由卫生部（NIH）资助EY-10834的美国国家研究院资助。

注:协议说明使用一个程序，它允许一个选择的图像，然后使用由不同的下拉菜单选择的选项适应它们。 1.选择图像适应<ol><li>点击图片和浏览图像的文件名的工作。观察上左窗格中的原始图像。 </li></ol> 2.指定激励和观察<ol><li>单击"格式"菜单来选择如何表示的图像和观察者。 </li><li>点击"标准观察者"选项标准或平均观察者适应特定的颜色分布模型。在这种情况下，使用标准方程来的图像的RGB值转换为锥体灵敏度32。 </li><li>点击"个人观察者"选项，以特定观测的光谱灵敏度模型。因为这些敏感性是波长相关的，该程序CON绿党通过使用标准的或测得的发射光谱用于显示图像分成枪光谱的RGB值。 </li><li>点击"自然光谱"选项，在世界上接近实际的光谱。此选项通过使用标准的基础函数33或高斯光谱34以近似为图像颜色的相应的频谱的RGB值转换为频谱，例如。 </li></ol> 3.选择适用条件<ol><li>适应是同一个观测到不同的环境（ 例如 ，森林与城市景观的颜色），或不同的观察员在相同的环境（ 例如 ，正常对色盲的观察者）。 <ol><li>在前一种情况下，使用菜单来选择环境。在后者中，使用菜单来定义观察者的灵敏度。 </li></ol></li><li>要设置的环境中，选择"引用"和"测试" ENVIR从下拉菜单中onments。这些通过加载不同的环境机制响应适应控制的两种不同的状态。 <ol><li>选择"引用"菜单来控制启动环境。这是主题适合于在观看原始图像的环境。 注:显示已预先计算不同环境的选择。这些是从色域的图像的不同集合的测量得出。例如，一个应用程序研究了如何颜色感知可能与季节的变化而变化，通过使用在不同时间27从同一位置所采取校准图像。另一项研究，探索适应如何可能在不同的位置会影响颜色知觉，通过采样不同的场景类别29的图像所代表的位置。 </li><li>选择"用户自定义"的环境中加载的值自定义环境。 OBSERVE一个窗口浏览并选择一个特定的文件。创建这些文件为独立的图像，显​​示要包括在每个图像（如步骤1），然后点击"保存图像应答"按钮。 注意:这将显示一个窗口，在其中可以创建或附加到Excel文件存储到每个图像的响应。要创建一个新的文件，输入文件名，或浏览现有的文件。对于现有文件，将当前图像的响应添加到所有图像的响应自动取平均值。选择具有"用户定义的"选项文件时，这些平均值是参考环境输入。 </li><li>选择"测试"菜单访问环境的列表的图像进行调整。选择"当前图像"选项，使用该机制的反应所显示的图像。 注:此选项假定受试者正在适应颜色当前正在观看的形象。否则，选择T的一个他预先计算环境或"用户自定义"选项加载测试环境。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.选择观测的光谱灵敏度注:对于不同的环境的适应效应，观察者通常会保持恒定，并且被设置为默认的"标准观察者"与平均光谱灵敏度。有3个菜单，用于设置一个单独的光谱灵敏度，其控制筛分颜料或观察者的光谱灵敏度的量。 <ol><li>点击"镜头"菜单上选择镜头色素的密度。不同的选项允许人们选择不同年龄的密度特性。 </li><li>点击"黄斑"菜单上选择同样黄斑色素的密度。观察颜料的峰值密度而言这些选项。 </li><li>点击"锥"菜单上没有观察者之间进行选择肾错构瘤三色视或不同类型的异常三色视的。 注意:基于程序定义观察者和一组26个postreceptoral通道直线状锥形信号组合到大致均匀样品不同的颜色和亮度的组合的圆锥光谱灵敏度的选择。 </li></ol> 5.调整图像<ol><li>点击"调整"按钮。 注意:此执行的代码，用于计算图像中的每个像素的视锥细胞和后receptoral机制的响应。该响应被缩放，使得平均响应于所述调整的颜色分布等于该参考分布的平均值的反应，或使平均反应是一种用于个体或参考观察者相同。缩放是乘模拟冯·克里斯适应35。新的图像然后通过求和该机制响应和转换回RGB值显示呈现。在ALG的详细信息orithm在26，27，28，29中给出。 </li><li>观察屏幕上的三个新的图像。这些被标记为1）"不适应" - 测试图像应该出现的人完全适应参考环境; 2）"锥形适配" - 这仅显示在受体适应地调节图像;和3）"全部适应" - 这示出了通过完成适应于环境或观察者的变化预测图像。 </li><li>点击"保存图像"按钮保存三个计算图像。观察屏幕上一个新的窗口，浏览文件夹并选择文件名。 </li></ol> 6.评估适应的后果注:原来的基准和调整图像模拟相同的图像应该如何建模空间Adapta的两种状态下出现重刑，而重要的是，不同之处仅适配状态的原因。在图像的差异从而提供洞察适应的后果。 <ol><li>目测看图像之间的差异。 注意:图片的简单检查可以帮助显示生活在不同颜色的环境中时多颜色视觉会如何变化，或有多少适应可能弥补在观测灵敏度变化。 </li><li>通过量化分析，使用或行为的测量与图像通过经验评估适应29所带来的后果，这些调整的效果。 <ol><li>如何测量颜色外观的变化。例如，比较在两个图像中的颜色来测量如何颜色类别或在不同的环境或观察者的感知显着性变化。例如，使用与适应的色彩变化分析，计算有多少独特的色调（ 如纯黄色或蓝色）理论上可以vARY因为观察者的色彩环境29变化。 </li><li>请问适应如何影响视觉灵敏度或性能。例如，使用经适配的图像进行比较提供一种新颖的色彩视觉搜索是否是快时观察员第一适配到背景的颜色。通过在图像上叠加的目标，并且用图像一起适于不同彩色干扰项阵列，其中，用于定位所述奇数目标29测得的反应时间进行实验。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

