该项目由工程和物理科学研究理事会 EPSRC (EP/K503745/1)、国家卫生研究所 (NIHR) 生物医学研究中心 (BRC272/HI/JG/101440) 和伦敦大学学院的变革制造商提供资金。

该议定书遵循伦敦大学学院人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针。
警告: 本协议包含电气危害和烧伤危险 (烙铁);请在尝试此协议之前读取两个内容。此协议包括将设备连接到皮肤。确保在任何时间, 在皮肤和电源之间有一个路径。不要接触烙铁的元素。用镊子或夹子将电线加热。使用时保持清洁海绵湿润。在不使用时, 始终将烙铁退回其支架。不要把它放在工作台上。关闭设备并在不使用时拔下插头。
1. 组装基本组件
注意:图 3提供了协议步骤的高级概述。
<ol><li>要建立仿生的响片 MK I, 将生物信号传感器屏蔽插入到微控制器中, 并将肌电信号的缆线螺钉插入屏蔽的 E、M 和接地螺钉端子 (请参见图 4)。继续执行步骤1.6。</li>
	<li>
要构建 MK II, 请在 + 的肌肉传感器中放置一行三头针,-和 SIG 孔 (请参阅上面的图 5) 和下面的焊料。
	<ol>
<li>弯曲的头针90°与一对 plyers 一半的针脚。这安置别针在正确位置为案件。</li>
		<li>如果使用诱拐食指肌肉作为输入, 继续步骤 1.3, 如果不移动到步骤1.4。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
从肌肉传感器中取出短的黑色参考线。
	<ol>
<li>用线切割器切断三肌电图电缆, 从手腕到手的后部。用铁丝剥线剥去三肌电信号的末端。</li>
		<li>将黑线的剥离端放入 R 孔, 将蓝线插入 E 孔, 并将红色导线插入肌肉传感器的 M 孔 (图 5)。在肌肉传感器的底部焊接电线。移到步骤1.5。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
将两个电极垫夹入肌肉传感器的下侧, 并将一个电极插入黑色参考线的连接器中。
	<ol>
<li>用电极垫将肌肉传感器粘在选定的肌肉上, 并将黑色参考电极放置在适当的位置。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
将8单核多线程线切割成长度和带末端: 5 短 (7 厘米) 电线运行从单片机到控制板 (红色, 黑色, 绿色, 白色和蓝色) 和3更长 (约12厘米, 但依赖于手腕尺寸) 电线 (红色, 黑色和绿色)从手腕的一端跑到另一侧。 注: 如果将肌肉传感器放置在不同的肌肉上, 请确保较长的电线将从肌肉传感器站点运行到无线微控制器站点。<ol>
<li>将导线放入微控制器中准备焊接: 2 条红线进入3V 孔, 2 条黑线进入接地孔, 长青线进入 A0 孔, 短蓝线成2孔, 长白线进入3孔, 并将短的绿线插入到5孔中。在微控制器的底部焊接电线。</li>
		<li>将3条长导线的另一端焊至3头插座, 顺序为: 红色、黑色、绿色。请参见图 5。如果不使用诱拐食指肌肉继续到步骤2。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
将肌电信号传感器垫放在手上, 如图 6所示, 其中两个电极位于食指肌的一端, 一个肌电传感器垫位于手的背部中部。
	<ol>
<li>将电极垫夹入肌肉传感器电缆的接头端 (推合)。蓝色和红色电极夹在肌肉上方, 黑色电极夹在手的背面。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 测试肌电信号输出
<ol><li>从参考部分的链接14之后, 下载生物信号屏蔽库。解压它并将其放在集成开发 (IDE) 库文件夹中 (通常在文档/Arduino/库中找到)。继续执行步骤2.3。如果生成 MK II, 请继续执行步骤2.2。</li>
	<li>按照15的说明, 将微控制器主板添加到 IDE 中。</li>
	<li>下载 "ThresholdTest" 的 mk i 或 "BLEThresholdTest" 和 "BluefruitConfig", 用于 mk II 并在 IDE 软件 (补充文件) 中打开。</li>
	<li>从电源上拔下笔记本电脑, 然后, 然后, 通过通用串行总线 (USB) 电缆将微控制器插入笔记本电脑。</li>
	<li>将相关的阈值测试版本上传到微控制器上, 然后打开串行监视器 (工具 > 串行监视器)。现在将显示肌电信号的输出。</li>
	<li>移动食指从一边到另一边并且移动手在附近, 不用移动食指。记下每个案例中显示的值。 注意: 当使用 MK II 确保电缆不移动, 因为它是非常敏感的噪音产生这种方式。</li>
	<li>选择一个值高于手移动时所看到的数值, 但在手指从一侧移到另一侧时所看到的下方。记下这个值。 注意: 该值是选定的, 以便该设备只会被激活的手指有目的的运动。这是阈值触发器数值, 将激活该设备的值。肌肉传感器有一个增益设置, 可以手动改变, 如果阈值是很难找到。电极可能需要更换。如果使用食指肌, 将增益设定为最小值作为起始点。增益设置是改变由电位器上的肌肉传感器标记的增益, 这可以改变一个小平头螺丝刀。</li>
</ol>3. 测试阈值
<ol><li>下载 "BoomTest" 的 mk i 或 "BLEBoomTest" 和 BluefruitConfig h 为 mk II, 并在 IDE 软件中打开它。</li>
	<li>通过将 "PLACE_YOUR_THRESHOLD_TRIGGER_VALUE_HERE" 替换为前面在步骤2.8 中确定的阈值触发器, 来编辑所提供的代码。这是 mk I 和 II. 代码47行代码的37行</li>
	<li>将 BoomTest 的正确版本上传到微控制器上, 然后打开串行监视器 (工具 > 串行监视器)。</li>
	<li>移动手 (不移动食指从一边到另一边);在串行输出上没有看到任何东西。</li>
	<li>将食指从一边移动到另一侧;"繁荣" 这个词出现了。 注意: 如果 "BOOM" 出现在错误的时间或根本不显示, 请检查连接并移回步骤2.7。</li>
</ol>4. 3D 打印 MK II 例
<ol><li>如果生成 MK II, 请为案例的所有5组件下载 stl 文件 (请参见图 7中的所有5部分)。按任何首选方法打印案例的各个部分。继续执行步骤5.2。如果建立 MK I, 继续5节。 注: 该案例已成功印出熔融沉积模拟16 (差分) 和光刻机打印机17。</li>
</ol>5. 焊接控制板
注意: 如果生成 MK II, 请继续执行步骤5.2。
<ol><li>
放置一排两个头引脚, 五10ω电阻器, 滑动开关和两个按钮开关的组成部分, 如图 8a;然后把它们焊在板子的底部。
	<ol>
<li>按照图 8a上的灰色线, 用工艺刀进行切片, 以打破带状板上的铜轨。这使得各个轨道在整个电路板上具有多个功能。</li>
		<li>切割7线 (黑色, 红色, 蓝色, 橙色, 白色, 褐色和黄色) 的正确长度与一个线切割机, 使他们将运行从前臂到上臂 (约30厘米)。切割7厘米的红线, 黑色线3厘米和橙色, 蓝色线的4厘米。</li>
