作者感谢彼得 Schiphorst 在设计设置和提供图1和3的图形方面的作用, 以及马尼克斯 Naber 的有用讨论和他对图表6的贡献。作者还承认研究人员和出版商从一个已发表的论文1中重用图1和6。

本议定书已得到密歇根州立大学机构审查委员会的批准. 
 1. 生成系统 <ol> <li> 基本原理 <ol> <li> 准备镜像设置, 经典惠斯立体 28 的变体在 图1中演示, 由位于45和 #176 的两个镜像组成; 相对于参与者和 #39 中线的角度。镜子反映了两个屏幕的刺激, 它们位于桌子的两端, 彼此面向. </li>
		<li> 在镜子前放置一个参与者, 让他们查看不同的屏幕, 通过不同的镜子反映出来, 每只眼睛。为了取得最佳效果, 使用头部休息来稳定参与者和 #39 的头部. </li>
		<li> 将红外线敏感的视频眼跟踪器 (包括照相机和照明灯) 放置在参与者前面, 但在镜子后面。眼睛跟踪器由 图 1 中的一个框表示. 
		注意: 在这种类型的正常设置中试图跟踪眼睛的一个挑战是, 眼睛被镜子挡住了. </li>
		<li> 使用两个前表面反射镜, 通常是广告 #34; 冷镜和 #34; (入射角:45 和 #176;), 该特征近乎完全的可见光反射率和近乎完全的近红外波长传输 (详见表 1)有关镜像的信息). 
		注: 此类镜子可以通过提供科学和工业用途的光学设备的公司获得, 这通常列出诸如和 #39 之类的组件; 冷镜和 #39; 或作为一种和 #39;d ichroic 镜子和 #39; (参见材料中更多的细节设备表)。
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> 设置 1 </td> <td> 设置 2 </td> </tr> <tr> 镜像 <td rowspan="3"> </td> 维度 <td> </td> 10.10#215; 12.70 厘米 </td> <td> 10.10 和 #215; 12.70 厘米 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 反射 </td> <td> 400 ~ 690 nm </td> <td> 425 ~ 650 nm </td> </tr> <tr> 传输 <td> </td> 750 ~ 1200 nm <td> </td> 800 ~ 1200 nm <td> </td>>> <td rowspan="2"> 眼球跟踪器 </td> <td> 品牌 </td> <td> 研究-最终眼球跟踪仪 </td> <td> 客户级别眼球跟踪仪 </td> </tr> <tr> 传输 <td> </td> 890 〜 940 nm <td> </td> 大约 850 nm <td> </td> </tr> </tbody>
		 表1。我们已经使用过的安装程序的两个版本的详细信息. 
		眼睛跟踪器和 #39 的传输波长范围由镜像和 #39 覆盖; 传输范围在45和 #176; 入射角, 但在其反射范围之外. </li>
	安装程序 <ol> <li> 的 </ol> </li> <li> 结构在桌面上建立安装。除镜子和眼睛追踪器之外, 它仅包括由纤维板制成的三 custom-built 元素 (参见 图 2 为汇编指南) 和二台平板显示器在显示器-胳膊可利用从正常办公室供应商店. </li>
		<li> 纤维板元素 <ol> <li> 从纤维板的三组件中构建安装框架: 一个中心组件和两侧的两个参考板 (参见 图 1 , 用于一般定位、表2对于详细维度, 以及每个组件的程序集指南的 图 2 。将所有这些碎片涂在无光泽的黑色中以减少光散射. 
			注意: 中心组件 (参见 图 2B 和 2D ) 持有镜像和眼睛跟踪器。两者都是在同一高原, 从而保持眼睛跟踪的参与者和 #39; 眼睛水平. </li>
			<li> 放置此组件的顶部元素, 使其在桌面的前面留下8厘米深。这样的安排为参与者和 #39 提供了足够的空间, 使其在头上保持稳定, 并避免在过期时在镜子上凝结, 同时最小化参与者和 #39 之间的距离; 使眼睛和镜子最大化参与者和 #39 的可视字段的可能使用. </li>
			<li> 将两个参考板直接放在显示器下面 (请参阅 图 1 用于定位和 图 2 面板 A 和 C 的组件指南), 以方便手动校准屏幕。请注意, 屏幕和板之间的 图 1 中的明显偏移是由于图像中的有限深度提示造成的;这些板子在两边的显示器上都是直的. </li>
			<li> 将长的横向与桌面的边缘对齐, 而长的垂直线会在桌面的前面留下4厘米, 以方便稳定校准板 (见下) 到这些主板。这两个小的垂直面将确保垂直保持竖直作为显示器的参考. </li>
			<li> (可选) 使用单独的纤维板作为校准板 (请参见 图 3 )。在这种情况下, 在获得一个最佳的显示器位置后, 将校准板放在参考板上, 并在校准板上显示参考板和显示器的位置 (例如, 强类 = "xfig" > 图 3 , 木板条提供这些指示). </li>
			<li> 当所需的监视器位置丢失时 (意外或由于其他实验需要不同的位置), 请使用校准板上的标记来检索此位置, 以便将校准板放回相对于在桌子上有固定位置的参考板。再次移动显示器以使其与适当的标记一致 (请参见步骤 2.1.1. 详细信息)。
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody> <tr> <td> 组件 </td> <td> 维度 (cm) </td> <td> 数字 </td> <td> 备注 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"> 中心组件td > <td> 80、#215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 水平上 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 23 和 #215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 水平底部 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 21 和 #215; 32 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td>