示出的协议演示如何适应于环境或观察者的变化的影响可以在图像被描绘。这写照需要将取决于模型所做的假设的形式 - 例如，颜色是如何编码，以及如何编码机制，应对和适应。因此，最重要的一步是决定模型上的色觉 - 比如哪些虚拟通道的特性，他们认为如何适应。另一个重要的步骤是设定合适的参数为两个环境，或两个观察员敏感的特性，您之间调整。 说明该模型非?...

可能世界是什么样子给他人，或者以自己为我们改变？这些问题的答案是理解的性质和感知的机制和感官编码正常和临床情况的后果至关重要的。各种各样的技术和方法已被开发用于模拟图像可能会出现以不同的视觉敏感度的个体。例如，这些包括可以由不同类型的颜色缺陷的被辨别颜色的模拟1，2，3，4，空间和彩色差异可以由婴儿或较旧的观察员5，6，7，8来解决，9 ，图像如何出现在周边视野<s<html>向上类= "外部参照"&gt; 10，和光学误差或疾病11，12，13，14的后果。他们也被应用到可视化是可能的其他物种的15，16，17歧视。通常情况下，这种模拟的使用在不同人群中的灵敏度损耗测量滤波器的图像，从而减少或消除它们难以看到的结构。例如，色盲的常见形式反映两个感光体为中等或长波长敏感的一个的损失，并过滤以除去它们的信号图像通常出现缺乏"红绿"的色调1。同样，婴儿具有更差的敏度，从而为他们的降低的空间灵敏度处理的图像出现模糊<html> 。F"&gt; 5这些技术提供了什么样一个人可以看到另一种可能不会宝贵的插图然而，他们不这样做-而且往往不打算-描绘观察者的实际感性经验，而且在某些情况下可能误传数量和类型的信息提供给观察者。 本文介绍用于模拟在视觉体验其中结合了视觉编码的基本特性差异的新颖技术-适配18,19。所有的感觉和运动系统不断调整，以它们暴露于环境。在一个房间里有刺激性气味很快消失，而视觉适应的房间怎么亮或变暗。重要的是，出现了几乎任何刺激属性这些调整，包括"高层次"的看法，例如某人的脸20的特点，类="外部参照"&gt; 21或它们的话音22，23，以及校准移动眼睛或达到的对象24，25时进行的马达的命令。事实上，改编很可能几乎所有的神经处理的重要属性。本文示出了如何将这些适应影响到图像的外观的仿真中，通过基本上"适应图像"来预测它会出现一个特定的适应观察者26，27，28，29的特定状态下。许多因素可以改变观察者的灵敏度，但往往适应可以补偿这些变化的重要方面，因此，灵敏度损失比没有假定系统适应被预测不那么显眼。相反，因为适应根据目前的刺激情境调节感光度，这些调整也纳入预测如何当环境变化很大的看法可能会有所不同很重要。 以下方案示出了通过调整图像的颜色内容的技术。色觉有颜色编码的初始阶段，神经都比较容易理解的优势，是适应30的图案。实际机制和调整是复杂的，多种多样，但适应的主要后果可以使用简单的和常规的两阶段模型（ 图1a）被捕获。在第一阶段中，彩色信号最初由三种类型的视锥光那些对短期，中期或长波长（S，M和L视锥细胞）最大限度敏感的编码。在第二阶段中，从不同的视锥细胞的信号被后receptoral细胞内结合，以形成"颜色对手"茶从不同锥体接收拮抗输入nnels（因此传达"颜色"的信息），并且加在一起的锥体输入"非对手"通道（因此编码"明亮度"的信息）。适应发生在两个阶段中，并且调整到颜色的两个不同方面-的平均值（在锥体）和方差（在-receptoral后通道）30，31。模拟的目标是将这些调整从其改编的输出应用到模型的机制，然后呈现图像。 适应图像的过程包括六个主要部件。这些1）选择图像; 2）选择用于图像光谱的格式; 3），其限定在环境中的颜色变化; 4）限定的观测器的灵敏度的变化; 5使用该程序来创建适于图像）; 6）利用图像来评价适应的后果。 Ť他认为以下各步骤加以详细说明。的基本模式和机构响应在图1中示出，而图2 - 5图像的实例与模型渲染。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Images to adapt</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Programming language (&lt;em&gt;e.g.,&lt;/em&gt; Visual Basic or Matlab)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Program for processing the images</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Observer spectral sensitivities (for applications involving observer-specific adaptation)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Device emmission spectra (for device-dependent applications)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