		<li>用铁丝剥线剥去电线的两端。</li>
		<li>将导线放在控制板中, 按照图 9中所示的电路图进行布线;将电线焊在下面的地方。</li>
		<li>将长的红色和黑色的导线焊接到一对头针上, 然后再将其他长的导线焊接到一条标头针脚中, 顺序为: 蓝色、橙色、白色、褐色、黄色。</li>
		<li>将无线模块的5V 和地线针脚焊接到控制板上的接头针脚上。</li>
		<li>将短的橙色线焊接到无线通信模块的2针和短的蓝线以引脚3。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
放置三10ω电阻器、滑动开关和两个按钮开关, 如图 10a 所示, 并将其焊接到主板底部。
	<ol>
<li>按照图 10A上的灰色线, 通过用工艺刀进行切片, 打破条板上的铜轨。这使得轨道在电路板上有多个功能。</li>
		<li>切断以前焊接到微控制器上的导线与一个线切割机, 使他们可以运行通过的微控制器外壳的中间层到控制板, 而不停止的情况下关闭 (图 10B)。</li>
		<li>按照电路图 (图 11) 将导线放在控制板上。把电线焊到位。继续执行步骤6.2。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>6. 组装和更新单片机
<ol><li>重新组装的仿生的响片, 连接头连接器从控制板电线到微控制器和生物信号盾 (5V 和地线上 MK I, 引脚22-30 在 MKII)。将电池连接到微控制器。请参见图 12。转到步骤6.3。</li>
	<li>重新组装仿生遥控器, 将接头从单片机连接到肌肉传感器 (绿色导线到 SIG)。请参见图 13。</li>
	<li>通过 USB 电缆将微控制器连接到笔记本电脑。</li>
	<li>下载 "BionicClicker" 或 "BLEBionicClicker 和 BluefruitConfig", 然后在 IDE 软件中打开它。</li>
	<li>编辑代码并将 "PLACE_YOUR_THRESHOLD_TRIGGER_VALUE_HERE" 替换为2.7 步中确定的阈值触发器 (mk II 的代码的59行中的 "第一行", 该代码中的83线, 用于第二部分)。 注意: 通过编辑代码的47 行, 可以更改 MK II 设备在通过无线连接时出现的名称。使用替代标题替换 "仿生遥控器 MK II"。</li>
	<li>卸下 USB 电缆以断开微控制器与便携式计算机的连接。</li>
</ol>7. 将设备连接到计算机
<ol><li>如果使用 MK I, 请按照制造商指南18的说明将无线模块与设备配对。如果使用 MK II, 则通过无线键盘与正在使用的计算机连接的过程无线连接到设备。</li>
</ol>8. 测试遥控器
<ol><li>
打开一些打字软件, 并输入一些文字, 如 ' Lorem ipsum 忧伤坐 amet '。这使得印刷机被视为测试是否发送和接收这些命令。 注意: 如果电池电量不足, 设备可能会发出不稳定的行为;总是使用新电池。<ol>
<li>按 "手动前进" 按钮可看到光标向前移动, 手动后退按钮可看到光标向后移动。抬起食指也向前移动。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>要用演示软件测试遥控器, 请抬起食指以进行幻灯片的进度。 注意: "覆盖开关" 打开和关闭 "肌电信号" 功能, "手动前进" 和 "后退" 按钮在两种情况下都会前进并后退幻灯片。</li>
</ol>9. 安装遥控器
注意: 如果生成 MK II 移动到步骤9.2。
<ol><li>
如果建立 MK I, 削减双面钩和线圈的材料与剪刀, 使其适合舒适的手腕周围。确保环面朝内, 不划伤手腕。
	<ol>
<li>切割双面钩和线圈的材料, 使其适合舒适地在上臂, 再次确保环面朝内。</li>
		<li>将双面钩和环条切至微控制器 (10 cm x 5 cm) 和控制板 (2.5 cm x 6.4 厘米) 的大小。切一条将紧紧围绕电池 (4 厘米 x 12 厘米)。</li>
		<li>使用胶枪, 胶水的线圈一侧的小条的底部的微控制器和底部的控制板。</li>
		<li>将控制板连接到腕带上。将微控制器和电池连接到上臂皮带上。</li>
		<li>插头的所有内容: 9 伏电池插头进入微控制器与 PP3 连接器。微控制器和电子卫生盾通过焊接的导线连接到控制板。 注: MK I 现已完成。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
如果建立 MK II, 削减双面钩和循环材料35毫米宽, 足够长的时间包在手腕 (约22厘米较小的手腕)。
	<ol>
<li>滑动钩和循环材料通过剪辑在底部的情况下。确保环面朝内, 不划伤手腕。</li>
		<li>将焊接到微控制器上的导线插入到肌肉传感器上的公头针脚上, 并将电极插入肌电信号中, 并将其推入。 注: MK II 现已完成。请参见图 14。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Arduino IDE Setup Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://learn.adafruit.com/add-boards-arduino-v164/setup">https://learn.adafruit.com/add-boards-arduino-v164/setup</a> (2017)</li><li>. Ultimaker 2+ Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://ultimaker.com/en/products/ultimaker-2-plus">https://ultimaker.com/en/products/ultimaker-2-plus</a> (2017)</li><li>. Form 2 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://formlabs.com/3d-printers/form-2/">https://formlabs.com/3d-printers/form-2/</a> (2017)</li><li>. Pairing to Bluefruit Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-bluefruit-ez-key-diy-bluetooth-hid-keyboard/pairing-to-bluefruit">https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-bluefruit-ez-key-diy-bluetooth-hid-keyboard/pairing-to-bluefruit</a> (2017)</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

