗时的选项是手动计数从框架帧视频录制11闪烁。今天的技术可以大致分为两组: a) 无接触录音, 包括两种方式, 直接眨眼检测使用计算机视觉和离线眨眼检测使用眼跟踪, b) 基于接触的记录使用通过 EOG 和脑电图设备的生物信号12,13。
眼球跟踪系统是一种广泛应用的技术, 从传统的基于图像的被动设计到目前主要用于高分辨率摄像机的主动近红外方法。后者利用红外光照下的瞳孔反射特性14。现代眼球追踪方法的概念是瞳孔中心角膜反射 (PCCR), 它涉及相机跟踪瞳孔的中心, 光线从角膜反射。然而, 目前还没有为眼球追踪协议发布的闪烁检测算法。此外, 虽然市场上不同的眼球跟踪模型提供了与闪烁检测相集成的软件, 但源代码并非总是由制造商提供, 因此很难修改或了解算法如何工作12。同时, 在眼球跟踪实验中, 还有导致数据丢失的事件, 例如跟踪延迟和显著的头部或凝视动作。在视频捕获中, 眼睛区域非常小, 这是计算眨眼持续时间的一个问题, 有时会引入各种类型的工件15。
本实验采用脑电图和 EOG 方法。脑电图通常不单独用于检测 eyeblinks。然而, 分析脑电电极记录的 eyeblinks 是研究眼睑移位的标准程序。这一过程使研究人员能够准确了解 eyeblinks 发生的时间。检测闪烁的最常见信号模式是峰值点, 表示垂直运动响应。有几种峰值检测算法适用于原始脑电图、时域或频域信号。峰值识别过程包括峰值检测、特征提取和分类。Eyeblinks 对脑电信号的额通道有相当大的影响。通常, 通过使用预先确定的振幅阈值16, 在 EEG 中检测到 eyeblinks。本实验所用分析软件中的算法基于信号的标准偏差和预滤波 EEG 信号的根均方根 (RMS);它们是开源的, 可供科学界17使用。然而, 一些不涉及 eyeblinks 的眼球运动可能会引起可能混淆的电活动。由于这个原因, 第二种方法-记录观众的脸与高清摄像机-允许研究员匹配 eyeblinks 通过手动计数。利用这种双重方法, 研究者实现了一个 eyeblinks 矩阵, 可以很容易地用统计工具进行分析。
因此, 所提出的方法使用两个不同的源进行数据三角化来验证检测到的 eyeblinks。此方法基于浩et指示9进行确认。同时, 它还使研究人员能够收集大脑活动和频带信息, 以便进一步分析。这里描述的实验是更广泛的未来调查的一部分, 对剪辑风格的削减影响枕和前额脑区。
确定方法是否适合调查
该实验协议使观众的 eyeblinks, 同时观看视频内容在三实验条件下进行研究。首先, 使用两种互补技术检测上只是一眨眼率: EEG 和录制的高清视频。在这里, 我们使用20频道的无线脑电图。其次, 建立适应实验的特定刺激, 使研究者能够管理视觉内容的所有变量。在这里, 三视频与相同的叙事, 但不同的视频编辑风格创建。这个故事包括一个走进房间的男人, 坐在办公桌前, 用三个球, 打开一台笔记本电脑, 在一些书上查到一些信息, 在笔记本电脑上打字, 关上它, 吃苹果, 直接看着相机, 离开房间。三视频刺激最后198s 每个。第一个是一拍的电影;第二个被编辑了根据古典好莱坞样式规则与33不同的射击;第三个是按照 MTV 风格的规则编辑的, 有79张照片。第四刺激也被提出在其中叙述是相同的, 但格式是真正的代表与演员而不是录影。这第四非视频刺激在最初的编辑风格差异的研究中没有使用, 但在不同的调查中用于比较实际表示法和屏蔽媒体8之间的上只是一眨眼率差异。第三, 不同的参与者组根据他们以前在视频分析中的专长进行选择。目的是确定不同的上只是一眨眼率的主题组观看相同的视觉刺激。在这种情况下, 40 名受试者参加了调查。其中半数为媒体专业人员 (16 男4女; 年龄30-56 岁, 平均年龄44.15 ±7.15 岁), 其余为非媒体专业人员 (15 名男性, 5 名女性; 年龄28-56 岁, 平均年龄43.25 岁)。选择媒体专业人员的标准是6年以上的工作经验, 在与媒体编辑相关的日常工作中作出决定。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG Device</td><td>Neurolectrics</td><td>Enobio 20 EEG/EMG system&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ag/AgCl Electrodes</td><td>Neuroelectrics</td><td>[NE022b] GelTrode</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recording EEG software</td><td>Neuroelectrics</td><td>NicOffline software</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HD-video camera</td><td>Sony Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sony HDR-GW55VE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe</td><td>Monoject</td><td>Monoject 412, curved tip syringe, 50/box</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saline electrode EMG gel</td><td>Signa-Gel</td><td>X32-204: Signa Gel</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Visual Stimuli Presentation Software</td><td>Paradigm Stimulus Presentation</td><td>Perception Research System Incorporated</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG software analysis</td><td>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Montreal Neurological Institute</td><td>Brainstorm3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG software analysis</td><td>The MathWorks Inc.</td><td>MATLAB 2013b</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TV for video presentation</td><td>Panasonic Corporation</td><td>PanasonicTH- 42PZ70EA&amp;nbsp; - 50&quot;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC for presenting stimuli</td><td>MacBook Air</td><td>Year 2013, running Mac OSX Mountain Lion</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC for recording stimuli</td><td>MacBook&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Year 2009 running Windows 7</td><td>With a bootcamp partition of the disk for providing Windows OS</td></tr><tr><td>Statistical Analysis</td><td>Systat Software Inc.</td><td>Sigmaplot 11.0&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using electroencephalography measurements and high-quality video recording for analyzing visual perception of media content

