Name: operation of a 25 kwth calcium looping pilot-plant with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner
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导致这些结果的研究得到了欧共体的煤炭和钢铁研究基金 (rfc) 根据赠款协议编号 RFCR-CT-2014-00007 的资助。这项工作由英国碳捕获和存储研究中心 (UKCCSRC) 资助, 作为呼叫2项目的一部分。UKCCSRC 得到了工程和物理科学研究理事会 (EPSRC) 的支持, 作为研究理事会英国能源方案的一部分, 由商业、能源和工业战略部 (BEIS-原 DECC) 提供额外资金。作者还要感谢 Mr. 马丁 Roskilly 在整个工作过程中的巨大帮助。

1. 材料准备 <ol> <li> 将石灰石 (50 公斤的原料) 筛入所需的粒度分布 (300-400 和 #181; m 或其他分布取决于实验) 使用机械振动筛。在试验过程中, 将被筛的材料放在分解炉旁边的花盆中. </li>
	<li> 准备将材料分批放入反应器。批次一般为0.5 升或1升 (石灰石1升约为1.5 公斤), 但这可能因操作参数而异. </li>
</ol> 2。启动过程 警告: 这里达到极高的温度。需要适当的 PPE, 如手套, 眼睛眼镜, 实验室大衣和安全鞋. 
<ol> <li> 加热电抗器 <ol> <li> 在 carbonator (60 升/分) 和分解炉 (20 升/分) 以及循环-密封 (10 升/分) 的流量计中启动低流量的 N 2 。
		<li> 手动打开 carbonator 变压器。将 carbonator 的所有电气预热的温度设置为600和 #176; C. </li>
		<li> 开始获取数据 (对于气体温度和压力, 请使用软件中的 "录制" 按钮)。这些数据包括两个反应堆的温度、压力和气体组成。在 图 1 和 图 2 中, 显示了数据采集系统的截图. </li>
		<li> 打开分解炉气体预热。将分解炉周围的加热器打开到600和 #176; C 通过热电偶在 BFB 内测量. 
		注: 温度、压力和气体成分等数据已经按照步骤2.1.3 的规定获得. </li>
		<li> 把被筛的石灰石的 3 L 放入分解炉中的 BFB。首先打开顶部阀门, 在下管中引入材料, 关闭顶部阀门, 然后打开底部阀门, 使物料流入反应器. </li>
		<li> 将 BFB 中的物料加热到650以上 #176; C (由分解炉周围的电加热器). 
		注: 这通常需要〜1小时, 在此期间检查的数据采集和压力的流化床. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1.jpg"/> 图 1: 温度和压力数据采集的截图两个反应堆. <a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2.jpg"/> 图 2: 预热系统的温度数据采集的屏幕截图。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
 <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3.jpg"/> 图 3:25 kW th (CFB carbonator 和 BFB 分解炉) 示意图. 1: carbonator;2: 煅烧炉;3: 下环密封;4: 上部圈-封印;5: carbonator 旋风;6: 分解炉旋风。<a href="//ecsource-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/56112/56112fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="2"> <li> 在分解炉中启动燃烧 <ol> <li> 将分解炉中的氧气浓度从0增加到40% 卷, 以确保在开始燃烧之前浓度稳定. </li>
		<li> 使用流量计手动启动天然气的化学计量流, 确保燃烧稳定. 
		注: 应小心增加天然气流量。检查数据是否显示适当的燃烧反应水平. </li>
		<li> 通过调整天然气流量流量计提高分解炉中的氧气浓度 20%, 以确保化学计量燃烧. 
		注意: 这个过程应该非常小心地执行。如果有任何怀疑的出现, 燃烧是没有发生预期从初步计算, 然后停止天然气流量和开关的氧气流向氮气的安全运行。确定此差异的来源。此过程的总工期约为 1 h. </li>
		<li> 实现100% 氧气浓度的天然气燃烧. 
		注: 在所有的测试中, 温度和气体成分的数据应该被仔细地遵循, 特别是当燃烧发生在100% 氧气中的时候. </li>
		<li> 添加石灰石0.5 升增量, 直到有7升在流化床。煅烧焙烧炉流化床中的所有物料 (估计煅烧温度为800-850 和 #176; C 用于分解炉中的批次和以下批次的煅烧温度). </li>
		<li> 增加 N 的流量 2 在 carbonator 中开始循环。定期检查循环查看端口, 确保流通正常. </li>
		<li> 在启动 CO 2 捕获之前, 煅烧钻机中所有可用的石灰石. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。稳定操作 <ol> <li> 手动将碳化气体从 N 2 转换为15% 卷 co 2 使用流量计, 这使得煅烧石灰石开始捕获 co 2 。
	<li> 使用流量计调整分解炉中的流, 以实现稳定的930-950 和 #176; 通过调节天然气 (NG) 和氧气 (在最佳流态化体系内) 的流量, 在分解炉中进行温度的 C。O 2 流通常为 100%, 具有足够的床料, 但在整个实验过程中都进行了调整. </li>
	<li> 当物料在活动中开始下降时 (5% CO 2 在 carbonator 出口处的浓度, 这是在步骤2.1.3 中所描述的软件连续获取的), 添加更多的石灰石. </li>
</ol> 4。关闭过程 <ol> <li> 手动关闭使用流量计的天然气流量, 并减少氧气流量, 并将两个反应堆中的气体转换为 N 2 。关闭所有加热器 (分解炉和 carbonator). </li>
	<li> 允许钻机的库存温度降低 (通常过夜), 并在室温下清空反应堆. </li>
	<li> 称量所提取的固体并进行标准筛分析。特征材料: 法, 成分 (X 射线荧光光谱法, XRF) 21 , 22 和显微结构 (扫描电子显微镜, SEM)。
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