MK II 的饱和度, 当用于诱拐食指是较少的问题比它5月1日出现。小心放置的电极和正确的增益设置停止这是一个问题时, 设备是作为一个响片。除非有兴趣准确记录诱拐者指数的活动, 否则这不可能是一个问题。在其他肌肉被确定后, 没有任何饱和被发现。假阴性与 MK II 是由于困难的选择适当的阈值时, 使用诱拐食指。与更大的肌肉区别在大小之间肌肉的 non-purposeful 活化作用和有目的紧张肌肉是更大的, 允许选择一个门限点进一步从假正面和假阴性点.在特别小的手食指肌可能是太小的电极被正确地安置 (虽然与更小的电极垫这可能可能被解决)。
由于多种原因, MK II 的电池寿命较长很有用。首先, MK I 装置在使用45分钟后开始发生不稳定的行为, 因此不能用于更长的演示。其次, multi-hour 电池寿命, MK II 可以被认为是一个有用的设备的控制输入, 并只增加了一个小的物理电池的大小, 它可以作为全天候监测设备。无线微控制器有6模拟输入和13数字输入;这意味着该设备可以接受来自多个肌肉传感器的信号, 在控制输入中创建具有更多自由度的设备。还应该指出, 肌肉传感器可以取代任何生物传感器与模拟输出创建一个设备, 使用其他生物信号作为输入。该设备的代码也可以很容易地修改, 以改变其功能。对设备的软件和硬件的更改允许对设备进行简单而多样的修改。
该设备目前的一个限制是, 不能以高数据速率以无线方式发送肌电信号输出, 因为这会使无线微控制器缓冲区过载。另一个限制是, 该技术使用诱拐指数作为输入, 并由于肌肉非常小, 在手的电极间距几乎重叠;如果某人有特别小的手, 它可能不可能正确地安置电极在这个肌肉。
当涉及到潜在研究项目的灵活性时, 该设备比较昂贵的设备有几个优点。这是低成本: 设备成本80美元和额外的肌电信号通道只花费35美元, 使其适合较小或学生项目。它易于自定义, 软件可以很容易地编辑, 并为其他硬件的输入改变。它有一个小尺寸, 所以一个人穿它不需要携带笨重或笨重的设备。它还会显示为其他设备的无线键盘, 因此可以方便地与任何兼容的无线设备集成。该设备已被纳入一个辅助设备, 将在不久的将来出版。
由于 MK II 的定制的规模和易用性, 它已经被考虑作为一个无线肌电信号模块和无线触发机制纳入几个研究项目。它也被用来作为一个实验课的基础上, 一个硕士学生的课程。我们想对该设备进行的主要改进是提高无线传输速率;目标是实现10赫兹, 这是否将通过硬件或软件来完成, 还有待确定。
协议中最关键的步骤是步骤2.6 和 2.7: 阈值触发器的选择。在步骤2.6 中, 需要特别注意肌电信号的移动, 因为它们可以充当天线和产生运动伪影;但是, 如果这些保持静止, 这不是一个问题。在步骤2.7 中, 如果所选值太高, 则会导致错误的负数。如果此值过低, 则会导致误报。在诱拐食指的情况下, 很难找到一个不会导致偶然的假阴性的值, 虽然与较大的肌肉, 这似乎不是一个问题。如果找到正确的值仍然是一个问题, 增益可以纠正通过设置它的最小值, 并增加它, 直到非和激活之间的一个很大的差异, 通过串行读出, 值保持低于点饱和.
总体上 mk II 是一个相当大的改进, 在 mk i 作为一个潜在的研究设备, 虽然因为 mk 我有一个更强的视觉冲击力, 它很可能仍然被用于未来的公众参与事件。