本文探讨了一种检测人类视觉知觉差异的方法。所使用的方法是基于 eyeblinks 的心理 (或 "认知") 功能。在观看专门为调查创建的视频时, 检测并获取参与者的 eyeblinks。在20通道脑电图 (EEG) 无线设备的帮助下, 对 eyeblinks 进行了检测和采集。国际10-20 系统为电极安置被跟随了。高清晰度 (HD) 摄像机用于记录参与者的面部表情, 以进行对比。除了使用预先存在的媒体内容之外, 还根据调查的特定标准创建了专门制作的视频内容, 并通过刺激使研究人员能够管理感兴趣的精确参数。否则, 结果可能被不受控制的变量所污染。视频刺激的呈现与脑电图记录的同步需要以毫秒为单位进行。对采集的数据进行分析, 用健壮的软件对大矩阵进行处理。与媒体专业化和编辑风格相关的上只是一眨眼率差异有统计学意义, 并与实验程序进行了比较。

运用本文所介绍的程序, 分析了40名观众观看三部不同视频电影时的上只是一眨眼率。对于媒体专业化的比较分析, 有一半的参与者是媒体专业人士。他们是根据至少6年的工作经验, 在作出有关媒体编辑和视听削减的决策的标准。对于编辑风格的比较分析, 三视频的刺激是用完全相同的叙事, 但不同的编辑风格来创建的。一个是一次性电影, 一枪开着, 没有相机动作。另一种?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content at JoVE.com

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

利用脑电图测量和高质量视频记录分析媒体内容的视觉感知

我们在观看媒体内容的同时, 对上只是一眨眼率进行检测、获取和分析。

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

using-electroencephalography-measurements-high-quality-video

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.8K 次观看.  Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. 我们在观看媒体内容的同时, 对上只是一眨眼率进行检测、获取和分析。

视频: Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

同时脑磁图和脑电图的功能映射

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

科研

神经科学

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

行为学

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they yield data relevant to the cognitive processing that occurs under ecologically valid conditions. These two goals often are at odds, since well controlled stimuli often are too repetitive to sustain subjects' motivation. Studies employing electroencephalography (EEG) are often especially sensitive to this dilemma between ecological validity and experimental control: attaining sufficient signal-to-noise in physiological averages demands large numbers of repeated trials within lengthy recording sessions, limiting the subject pool to individuals with the ability and patience to perform a set task over and over again. This constraint severely limits researchers' ability to investigate younger populations as well as clinical populations associated with heightened anxiety or attentional abnormalities. Even adult, non-clinical subjects may not be able to achieve their typical levels of performance or cognitive engagement: an unmotivated subject for whom an experimental task is little more than a chore is not the same, behaviourally, cognitively, or neurally, as a subject who is intrinsically motivated and engaged with the task. A growing body of literature demonstrates that embedding experiments within video games may provide a way between the horns of this dilemma between experimental control and ecological validity. The narrative of a game provides a more realistic context in which tasks occur, enhancing their ecological validity (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Moreover, this context provides motivation to complete tasks. In our game, subjects perform various missions to collect resources, fend off pirates, intercept communications or facilitate diplomatic relations. In so doing, they also perform an array of cognitive tasks, including a Posner attention-shifting paradigm (Posner, 1980), a go/no-go test of motor inhibition, a psychophysical motion coherence threshold task, the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1950, 1954) and a theory-of-mind (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) task. The game software automatically registers game stimuli and subjects' actions and responses in a log file, and sends event codes to synchronise with physiological data recorders. Thus the game can be combined with physiological measures such as EEG or fMRI, and with moment-to-moment tracking of gaze. Gaze tracking can verify subjects' compliance with behavioural tasks (e.g. fixation) and overt attention to experimental stimuli, and also physiological arousal as reflected in pupil dilation (Bradley et al., 2008). At great enough sampling frequencies, gaze tracking may also help assess covert attention as reflected in microsaccades - eye movements that are too small to foveate a new object, but are as rapid in onset and have the same relationship between angular distance and peak velocity as do saccades that traverse greater distances. The distribution of directions of microsaccades correlates with the (otherwise) covert direction of attention (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

Procedures for recording high-density EEG and gaze data during computer game-based cognitive tasks are described. Using a video game to present cognitive tasks enhances ecological validity without sacrificing experimental control.