根据焙烧反应的吸热性质, 以及固体在不同温度下在两个反应堆之间循环的事实, 在100% 卷氧气入口的煅烧炉的运行是可以实现的。此操作模式旨在通过降低资本和运营成本, 使 CaL 流程更具经济前景。由于烟气的回收利用 (主要是 CO2、水蒸气和未 O2) 被减少或甚至消除, 因此对此流进行预热所消耗的热量较低。因此, 需要较少的氧气和更小的空分所需要。由于这种配置中的气体流量?...

CO2排放和由此产生的全球变暖是在过去几年中吸引了大量研究的重要环境问题。碳捕获和存储 (CCS) 已被公认为将 CO2的排放量减少到大气的潜在技术12。CCS 链中最具挑战性的部分是捕获 CO2, 这也是最昂贵的阶段3。因此, 人们一直把重点放在开发新技术, 以便从发电厂和其他工业设施中获取 CO2捕获。
CaL 作为后 CO2捕获技术, 是由清水et al.首次提出的4 CO2是由 cao 吸附剂在600-700 ° c 的反应器中捕获的, 称为 carbonator, 并根据 Eq 在850-950 ° c (在分解炉中) 的后续煅烧释放. (1), 生成高纯度 CO2流适用于隔离5,6。CaL 循环用流化床, 这是这一过程的最佳配置, 因为它们允许大量的固体从一个反应堆容易地循环到另一个4,5,6,7,8。
曹 (s) + CO2 (g) ⇔中亚3 (s) h25 ° =-178.2 焦/摩尔(1)
这一概念已在试点规模被证明在不同的组, 并与各种配置和规模, 如0.2 兆瓦th试点在斯图加特, 1 兆瓦的th在达姆施塔特的试点, 1.7 兆瓦th在 La Pereda 的试点和 1.9 MWth单位在台湾的9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16。虽然这一过程已被证明, 仍有可能提高其热效率, 如通过修改标准的操作条件和改变反应堆的结构设计。
在煅烧炉中, 研究了燃烧室与煅烧炉之间的热管, 而不是用氧燃烧燃料。co2捕获性能的结果与传统的 CaL 试验装置相比具有可比性, 但是, 该过程具有较高的工厂效率和较低的 co2规避成本17。马丁内斯et al.18研究了热集成的可能性, 以预热进入分解炉的固体材料, 并降低分解炉所需的热量。结果表明, 与标准情况相比, 煤耗减少了9%。其他研究热集成的可能性也考虑了内部和外部集成选项19。
从经济角度来看, 卡尔周期的主要问题之一是通过燃料燃烧来提供分解炉所需的能量20。为了减少甚至避免对分解炉的 CO2回收的需要, 提出了增加分解炉进水口内的氧浓度。这种替代办法降低了资本成本 (分解炉和空分装置的规模), 这可以大大提高这一过程的竞争力。利用吸热焙烧反应和大型 CaO/中亚3流从 carbonator 运行在较低温度下循环, 可以获得燃烧条件的剧烈变化 (这两个优点都不具备氧燃烧技术)。
这项工作的目的是制定一个标准的操作程序, 运行的 CaL 试点工厂与循环流化床 (CFB) carbonator 和鼓泡流化床 (BFB) 分解炉 100% O2浓度在分解炉的入口。在试验装置的调试过程中进行了几项试验活动, 以确保随着氧气浓度的增加, 正常运行。此外, 研究了三石灰石粒度分布 (100-200 µm; 200-300 µm; 300-400 µm), 探讨了该参数对粒子淘洗的影响以及在这种操作模式下的捕获效率。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Longcal limestone</td><td>Loncliffe</td><td>Longcal SP52</td><td>n/a</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical Shaker</td><td>SWECO</td><td>LS24S544+C</td><td>Mechanical siever to separate particles</td></tr><tr><td>Oxygen</td><td>BOC</td><td>n/a</td><td>BOC cylinders</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>BOC</td><td>n/a</td><td>BOC tank</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon dioxide</td><td>BOC</td><td>n/a</td><td>BOC tank</td></tr><tr><td>Natural gas</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>Taken from the line</td></tr></tbody></table>

operation of a 25 kwth calcium looping pilot-plant with high oxygen concentrations in the calciner