visualizing visual adaptation

许多技术已经发展到可视化图像是如何出现的个体有不同的视觉灵敏度: 例如 ，由于光学或年龄的差异，或颜色缺陷或疾病。这个协议描述了用于掺入感觉适应成模拟的技术。该协议被示为具有色觉的例子，但是一般适用于任何形式的视觉适应的。该协议使用基于关于视网膜和皮质机制编码的颜色以及如何将这些调整其灵敏度在当时的刺激的平均颜色和范围的颜色的标准和可信的假设人类颜色视觉的一个简单的模型。该机制的增益调整，使得下一个上下文他们的平均响应等同于不同的环境。仿真有助于揭示适应的理论极限，并产生"改编的图像"被最佳匹配到一个特定的ENVIRO市民明白或观察员。他们还探索适应不同的观察者或不同环境中的作用提供了一个通用指标。表征视觉感知和性能，这些图像为研究视觉或其他感觉系统长期适应的功能和后果的新颖工具。

<html> 图2 -图4示出自适应模拟在观察者或环境的变化。 图2比较了塞尚的静物与苹果的年轻和年长的观察者谁只在镜头色素28的密度不同的预测外观。通过年轻眼睛（ 图2a）中看到的原始图像通过更密集地着色透镜出现多少更黄和调光器（ 图2b）。 （在平均颜色和色度响应的相应位移在图1c</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Visual Adaptation at JoVE.com

可视化视觉适应|行为 |视频

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

本文介绍用于模拟和视觉系统学习适应的新方法。

可视化视觉适应

Many techniques have been developed to visualize how an image would appear to an individual with a different visual sensitivity: e.g., because of optical ...

Universidad San Sebastian

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Human Biology

Sensory Systems

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.9K 次观看.  University of Nevada, Reno. 本文介绍用于模拟和视觉系统学习适应的新方法。 

视频: Visualizing Visual Adaptation

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.1,2 Within the field of TMS, the term state dependency refers to the initial, baseline condition of the particular neural region targeted for stimulation. As can be inferred, the effects of TMS can (and do) vary according to this primary susceptibility and responsiveness of the targeted cortical area.3,4,5

In this experiment, we will examine this concept of state dependency through the elicitation and subjective experience of motive phosphenes. Phosphenes are visually perceived flashes of small lights triggered by electromagnetic pulses to the visual cortex. These small lights can assume varied characteristics depending upon which type of visual cortex is being stimulated. In this particular study, we will be targeting motive phosphenes as elicited through the stimulation of V1/V2 and the V5/MT+ complex visual regions.6

In this article, we examine the effects of visually relevant state dependency on TMS induced motive phosphenic presentations.