						<td> 中央垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 32 和 #215; 25 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 1 </td> <td> 前面向垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td rowspan="3"> 参考板 </td> <td> 61 和 #215; 11 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 长水平 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 66 和 #215; 29 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 长垂直 </td> </tr>
					<tr> <td> 11 和 #215; 15 和 #215; 2 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 小垂直 </td></tr> </tbody> </table> 表2。纤维板组件的详细信息. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 监视器和镜像 <ol> <li> 将安装设置在标准办公室的顶部. </li>
			<li> 在标准显示器臂上安装两个平板显示器, 固定在办公桌一侧 (夹住参考板和办公桌)。这些武器允许翻译在三维度和旋转在屏幕的平面。传统的 CRT 显示器显然也与安装程序兼容, 但在定位和重新定位方面却不具备相同的灵活性. </li>
			<li> 在镜像装载上挂载镜像, 由相同的供应商为目的销售。将这些支架连接到在参与者和 #39 上持有镜子的纤维板; 眼睛水平。把镜子放在90和 #176 的位置上, 在中心的角度, 在参与者和 #39 的鼻子前. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 剩余元素 注意: 一些实验要求参与者不要从眼角看到屏幕, 这样就可以直接看见屏幕的线 (在 图 4A 中虚线)应该避免。
		<ol> <li> 在这种情况下, 创建和 #34; 眼罩和 #34; 黑色的纸板和泡沫填充的孔带涂黑色, 并附上他们的头部休息的职位 (见 图 4B )。调整眼罩的高度和角度, 以适应个别参与者。如果参加者前面的墙有高反射率, 挂一块黑色的面料将有助于弥补这一点. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 2。使用系统 <ol> <li> 硬件校准 注: 校准的目的是为了使两台显示器之间的融合更加轻松, 从而实现两台显示器和 #39 的协调; 每个参与者的图像。这可以通过两个步骤实现: 硬件校准 (此处描述) 和软件校准 (如下所述)。
	<ol> <li> 使用校准板时, 如上所述, 将其与一个参考板对齐, 如果需要, 将其与 C 钳固定在一起, 然后将相应的显示器移动到校准板上所需的参考线上。显示器应该是平行的, 并且每个应该是平直的在它的参考板之上. </li>
		<li> 当使用眼罩时, 将其移动到参与者和 #39 的眼睛水平, 并将它们稍微向中线旋转, 即比较内向, 与显示器的方向相对。确保每只眼睛都能看到镜子里的整个视觉刺激, 而不直接看到它。把眼罩朝向而不是远离中线将会使参与者和 #39 最小化; 接触其他视觉输入. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 软件校准 <ol> <li>, 因为尽管使用了头部休息, 参与者的眼睛位置可能会有所不同, 但在进行实验之前还要进一步校准。这部分是最容易完成的软件, 即不移动的设置和 #39; s 部分进一步。有两种可能的方法。
		<ol> <li> 对于第一个, 在交替的两个屏幕上呈现一个点, 并指示参与者通过在其中一个屏幕上移动点 (或两个相反方向) 来消除感知位置的变化. </li>
			<li> 对于第二种方法, 指示参与者将实验刺激的帧与两个点对齐, 使眼睛和 #39; 对特定实验至关重要的可视字段对齐. </li>
		</ol> </li> <li> 在应用任一方法后, 将实验中的刺激集中在所产生的 on-screen 位置上。其他方面的设置显示和刺激 dichoptic 演示文稿一般可以在别处找到 5 . </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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J., Braun, J., Moody, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+tracker+system+for+use+with+head+mounted+displays.">Eye tracker system for use with head mounted displays.</a> 1998 IEEE Int. Conf. Syst. Man. 5, 4348-4352 (1998).</li><li>Gibaldi, A., Vanegas, M., Bex, P. J., Maiello, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Tobii+EyeX+Eye+tracking+controller+and+Matlab+toolkit+for+research.">Evaluation of the Tobii EyeX Eye tracking controller and Matlab toolkit for research.</a> Behav. Res. Methods. , 1-24 (2016).</li><li>Fox, R., Todd, S., Bettinger, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+nystagmus+as+an+objective+indicator+of+binocular+rivalry.">Optokinetic nystagmus as an objective indicator of binocular rivalry.</a> Vision Res. 15 (7), 849-853 (1975).</li><li>Leopold, D. A., Fitzgibbons, J. C., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Attention+in+Binocular+Rivalry+as+Revealed+through+Optokinetic+Nystagmus.">The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Zaretskaya, N., Thielscher, A., Logothetis, N. K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