钙循环 (CaL) 是一种后 CO2捕获技术, 适用于现有的发电厂的改造。CaL 过程使用石灰石作为一种便宜且易于使用的 CO2吸附剂。虽然这项技术得到了广泛的研究, 但还是有一些可供选择的办法, 使其更具经济可行性。其中之一是增加分解炉中的氧气浓度, 以减少或消除回收气体的数量 (CO2、H2O 和杂质);因此, 减少或除去加热循环气流所需的能量。此外, 由于燃烧强度的变化, 导致能量输入增加;这种能量是用来使吸热焙烧反应发生在没有再生的废气。本文介绍了在煅烧炉中采用100% 氧燃烧天然气的 CaL 试验装置的运行情况和初步结果。进入 carbonator 的气体是来自燃煤电厂或水泥工业的模拟烟气。还测试了几种石灰石粒度分布, 以进一步探讨此参数对该操作模式整体性能的影响。本文详细介绍了反应堆系统的结构、运行程序和结果。该反应器具有良好的流体力学稳定性和稳定的 CO2捕获, 其捕集效率可达 70%, 并可模拟燃煤电厂的烟气。

实验设置如图 3所示。该装置包括两个相互连接的流化床。即 carbonator 为4.3 米高、0.1 米内径 (ID) 的 CFB;而分解炉是一个 BFB, 具有1.2 米的高度和0.165 米的 ID。从一个反应堆到另一个反应器的固体输送由两个循环密封的氮气流化控制。两个反应堆通过预热线送入气体混合物, 两者都是电加热的;此外, 分解炉采用天然气, 以燃烧所需的热量进行吸热煅烧和?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner at JoVE.com

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

在煅烧炉中使用高氧浓度的 25 KWth钙循环试验装置的操作

本手稿描述了一种操作钙循环试验装置的程序, 用于在分解炉中高氧浓度的后碳捕获, 以减少或消除烟气循环。

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...

operation-25-kwth-calcium-looping-pilot-plant-with-high-oxygen

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

7.8K 次观看.  Cranfield University. 本手稿描述了一种操作钙循环试验装置的程序, 用于在分解炉中高氧浓度的后碳捕获, 以减少或消除烟气循环。

视频: Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

科研

环境科学

Dynamic Pore-scale Reservoir-condition Imaging of Reaction in Carbonates Using Synchrotron Fast Tomography

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve geologic seals and allow CO2 to escape. However, the dissolution processes at reservoir conditions are poorly understood. Thus, time-resolved experiments are needed to observe and predict the nature and rate of dissolution at the pore scale. Synchrotron fast tomography is a method of taking high-resolution time-resolved images of complex pore structures much more quickly than traditional &#181;-CT. The Diamond Lightsource Pink Beam was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 hours. The images were segmented and the porosity and permeability were measured using image analysis and network extraction. Porosity increased uniformly along the length of the sample; however, the rate of increase of both porosity and permeability slowed at later times.

Synchrotron fast tomography was used to dynamically image dissolution of limestone in the presence of CO2-saturated brine at reservoir conditions. 100 scans were taken at a 6.1 &#181;m resolution over a period of 2 h.

用同步快速反应层析成像动态孔隙规模油藏条件下成像碳酸盐

Underground storage permanence is a major concern for carbon capture and storage. Pumping CO2 into carbonate reservoirs has the potential to dissolve ...

工程学

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

This paper presents an experimental method to produce biofuels and biochemicals from canola oil mixed with a fossil-based feed in the presence of a catalyst at mild temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, and solid products from a reaction unit are quantified and characterized. Conversion and individual product yields are calculated and reported.

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

化学

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Temperature programmed reaction (TPRxn) is a simple yet powerful tool for screening solid catalyst performance at a variety of conditions. A TPRxn system includes a reactor, furnace, gas and vapor sources, flow control, instrumentation to quantify reaction products (e.g., gas chromatograph), and instrumentation to monitor the reaction in real time (e.g., mass spectrometer). Here, we apply the TPRxn methodology to study molybdenum carbide catalysts for the deoxygenation of acetic acid, an important reaction among many in the upgrading/stabilization of biomass pyrolysis vapors. TPRxn is used to evaluate catalyst activity and selectivity and to test hypothetical reaction pathways (e.g., decarbonylation, ketonization, and hydrogenation). The results of the TPRxn study of acetic acid deoxygenation show that molybdenum carbide is an active catalyst for this reaction at temperatures above ca. 300 &#176;C and that the reaction favors deoxygenation (i.e., C-O bond-breaking) products at temperatures below ca. 400 &#176;C and decarbonylation (i.e., C-C bond-breaking) products at temperatures above ca. 400 &#176;C.