依赖国家对TMS的：一看动机幻视行为

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

科研

神经科学

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

一种研究左右反试镜的适应方法

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

行为学

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感比较的双区间强制选择任务

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired investigations into collective motion, specifically, their ability to integrate environmental and social information across ecological contexts. This demonstration illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses of fish, in this case, Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), to visual stimuli using computer visualization and digital image analysis. Recent advancements in computer visualization allow for empirical testing in the lab where visual features can be controlled and finely manipulated to isolate the mechanisms of social interactions. The purpose of this method is to isolate visual features that can influence the directional decisions of the individual, whether solitary or with groups. This protocol provides specifics on the physical Y-maze domain, recording equipment, settings and calibrations of the projector and animation, experimental steps and data analyses. These techniques demonstrate that computer animation can elicit biologically-meaningful responses. Moreover, the techniques are easily adaptable to test alternative hypotheses, domains, and species for a broad range of experimental applications. The use of virtual stimuli allows for the reduction and replacement of the number of live animals required, and consequently reduces laboratory overhead.
This demonstration tests the hypothesis that small relative differences in the movement speeds (2 body lengths per second) of virtual conspecifics will improve the speed and accuracy with which shiners follow the directional cues provided by the virtual silhouettes. Results show that shiners directional decisions are significantly affected by increases in the speed of the visual cues, even in the presence of background noise (67% image coherency). In the absence of any motion cues, subjects chose their directions at random. The relationship between decision speed and cue speed was variable and increases in cue speed had a modestly disproportionate influence on directional accuracy.

Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate a behavioral assay that quantifies how alternative visual features, such as motion cues, influence directional decisions in fish. Representative data are presented on the speed and accuracy where Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) follow virtual fish movements.

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

The Optokinetic Response as a Quantitative Measure of Visual Acuity in Zebrafish

Zebrafish are a proven model for vision research, however many of the earlier methods generally focused on larval fish or demonstrated a simple response. More recently adult visual behavior in zebrafish has become of interest, but methods to measure specific responses are new coming. To address this gap, we set out to develop a methodology to repeatedly and accurately utilize the optokinetic response (OKR) to measure visual acuity in adult zebrafish. Here we show that the adult zebrafish's visual acuity can be measured, including both binocular and monocular acuities. Because the fish is not harmed during the procedure, the visual acuity can be measured and compared over short or long periods of time. The visual acuity measurements described here can also be done quickly allowing for high throughput and for additional visual procedures if desired. This type of analysis is conducive to drug intervention studies or investigations of disease progression.

Zebrafish have been a valuable tool for many research areas. Here we demonstrate a method to elicit a visual response and calculate a functional visual acuity in the adult zebrafish.

在视动反应在斑马鱼视力的定量测量

Zebrafish are a proven model for vision research, however many of the  earlier methods generally focused on larval fish or demonstrated a simple  ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

自由生育小鼠的长期感觉冲突

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements can be observed. VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) was developed based on the lack of customizable software-based visual stimulation available for researchers that does not rely on motors or actuators within a traditional haploscope. This new instrument and methodology have been developed for a novel haploscope configuration utilizing both eye tracking and autorefractor systems. Analysis software that enables the synchronized analysis of eye movement and accommodative responses provides vision researchers and clinicians with a reproducible environment and shareable tool. The Vision and Neural Engineering Laboratory&#39;s (VNEL) Eye Movement Analysis Program (VEMAP) was established to process recordings produced by VE2020&#39;s eye trackers, while the Accommodative Movement Analysis Program (AMAP) was created to process the recording outputs from the corresponding autorefractor system. The VNEL studies three primary stimuli: accommodation (blur-driven changes in the convexity of the intraocular lens), vergence (inward, convergent rotation and outward, divergent rotation of the eyes), and saccades (conjugate eye movements). The VEMAP and AMAP utilize similar data flow processes, manual operator interactions, and interventions where necessary; however, these analysis platforms advance the establishment of an objective software suite that minimizes operator reliance. The utility of a graphical interface and its corresponding algorithms allow for a broad range of visual experiments to be conducted with minimal required prior coding experience from its operator(s).

VisualEyes2020 (VE2020) is a custom scripting language that presents, records, and synchronizes visual eye movement stimuli. VE2020 provides stimuli for conjugate eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit), disconjugate eye movements (vergence), accommodation, and combinations of each. Two analysis programs unify the data processing from the eye tracking and accommodation recording systems.

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements ...

生物工程

评估小鼠的视动反射反应：一种新的高精度方案

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

作者聚焦：一种研究小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的准确定量方法 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

可视化视觉适应

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在视动反应在斑马鱼视力的定量测量

自由生育小鼠的长期感觉冲突

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化

小鼠视动反射视觉特征选择性的量化