渴望康复工程和辅助技术中心调查在相关领域的不同领域适用和可转让的技术, 包括但不限于中风、肌肉萎缩症、截肢, 人口老龄化和专业技能培训。中心所涉及的研究领域之一是 neuroprosthesis。在控制 neuroprosthetic 武器的许多技术中, 肌电信号是控制系统的最常见的输入1,2,3,45。与其他控制系统7相比, 这在很大程度上是因为它的易用性和可承受能力。最近开发的 3 d 印刷假体, 如 Ada 手, 在使用这种类型的控制8,9,10时只能花费1000美元。然而, 在试图向公众展示这种系统时, 如果没有截肢的人的帮助, 就没有简单的办法。
为了提高这一领域的研究活动对公众的认识, 研制了一种仿生的响片演示装置。使用基于对象的演示是非常重要的, 因为它吸引了注意并加速了11所教授的主题的学习和理解。我们的设备不仅有助于教授肌电图的概念, 还能提高对现代技术发展的认识。此外, 它还鼓励年轻一代在科学、技术、工程和数学 (词干) 领域内选择研究。
仿生的选择 MK I 是使用现成的零件, 已经在实验室内使用。它包括一个微控制器, 一个生物信号盾12, 电极, 一个控制板, 一个无线通信板和一个 9 V 电池。该装置的功能是拾取的活动食指肌肉位于食指和拇指之间。它通过模仿键盘并在达到预选阈值时发送 "右按键" 来触发幻灯片更改。控制板允许手动发送 "右" 和 "左" 按键 (进度幻灯片和后退幻灯片), 如果在现场演示中出现问题, 也可以使用它来覆盖肌电信号输入。
作为医学物理和生物医学工程系公共参与活动的一部分, 我们向公众展示了仿生的遥控器。它得到了观众的热烈响应, 并产生了开始几个合作的兴趣。在最初的设备的成功之后设计了第二个版本的设备。
设计第二个设备的目的是制造比第一个设备更便宜、更不繁琐和更可定制的设备。该设备的目的是设计一些很容易被修改的学生项目, 并将其便宜地并入现有项目中。此设备的主要优势在于其他可用的1、2、3、4、5、6是其易用性、小尺寸和低成本。虽然仿生的响片装置可能没有其他研究装置的分辨率, 比如触发装置, 但它们已经足够好了。MK II 将是任何使用肌电信号阈值触发设备 (如假肢控制器或辅助设备) 的系统的理想基础。
该设计是基于一个无线功能的微控制器和肌肉传感器。它还包括一个3.7 伏150毫安的锂聚合物电池, 一个手动控制板和一个 3 d 打印的情况下。图 3显示了设计之间的差异的概览。MK II 设计具有与原始设备相同的基本功能, 但对于新的应用 (如无线肌电信号监控) 具有显著的潜在功能。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;For the Mark I&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any laptop with USB</td></tr><tr><td>USB B cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>From laptop to USB-B connection on Arduino</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering Station</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solder</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot glue gun</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot glue gun glue</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Items&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Single-Core Multi-thread Wires</td><td></td><td></td><td>Black, Red, Yellow, Brown, Orange White, Blue,</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino MEGA 2560</td><td>Arduino</td><td>Arduino MEGA 2560</td><td>(Geniuno MEGA 2560 outside US)</td></tr><tr><td>E-Health Shield v2.0</td><td>Cooking Hacks</td><td>e-Health Sensor Shield V2.0 for Arduino, Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo [Biometric / Medical Applications]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMG cables</td><td>Cooking Hacks</td><td>Electromyography Sensor (EMG) for e-Health Platform [Biometric / Medical Applications]</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMG Electrodes</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>SEN-12969</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9V battery</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any</td></tr><tr><td>Power cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>PP3 9v connector with jack</td></tr><tr><td>Bluefruit EZ-KEY HID</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1535</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>strip board</td><td>Amazon.co.uk</td><td>Small Stripboard 25 X 64mm Pack of 3</td><td>any similiar stripboard 2.54mm pitch 7x25</td></tr><tr><td>push button switch</td><td></td><td>COM-00097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>slide switch</td><td>amazon.com</td><td>20 Pcs On/Off/On DPDT 2P2T 6 Pin Vertical DIP Slide Switch 9x4x3.5mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>resistors</td><td></td><td>COM-11508</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double sided Velcro</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Break Away Headers - Straight</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT-00116</td><td>2, 2 and 5 needed</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;For the Mark II&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any laptop with USB connection</td></tr><tr><td>USB micro cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>From laptop to USB micro (standard phone connector style)</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering Station</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any</td></tr><tr><td>Solder</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Items&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small Single-Core Multi-thread Wires</td><td></td><td></td><td>Black, Red, Green, White, Blue,</td></tr><tr><td>Feather BLE 32U4</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>2829</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MyoWare</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>SEN-13723</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMG cables</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>CAB-12970</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMG electrodes</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>SEN-12969</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3.7 V LiPo</td><td>Adafruit</td><td>1317</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Strip Board</td><td>amazon.co.uk</td><td>Small Stripboard 25 X 64mm Pack of 3</td><td>2.54 pitch 7x9 rows</td></tr><tr><td>Push Button switch</td><td></td><td>COM-00097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>slide switch</td><td>amazon.com</td><td>20 Pcs On/Off/On DPDT 2P2T 6 Pin Vertical DIP Slide Switch 9x4x3.5mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>resistors</td><td></td><td>COM-11508</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3D printed parts</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be 3D printed yourself or printed from a website</td></tr><tr><td>Double sided Velcro</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Break Away Headers - Straight</td><td>Sparkfun</td><td>PRT-00116</td><td>3 pins needed</td></tr><tr><td>Female Headers</td><td>sparkfun</td><td>PRT-00115</td><td>3 pins needed</td></tr></tbody></table>