Presented here is a protocol for the operation of a micro-scale temperature-programmed reactor for evaluating the catalytic performance of molybdenum carbide during acetic acid deoxygenation.

对碳化钼催化合成乙酸的程序升温脱氧

Temperature programmed reaction (TPRxn) is a simple yet powerful tool for screening solid catalyst performance at a variety of conditions. A TPRxn system ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉矿渣的双向稳定物价:沉淀碳酸钙和沸石重金属吸附剂的合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Microalgae Cultivation and Biomass Quantification in a Bench-Scale Photobioreactor with Corrosive Flue Gases

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for microalgal cultivation with temperature, pH, and gas composition and flow rate control. At bench-scale, photobioreactors are advantageous to researchers studying microalgal properties, productivity, and growth optimization. At industrial scales, photobioreactors can maintain product purity and improve production efficiency. The video describes the preparation and use of a bench-scale photobioreactor for microalgal cultivation, including the safe use of corrosive gas inputs, and details relevant biomass measurements and biomass productivity calculations. Specifically, the video illustrates microalgal culture storage and preparation for inoculation, photobioreactor assembly and sterilization, biomass concentration measurements, and a logistic model for microalgal biomass productivity with rate calculations including maximum and overall biomass productivities. Additionally, since there is growing interest in experiments to cultivate microalgae using simulated or real waste gas emissions, the video will cover the photobioreactor equipment adaptations necessary to work with corrosive gases and discuss safe sampling in such scenarios.

Bench-scale, axenic cultivation facilitates microalgal characterization and productivity optimization before subsequent process scale-up. Photobioreactors provide the necessary control for reliable and reproducible microalgal experiments and can be adapted to safely cultivate microalgae with the corrosive gases (CO2, SO2, NO2) from municipal or industrial combustion emissions.

具有腐蚀性烟气的台式光生物反应器中的微藻培养和生物量定量

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

快速超临界萃取制备催化气凝胶的制备与试验研究

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas electricity generation. Microalgae can biofix CO2 10 to 15 times faster than plants and convert algal biomass to products of interest, such as biofuels. Thus, this study presents a protocol that demonstrates the potential synergies of microalgae cultivation with a natural gas power plant situated in the southwestern United States in a hot semi-arid climate. State-of-the-art technologies are used to enhance carbon capture and utilization via the green algal species Chlorella sorokiniana, which can be further processed into biofuel. We describe a protocol involving a semi-automated open raceway pond and discuss the results of its performance when it was tested at the Tucson Electric Power plant, in Tucson, Arizona. Flue gas was used as the main carbon source to control pH, and Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated. An optimized medium was used to grow the algae. The amount of CO2 added to the system as a function of time was closely monitored. Additionally, other physicochemical factors affecting algal growth rate, biomass productivity, and carbon fixation were monitored, including optical density, dissolved oxygen (DO), electroconductivity (EC), and air and pond temperatures. The results indicate that a microalgae yield of up to 0.385 g/L ash-free dry weight is attainable, with a lipid content of 24%. Leveraging synergistic opportunities between CO2 emitters and algal farmers can provide the resources required to increase carbon capture while supporting the sustainable production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.

A protocol is described to utilize the carbon dioxide in natural gas power plant flue gas to cultivate microalgae in open raceway ponds. Flue gas injection is controlled with a pH sensor, and microalgae growth is monitored with real time measurements of optical density.

将发电厂的碳捕获与半自动开放式管道池相结合，用于微藻养殖

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas ...

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

低温微波辅助热液碳化降低柳树燃料排放

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea is to use concentration technology to raise the incident solar light intensity. Concentrating a large-area light onto a small area cannot only increase light intensity, but also reduce the catalyst amount, as well as the reactor volume, and increase the surface temperature. The concentration of light can be realized by different devices. In this manuscript, it is realized by a Fresnel lens. The light penetrates the lens and is concentrated on a disc-shaped catalyst. The results show that both the reaction rate and the total yield are efficiently increased. The method can be applied to most CO2 photoreduction catalysts, as well as to similar reactions with a low reaction rate at natural light.

CO2 Photoreduction to CH4 Performance Under Concentrating Solar Light

We present a protocol for improving the performance of CO2 photoreduction to CH4 by heightening the incident light intensity via concentrating solar energy technology.

CO2光还原到 CH4在集中太阳光下的性能

We demonstrate a method for the enhancement of CO2 photoreduction. As the driving force of a photocatalytic reaction is from solar light, the basic idea ...

在煅烧炉中使用高氧浓度的 25 KW_th钙循环试验装置的操作

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