Name: measuring delay discounting in humans using an adjusting amount task
Uploaded: 2016-01-09T14:00:01.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 47 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task at JoVE.com

Preparation of this manuscript was supported in part by grant R01DA029100 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

该协议在美国犹他州州立大学批准的机构审查委员会。下面列出的步骤应作为规划和实施延迟折扣任务的指南。 1.设置一个延时贴现任务<ol><li>选择延迟其贴现将被评估的范围。 注意:例如，一个典型的方案将使用的延迟，范围从1周25年。所选定延迟应该遵循，按照惯例，为大致呈指数级数（例如，1周，2周，1个月，2个月，6个月，1年，5年，25年） </li><li>选择的货币，将在任务中使用的最大量。例如，资金在任务中使用的一般用量是$ 100 $ 1,000。 </li><li>选择一个必须完成，以确定每个延迟无差异点试验的次数。 注:例如，试验的每个延迟一个典型的数字应为6 8吨里亚尔平衡数据分辨率和参与者的疲劳。 </li></ol> 2.获取知情同意和登录参加<ol><li>有与会者坐在一个孤立的房间里电脑前。请参与者关掉他们的手机和/或任何其他电子设备。 </li><li>提供了知情同意书的参加者审查并签署是否同意参加任务。 </li><li>通过点击计算机上的任务相关联的图标启动该程序。 </li><li>观察对话框，输入将附加到参与者的数据唯一的参加者ID标签。 注:由于任务必须由实验者进行编程，这一步可以通过具有程序自动分配一个参与者标签来自动完成。 </li></ol> 3.提供说明和实践试验<ol><li>得到约他或她在该任务将体验到的参与者的指令。 </li><li> Provid将不被包括在数据分析E实践试验。 注:实践试验的目的是使与会者了解与任务设计，并提供与会者有机会提问，如果他们不明白什么是对他们的期望不会威胁在任务开始收集的数据的完整性。实践试验不应该使用下面列出的调整过程。相反，实践试验应该只是由一系列的直接结果和延迟的结果之间选择。 <ol><li>例如，通过显示在计算机屏幕上的问题，并要求参与者之间立即$ 10个可用和$ 100个可用1个月，选择开始实践试验。观察所取得的屏幕上的选择。 </li><li>问同样的问题在下一个屏幕上，但后续的选择增加了$ 10的增量直接替代每次试验（无论由参与者作出的选择），直到立即直接TE和延迟的替代品等于$ 100。 </li></ol></li><li>进行十项实践试验，以让参与者来适应环境的任务。 </li></ol> 4.评估单个无差别点注:冷漠点作为从延迟贴现任务的主要因变量，表示在这一点，经延迟的替代的现值等于立即替代。 <ol><li>显示的起始金额为延迟的和即时的替代品参与者。对于一审判决，显示的最大金额的数额延迟替代。同时显示即时量半的最高金额的。在试验开始时设置的鼠标光标移动到屏幕（从每个选择方案等距）的中心。 注:侧（右或屏幕的左侧），其上的替代，提出应在​​每个随机确定审判。 </li><li>观察参与者的选择。 </li><li>由最大为基于所述参与者选择第二次试验的四分之一调整的直接替代的量。 <ol><li>减少的直接替代量二审如果参与者选择了在第一次审判的直接替代品。例如，如果立即量是$ 50和它被选在第一试验中，然后在第二个试验显示即时量的如$ 25个。 </li><li>增加的直接替代量二审如果参与者选择了延迟替代的一审判决。例如，如果立即量是$ 50个，但延迟量被选择在第一试验中，然后在第二个试验显示即时量的如$ 75。 </li></ol></li><li>显示的直接替代新量和不断延迟替代的参与者，使他们能够使他们的下一个选择。 </li><li>观察在participant的选择和通过上次调节的半调整的直接替代的量。 <ol><li>减少的直接替代量下试，如果参与者选择的是当前审判的直接替代品。例如，如果眼前的金额是$ 25日二审，它被选中，然后在第三个试验显示即时量$ 12,50。 </li><li>增加的直接替代量下试，如果参与者选择了延迟替代对目前的审判。例如，如果眼前的金额是$ 25日二审，它被选中，然后在第三个试验显示即时量$ 37,50。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤4.4和4.5，直到参与者做出的选择所需要的数 注:选择的数量是最多的实验者的自由裁量权;看到更详细的讨论。 注:为即将到来的审判应该ALWA调整YS等于乘以2 -n，其中n是当前调整试验数的最大量（ 参见图1）。 </li><li>使最终调整到根据参与者的选择的直接量。使用这个新的量无差异点的延迟。 </li></ol> 5.确定冷漠点，每个延迟<ol><li>完全重复步骤4对于每个所选择的延迟，复位的直接结果的量和调整在每个延迟一审的量。 </li></ol> 6.评估延迟的定性不同结局贴现（可选） <ol><li>请参与者提供所选择的结果的一个例子。例如，如果选择的结果是食物，然后要求参与者"什么是你最喜欢的食物是什么？" </li><li>观察参与者的响应，并要求参与者多少结果成本的一个单元（例如，"什么是的首选食品的费用是多少？"）。 注意:如果实验者有兴趣在评估不同商品折扣不同，这一步将平衡商品的价值而言，这样的折扣任何差异不是由于量差异被打折扣。 </li><li>显示即时和延迟起始值的基于报告的参与者的价格的值。设定结果的延迟量设定为等于所述最大值由由参与者提供的，然后将立即替代½的量的每单位价格除以。 注:例如，如果1份的冰淇淋花费$ 5，最高为$ 100随后有20份冰淇淋于$ 100。使用此计算结果作为延迟替代（如，"20份冰淇淋1周"）和1/2的金额作为直接替代（例如，"10份冰淇淋现在"）。 </li><li> REPE在所有的步骤4和5，每个结果的重新计算值。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1.jpg" /> 在调量任务图1.试用结构 。起始值，用于将延迟的替代，Y应该等于最大值。为眼前的替代，X的初始值，应该等于.5Y。如果选择X则X的值应在下次试验降低。如果选择y时，X的值应增加在下次试验。调整的量.25Y试行1，是对每一个后续试验之前的调整。5。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53584/53584fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> 7.数据分析<ol><li>导入数据到任何首选数据ANALYSIS程序。隔离冷漠点，每个延迟每个参与者。计算中值无差异点为每个延迟为每个组。 注意:如果一个组设计用于计算中位数冷漠点才是必需的。 </li><li>选择一个曲线回归模型（见代表性成果的例子）。使用曲线回归拟合模型到（中位数）冷漠分。这将产生相关的参数估计所选模型（见下面的参数的解释）。 注:我们提供的代码为统计方案R键帮助读者与第7步进行曲线回归的补充材料。