结合电玩与高密度的脑电图和红外视线跟踪基于行为的实验

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

调查婴儿和成人使用密集阵脑电图的社会认知（ D脑电图）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

脑电图神经影像数据：事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using 128-channel high-density electroencephalography (EEG). The specific aim of the described stimuli and analyses is to examine whether it is feasible to replicate previously reported CVEP morphological patterns elicited by an apparent motion stimulus, designed to simultaneously stimulate both ventral and dorsal central visual networks, using object and motion stimuli designed to separately stimulate ventral and dorsal visual cortical networks.&#160; Four visual paradigms are presented: 1. Randomized visual objects with consistent temporal presentation. 2. Randomized visual objects with inconsistent temporal presentation (or jitter).&#160; 3. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion without jitter.&#160; 4. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion with jitter.&#160; These four paradigms are presented in a pseudo-randomized order for each participant.&#160; Jitter is introduced in order to view how possible anticipatory-related effects may affect the morphology of the object-onset and motion-onset CVEP response.&#160; EEG data analyses are described in detail, including steps of data exportation from and importation to signal processing platforms, bad channel identification&#160;and removal, artifact rejection, averaging, and categorization of average CVEP morphological pattern type based upon latency ranges of component peaks. Representative data show that the methodological approach is indeed sensitive in eliciting differential object-onset and motion-onset CVEP morphological patterns and may, therefore, be useful in addressing the larger research aim. Given the high temporal resolution of EEG and the possible application of high-density EEG in source localization analyses, this protocol is ideal for the investigation of distinct CVEP morphological patterns and the underlying neural mechanisms which generate these differential responses.&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;

In this paper, we present a protocol to investigate differential cortical visual evoked potential morphological patterns through stimulation of ventral and dorsal networks using high-density EEG. Visual object and motion stimulus paradigms, with and without temporal jitter, are described. Visual evoked potential morphological analyses are also outlined.&#160;&#160;

刺激特定的皮质视觉引发潜在形态模式

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using ...

Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography

Pre-stimulus oscillatory brain activity influences upcoming perception. The characteristics of this pre-stimulus activity can predict whether a near-threshold stimulus will be perceived or not perceived, but can they also predict which one of two competing stimuli with different perceptual contents is perceived? Ambiguous visual stimuli, which can be seen in one of two possible ways at a time, are ideally suited to investigate this question. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a neurophysiological measurement technique that records magnetic signals emitted as a result of brain activity. The millisecond temporal resolution of MEG allows for a characterization of oscillatory brain states from as little as 1 second of recorded data. Presenting an empty screen around 1 second prior to the ambiguous stimulus onset therefore provides a time window in which one can investigate whether pre-stimulus oscillatory activity biases the content of upcoming perception, as indicated by participants&#39;&#160;reports. The spatial resolution of MEG is not excellent, but sufficient to localise sources of brain activity at the centimetre scale. Source reconstruction of MEG activity then allows for testing hypotheses about the oscillatory activity of specific regions of interest, as well as the time- and frequency-resolved connectivity between regions of interest. The described protocol enables a better understanding of the influence of spontaneous, ongoing brain activity on visual perception.

This article describes how to set up an experiment that allows detecting pre-stimulus source-level influences on object perception using magnetoencephalography (MEG). It covers stimulus material, experimental design, MEG recording, and data analysis.

利用磁脑学检测刺激前源级对物体感知的影响

Pre-stimulus oscillatory brain activity influences upcoming perception. The characteristics of this pre-stimulus activity can predict whether a ...

Topographical EEG Recordings of Visual Evoked Potentials in Mice using Multichannel Thin-film Electrodes

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) allow the characterization of visual function in preclinical mouse models. Various methods exist to measure VEPs in mice, from non-invasive EEG, subcutaneous single-electrodes, and ECoG to fully invasive intracortical multichannel visual cortex recordings. It can be useful to acquire a global, topographical EEG-level characterization of visual responses previous to local intracortical microelectrode measurements in acute experimental settings. For example, one use case is&#160;to assess global cross-modal changes in VEP topography in deafness models before studying its effects on a local intracortical level. Multichannel epicranial EEG is a robust method to acquire such an overview measure of cortical visual activity.&#160;Multichannel epicranial EEG provides comparable results through a standardized, consistent approach to, for example, identify cross-modal, pathological, or age-related changes in cortical visual function. The current study presents a method to obtain the topographical distribution of flash-evoked VEPs with a 32-channel thin-film EEG electrode array in anesthetized mice. Combined with analysis in the time and frequency domain, this approach allows fast characterization and screening of the topography and basic visual properties of mouse cortical visual function, which can be combined with various acute experimental settings.

The present protocol describes a simple procedure to acquire and analyze the topography of epicranial visual evoked potentials with 32-multichannel thin-film electrodes in the mouse.

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) allow the characterization of visual function in preclinical mouse models. Various methods exist to measure VEPs in mice, ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...