the bionic clicker mark i &amp; ii

在这篇手稿中, 我们提出了两个 ' 仿生的 ' 系统, 第一个设计, 以演示肌电图 (肌电信号) 为基础的控制系统的教育目的和第二个研究目的。基于肌电信号的控制系统拾取肌肉激活产生的电信号, 并将这些信号作为控制器的输入。肌电控制器广泛应用于假肢控制四肢。
"标记 i" (MK i) "遥控器" 允许佩戴者通过提高其食指来改变演示文稿的幻灯片。它是围绕一个单片机和生物信号屏蔽建立的。它引起了公众和研究界的极大兴趣。
此处介绍的标记 ii (MK ii) 设备设计为更便宜、更时尚、更可定制的系统, 可方便地修改和直接传输肌电信号数据。它是使用无线功能的单片机和肌肉传感器构建的。

mk II 比 mk I 设备更实惠、可定制且不那么繁琐。整个 MK II 成本仅略高于生物信号盾 (75 美元)。该设备是显着较小的坐在手腕上, 而不是手臂和无线微控制器可能同时支持从6肌肉传感器的输入。mk I 设备的功能电池寿命仅在1小时以下, 使用9伏550毫安电池, 而 mk II 装置的功能电池寿命 (当用作遥控器时) 大约8小时使用3.7 伏150毫安电池;有关设备的比较, 请参见表 1 。
仿生的响片 MK II 可以有一个问题时, 使用的诱拐食指: 放大器可以饱和, 并采取超过一秒钟的放电 (参见图 15)。仔细放置电极并正确设置增益可以克服这个问题。这不发生与仿生的响片 MK I 或任何其他常用肌肉的肌电信号。
在校准设备以找到阈值触发价值的同时, 可以观察到许多不同的值。它们分成三范围: 当手静止时的值, 手移动时的值, 手指移动时的值。表 2显示每个范围中的记录值;为固定和手移动的范围, 最大值显示和为手指紧张的范围最小值显示。阈值被选择在手移动值的上方和手指的紧度值之下。接近手移动范围的值增加了假阳性的几率, 减少了假阴性的几率, 而接近手指拉紧范围的值则有相反的效果。
这两种装置都在测试假阴性和假阳性时, 紧张的诱拐指数肌肉。当设备未在肌肉拉紧时触发滑动变化时, 记录了假阴性, 如果在没有拉紧发生的情况下滑动发生变化, 则记录假阳性。这两种设备都没有出现假阳性的问题, 虽然 MK II 设备经历了偶尔的假阴性 (少于5% 的时间)。在操作的前45分钟内, MK I 设备不会出现误报或负片, 但假底片的数量会迅速增加, 直到50分钟到1小时 (参见表 3)。
结果表明, 该装置在其所述目标上取得了成功。表 1显示 mk II 更便宜, 而且比 mk i.表 2和表 3的灵活性更高, 显示该设备按预期的功能运行, 并且可以用作 EMG-based 触发器设备。图 15显示了在使用诱拐指数肌肉时可能出现的问题: 这不是大多数肌肉出现的问题, 可以通过改变增益来修正。虽然这些设备有一些问题, 但它们足以用于预期的用途。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig1.jpg"> 图 1:仿生遥控器 MK i 。这显示了仿生的响片 MK I 及其所有组件安装在左臂上。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig2.jpg"> 图 2:阻止设备图.每个框代表设备的一个单独的部分;每个框中的功能是该部分作为设备的一部分。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig3.jpg"> 图 3: 生成设备的步骤.包含协议每一步骤的高级概述的流程图。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig4.jpg"> 图 4: 初始 MK I 组件.单片机与生物信号屏蔽和电极电缆。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig5.jpg"> 图 5:初始 MK II 程序集.单片机与肌肉传感器和焊接连接。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig6.jpg"> 图 6: 电极放置.此图显示了使用食指时电极在手上的正确位置。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig7.jpg"> 图 7: MK II 机箱部件.MK II 案件的部分准备在影印打印机打印。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig8.jpg"> 图 8: MK I 控制电路.(a) 电路板从上面 (灰色标记的地方板有接触打破了在底部)。(b) 已完成电路板。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig9.jpg"> 图 9: MK I 控制电路板电路图.用于 MK I 控制板的电路图, 显示电阻、开关和导线之间的连接。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig10v2.jpg"> 图 10: MK I 控制电路.(a) 控制板从上面 (灰色标记的地方板有接触打破了在底部)。(b) 已完成电路板<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig10v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig11.jpg"> 图 11:MK II 控制板电路图.用于 MK I 控制板的电路图, 显示电阻、开关和导线之间的连接。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig12.jpg"> 图 12: 组装的 MK i 。这显示了 MK I 装置的所有组件, 然后安装在手臂上。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig13.jpg"> 图 13: 组装遥控器 MK II.(a) 将微控制器放在机箱的底部。(b) 将电池放在中间上并盖上盖子。(c) 将肌肉传感器置于其机箱中, 并将其置于盖子上。(d) 将微控制器连接到肌肉传感器, 并将电池连接到微控制器。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 14" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig14.jpg"> 图 14: 完成的仿生遥控器 MK II.(a) 在钩子和环带上。(b) 在手腕上。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig14large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 15" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig15.jpg"> 图 15:肌肉传感器的会.这个数字显示了当肌肉传感器饱和时会发生什么;高原是当肌肉激活太强的电流增益设置的设备。<a href="https://cloudflare-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/55705fig15large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>MK I</td>
			<td>MK II</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>肌电传感器</td>
			<td>通用生物传感器</td>
			<td>专用肌肉传感器</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>无线</td>
			<td>单独的无线模块</td>
			<td>在微控制器板上</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>无线的肌电信号？</td>
			<td>不</td>
			<td>是的</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>电池</td>