我们提出了一个 step-by 步指南的建设和使用的实验设置, 允许同时跟踪眼睛和 dichoptic 呈现视觉刺激。在许多情况下, dichoptic 刺激使用, 关键的问题, 防止有效的眼睛跟踪是 dichoptic 表示阻挡视线的视频眼追踪。这是通过使用红外线透明的镜子和红外线敏感的眼睛跟踪器来解决的。这种设置允许3D 视觉, 双眼抑制或临床研究的研究员收集高质量的眼球跟踪数据, 同时使用大的, 任意颜色的刺激。
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在正常的观察条件下, 我们的每一个眼睛都接受一个稍微不同的视觉输入。然后处理这个输入, 以产生一个连贯的, 三维的世界代表。Dichoptic 演示, 独立控制两只眼睛所呈现的输入的实践, 从而使研究人员能够从两个 two-dimensional 视网膜图像2中重建一个三维的表示.,3,4。另外, 如果两只眼睛的图像太不相同, 这种双眼组合就会失败, 而观察者却只报告其中一个图像的感知, 而另一只则被压制, 在诸如双目对抗等现象中5和连续的 flash 抑制6。这种双眼抑制的研究人员, 也使用 dichoptic 演示, 在这种情况下, 以检查与主题有关的问题, 如神经轨迹的意识7, 感性选择8,9, 和无意识正在处理10。
凝视和瞳孔动力学在人类行为和知觉的研究中被记录为多个目的。凝视方向可以通知有关, 例如, 注意分配11,10,13和决策14, 而瞳孔大小可以显示可视处理的各个方面15, 16, 任务约定17, 或流体智能18。
结合眼跟踪与 dichoptic 演示是有用的研究, 例如, 三维 (3D) 知觉19,20,21,22或视觉反应在双眼抑制期间输入23,24,25。例如, 在连续的 flash 抑制23中, 发现了眼球运动, 而没有主观感知的无意识处理。临床视觉研究人员可以使用的能力, 跟踪两眼在 dichoptic 的演示, 以调查眼部疾病, 影响两眼非对称, 例如, 监测单眼和双目视觉失真发生在弱视26和黄斑27。
我们最近描述了一个设置1 , 它允许高质量的视频眼跟踪和 dichoptic 刺激的组合, 对刺激的大小或颜色的限制很少, 我们评估了它的性能。下面我们将总结这个设置的构造和使用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

不同的刺激对两只眼睛的介绍, dichoptic 介绍, 是必要的研究涉及3D 视觉和双眼抑制。关于瞳孔和动眼神经测量的独特实验价值的文献越来越多, 特别是对双眼抑制的研究。虽然获得眼球跟踪措施将有益于使用 dichoptic 演示的研究, 但 dichoptic 演示的硬件 (如镜子) 通常会干扰高质量的眼球跟踪, 尤其是在使用视频眼睛跟踪.我们最近描述了一个实验性的设置, 它将一个标准的 dichoptic 演示系统与红外眼睛跟踪器结合使用红外透明镜像1。安装程序与标准监视器和眼跟踪器兼容, 易于实施, 而且价格适中 (按1000美元的顺序)。相对于现有的方法, 它具有不需要特殊设备的好处, 对视觉刺激的性质和质量的限制很少。在这里, 我们提供了建设和使用我们的设置视觉指南。

在协议中描述的校准后, 我们执行了校准-验证程序, 而不存在镜像的问题。图 5清楚地说明了该方法的有效性, 它显示了照相机的图像 (使用研究端眼跟踪系统) 与镜像到位。两组平行线沿参与者的鼻子和眼睛眉毛以上的线是镜子的边缘, 但, 然而, 在该框架内的脸是一样清楚的, 因为它是外面。这突出显示了在相机记录的波长上缺少信号损耗。一个正式?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

我们最近提出了一种方法, 允许 dichoptic 视觉刺激演示和双目眼睛跟踪同时1。关键是红外眼跟踪器和相应的红外透明镜像的组合。这份手稿提供了一个在初始设置和日常操作的深度协议。

如何建立一个包括眼球跟踪器的 Dichoptic 演示系统

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K 次观看.  Michigan State University. 我们最近提出了一种方法, 允许 dichoptic 视觉刺激演示和双目眼睛跟踪同时1。关键是红外眼跟踪器和相应的红外透明镜像的组合。这份手稿提供了一个在初始设置和日常操作的深度协议。

视频: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

眼运动监测内存

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

神经科学

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：一个模块化的软件系统动眼神经实验

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

自闭症幼儿的眼动追踪

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

医学

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

有效地记录不协调谱的眼手协调

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

使用移动眼动追踪器捕捉联合视觉注意力的方法

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

在分选择性观察条件下评估双目中央视场和双目眼运动

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...