			<td>9 V PP3</td>
			<td>150麻将脂</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>操作时间</td>
			<td>1 h</td>
			<td>8 h</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>生成时间</td>
			<td>5 h</td>
			<td>4 h</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>总成本</td>
			<td>150美元</td>
			<td>80美元</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>误报 (%)</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>假阴性 (%)</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>4。7</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 1: 设备的比较。此表比较了设备的几个方面, 从设计到功能。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>固定 (最大)</td>
			<td>手移动 (最大)</td>
			<td>手指绷紧 (最小)</td>
			<td>阈值</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>MK I</td>
			<td>25</td>
			<td>35</td>
			<td>215</td>
			<td>200</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>MK II</td>
			<td>40</td>
			<td>280</td>
			<td>460</td>
			<td>400</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 2: 校准结果.该表显示的值, 同时保持手静止, 移动的手和手指紧张, 以及阈值选择。
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="3">假阴性数 (每三十年代测试一次)</td>
			<td colspan="2">误报数 (自发激活)</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>前45分钟</td>
			<td>45 min-1 h</td>
			<td>1-8 h</td>
			<td>第一 h</td>
			<td>1-8 h</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>MK I</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>35</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>MK II</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>40</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>0</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表 3: 设备测试。两个设备之间的假阳性和假阴性的比较。
mk i 和 mk II 的补充代码文件: <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/BionicClicker.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "BionicClicker"</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/BLEBionicClicker.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "BLEBionicClicker"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/BLEBoomTest.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "BLEBoomTest"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/BLEThresholdTest.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "BLEThresholdTest"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/BoomTest.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "BoomTest"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/ThresholdTest.ino" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "ThresholdTest"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/Feather-Featherbase.stl" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "羽毛 Featherbase. stl"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/Feather-Feathermid.stl" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "羽毛 Feathermid. stl"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/Feather-Feathertop.stl" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "羽毛 Feathertop. stl"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/Myo-Myobase.stl" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "Myobase. stl"。</a> <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/55705/Myo-Myolid.stl" target="_blank">请点击这里下载 "Myolid. stl"。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Bionic Clicker Mark I & II at JoVE.com

The Bionic Clicker Mark I & II

创建了一个设备, 以演示 electromyography-based 控制的位置受众。在最初的设备成功后, 第二个设备的功能更加灵活, 以供演示和研究之用。该协议描述了两种设备的生成和校准过程。

仿生响片 I &amp; II

In this manuscript, we present two 'Bionic Clicker' systems, the first designed to demonstrate electromyography (EMG) based control systems for ...

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

The Bionic Clicker Mark I &amp; II

16.4K 次观看.  University College London. 创建了一个设备, 以演示 electromyography-based 控制的位置受众。在最初的设备成功后, 第二个设备的功能更加灵活, 以供演示和研究之用。该协议描述了两种设备的生成和校准过程。

视频: The Bionic Clicker Mark I & II

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

评估在功能性能<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;小鼠模型

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

科研

行为学

Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

新对象的探索在小鼠电位测定高阶重复的行为

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals.  RRBs are ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in rodents. In our laboratory, we evaluated the two types of memory in more than 30 strains of genetically engineered mice using the automated version of this apparatus. Here, we present the modified T-maze apparatus operated by a computer with a video-tracking system and our protocols in a movie format. The T-maze apparatus consists of runways partitioned off by sliding doors that can automatically open downward, each with a start box, a T-shaped alley, two boxes with automatic pellet dispensers at one side of the box, and two L-shaped alleys. Each L-shaped alley is connected to the start box so that mice can return to the start box, which excludes the effects of experimenter handling on mouse behavior. This apparatus also has an advantage that in vivo microdialysis, in vivo electrophysiology, and optogenetics techniques can be performed during T-maze performance because the doors are designed to go down into the floor. In this movie article, we describe T-maze tasks using the automated apparatus and the T-maze performance of &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice, which are reported to show working memory deficits in the eight-arm radial maze task. Our data indicated that &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice showed a working memory deficit, but no impairment of reference memory, and are consistent with previous findings using the eight-arm radial maze task, which supports the validity of our protocol. In addition, our data indicate that mutants tended to exhibit reversal learning deficits, suggesting that &alpha;-CaMKII deficiency causes reduced behavioral flexibility. Thus, the T-maze test using the modified automatic apparatus is useful for assessing working and reference memory and behavioral flexibility in mice.

This article presents the protocol of T-maze tests using a modified automated apparatus for assessing the learning and memory functions in mice.

T-迷宫强迫交替和评估工作，并参考在小鼠记忆的左，右的歧视任务

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

神经科学

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the animal&#39;s wellbeing and health. There are numerous behavioral tests that may be applied. We selected a test for general locomotion, the open field test (OFT); a test for muscular strength, the mesh test (MT); and a test for coordination, the rotarod test (RR). Testing can be accomplished on a weekly or monthly basis. As a test for general locomotion, the OFT works by objectively monitoring movement parameters while the mouse is in an open field apparatus. The field is generally a 2&#39; x 2&#39; box, and the movements are recorded through laser sensing or through video capture. The mouse is placed in the center of the open field and allowed to move freely for the test. The MT uses the latency for a mouse to fall off an inverted screen as a measure of muscular strength. A mouse is placed on a screen, which is inverted over a clear box, and is timed for their latency to fall. Three trials are performed, with the best of the three trials scored for that day. A score of 60 s is the maximum time a mouse is left inverted. Mice are given a 5-min rest period between mesh test trials. Lastly, an accelerated protocol on the RR assesses motor coordination and endurance. During a trial, a mouse walks on a rotating rod as it increases in speed from 4 rpm to 40 rpm over 5 min. The trial ends when the mouse touches the magnetized pressure sensor upon falling. Each mouse undergoes three trials, and the best trial is scored for that day. This combined behavioral data allows for the global assessment of mobility, coordination, strength, and movement of the test animals. At least two out of the three behavioral testing measures must show improvement for an animal to qualify as having overall improved motor function.

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects of a disease or treatment on an animal's wellbeing. In order to globally assess motor functioning, we selected tests for general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination: the open field test, the mesh test, and the rotarod test, respectively.

用于评估一般运动、肌肉力量和小鼠协调性的行为测试电池

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

Using Clicker Training and Social Observation to Teach Rats to Voluntarily Change Cages

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on well-being and can affect the comparability and reproducibility of research results, the amount of stress experienced by laboratory animals should be minimized and avoided when possible. Further, the direct contact between the rat and animal caretaker during the cage change bears hygiene risks and therefore possibly negatively impacts the well-being of the rats and the quality of the research. 
Our protocol aims to improve the routinely performed cage changing procedure. For this reason, we present a feasible protocol that enables rats to learn via clicker training and observation to voluntarily change to a clean cage. This training helps to reduce stress caused by the physical disturbance and handling associated with the cage changes and concurrently enables a reduction in direct contact between animal and animal caretaker after the training phase is completed.
The implementation of clicker training to rats is fast and easy. Rats are generally interested in the training and efficiently learn the desired behavior, which entails changing cages through a pipe. Even without training, the rats learn to perform the desired behavior by observation, as 80% of the observational learning group successfully changed cages when tested. The training further helps to establish a relationship of trust between trainer and animal. As hygiene and well-being are both very important in animal experiments, this protocol might also help to improve high-quality research.

This protocol introduces a method of cage change for rats via clicker training. Rats learn the desired behavior not only by direct training but also by observational learning. The implementation of this fast and easy protocol might help to improve well-being and hygiene in rodent facilities.

用小鼠训练和社会观察教老鼠主动改变笼子

Cage cleaning is a routinely performed husbandry procedure and is known to induce stress in laboratory rats. As stress can have a negative impact on ...

Transition of Farm Pigs to Research Pigs using a Designated Checklist followed by Initiation of Clicker Training - a Refinement Initiative

Implementation of 3R initiatives is important. To refine the life of laboratory pigs, we focused on the time period prior to inclusion of animals in experiments. We improved the checklist during the development. By using the checklist each individual pig&#39;s progress was documented. This aids the caretakers so they remain focused on the actions necessary to socialize the animals and limit the animal&#39;s stress and anxiety level. During this phase, the pigs become calm and ready to commence additional clicker training to further limit stress during the experimental period. The pigs will readily allow basic outcome measures to be collected without sedation or fixation.
The protocol is divided in two. First the transition phase that begins as the pigs arrive at the research facility. Introducing treats and gradually closer contact to the caretakers are the first steps. Then, the caretaker introduces actions to be able to touch the head and hind, to mimic e.g. manipulating the ear to take a blood sample or the hind to obtain a rectal temperature. A strong foundation is established in the animal-caretaker relationship and this swiftly minimizes the stress the pigs express after arrival. Secondly, the positive reinforcement training commences to teach the animal how to carry out more complex tasks without becoming stressed. A clicker is introduced as a secondary reinforcer.
Time, structure, education and thorough communication seem to be the most important criteria to succeed in the application of this protocol. In addition to having calm and compliant pigs, the caretakers report that they enjoy the focus they are allowed to give each individual pig, adding to their overall job satisfaction. Having caretakers with a strong commitment, and a focus on the transition progress and welfare of each pig, additionally strengthens the department&#39;s Culture of Care.

Refinement of porcine studies is achieved by introducing a standardized checklist and positive reinforcement training using a clicker. This work supports the collection of samples and the conduct of daily chores related to the animals.

农场猪向研究猪的过渡使用指定的清单，然后启动点击培训 - 改进计划

Implementation of 3R initiatives is important. To refine the life of laboratory pigs, we focused on the time period prior to inclusion of animals in ...

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

This article describes a technique for applying vibrotactile stimuli to the thigh of a human participant, and measuring the accuracy and reaction time of the participant&#39;s volitional response for various combinations of stimulation location and frequency.

一种意志的运动反应的及时性和准确性，以振动触觉刺激评价方法

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...

生物工程

Tracking Individual Running Metrics in Mice Using a Voluntary Wheel Running Protocol that Minimizes Social Isolation

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rodents is used to evaluate performance and endurance and to simulate exercise. In contrast to other exercise paradigms that require aversive stimulus to induce active movement, wheel running is voluntary. VWR generally consists of placing a running wheel inside the mouse home cage. However, analyzing exercise parameters can typically only be conducted when mice are individually housed, while overall cage effects can be reported when mice are group-housed. Therefore, the current models force experimenters to choose between measuring individual exercise parameters in single-housed mice or measuring group effects in group-housed mice; depending on the research question and model, this could be limiting. 
Therefore, the goal of this method is to demonstrate a protocol that assesses VWR in a mouse model by quantifying running parameters in individual mice, with minimal isolation. We report on device design, preoperative preparations, and experiment setup. Results of a 6-week training protocol using this VWR model suggest it provides sufficient stimulus to increase spatial object recognition memory, comparable to the clinical effect of exercise. This simple and inexpensive model facilitates investigation into the effect of VWR on multiple measurements of wheel activity, minimizing factors that could limit or affect experimental outcomes.

This protocol describes an effective voluntary wheel-running model that can be implemented in various research contexts. Unlike other voluntary running models, this method avoids isolation housing while tracking running metrics in individual mice.

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rodents is used to evaluate performance and endurance and to simulate exercise. In contrast to other exercise paradigms ...

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics is still unclear. The present study describes a motion analysis approach that utilizes three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from video captures. Using this technology, disuse-evoked alterations of walking performances were observed in rodents exposed to a simulated microgravity environment by unloading their hindlimb by their tail. After 2 weeks of unloading, the rats walked on a treadmill, and their gait motions were captured with four charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. 3D motion profiles were reconstructed and compared to those of control subjects using the image processing software. The reconstructed outcome measures successfully portrayed distinct aspects of distorted gait motion: hyperextension of the knee and ankle joints and higher position of the hip joints during the stance phase. Motion analysis is useful for several reasons. First, it enables quantitative behavioral evaluations instead of subjective observations (e.g., pass/fail in certain tasks). Second, multiple parameters can be extracted to fit specific needs once the fundamental datasets are obtained. Despite hurdles for broader application, the disadvantages of this method, including labor intensity and cost, may be alleviated by determining comprehensive measurements and experimental procedures.

The present protocol describes three-dimensional motion tracking/evaluation to depict gait motion alteration of rats after exposure to a simulated disuse environment.

全面了解啮齿动物不活动引起的步态改变

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...

仿生响片 I & II

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