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Friedel, J. E., DeHart, W. B., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+discounting+of+monetary+and+consumable+outcomes+in+current+and+non-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: discounting of monetary and consumable outcomes in current and non-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 231 (23), 4517-4526 (2014).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+delay+discounting+in+current,+never,+and+ex-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 447-454 (1999).</li><li>Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., Cross, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subjective+probability+and+delay.">Subjective probability and delay.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 55 (2), 233-244 (1991).</li><li>Addessi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+choice+versus+delay+maintenance:+Different+measures+of+delayed+gratification+in+capuchin+monkeys+(Cebus+apella).">Delay choice versus delay maintenance: Different measures of delayed gratification in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).</a> J Comp Psychol. 127 (4), 392-398 (2013).</li><li>Woolverton, W. L., Myerson, J., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+cocaine+by+rhesus+monkeys.">Delay discounting of cocaine by rhesus monkeys.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 15 (3), 238-244 (2007).</li><li>Evenden, J. L., Ryan, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pharmacology+of+impulsive+behaviour+in+rats:+the+effects+of+drugs+on+response+choice+with+varying+delays+of+reinforcement.">The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats: the effects of drugs on response choice with varying delays of reinforcement.</a> Psychopharm. 128 (2), 161-170 (1996).</li><li>Perry, J. L., Larson, E. B., German, J. P., Madden, G. J., Carroll, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+(delay+discounting)+as+a+predictor+of+acquisition+of+IV+cocaine+self-administration+in+female+rats.">Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats.</a> Psychopharmacology. 178 (2-3), 193-201 (2005).</li><li>Mazur, J. E., Commons, M. L., Mazur, J., Nevin, J. A., Rachlin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+adjusting+procedure+for+studying+delayed+reinforcement.+In:+.">An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: .</a> Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: Vol. 5 the Effect of Delay and Intervening Events on Reinforcement Value. , 55-73 (1987).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., Gatchalian, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excessive+discounting+of+delayed+reinforcers+as+a+trans-disease+process+contributing+to+addiction+and+other+disease-related+vulnerabilities:+Emerging+evidence.">Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence.</a> Pharmacol Thera. 134 (3), 287-297 (2012).</li><li>Rachlin, H., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commitment,+choice,+and+self-control.">Commitment, choice, and self-control.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 17 (1), 15-22 (1972).</li><li>Ainslie, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulse+control+in+pigeons.">Impulse control in pigeons.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 21 (3), 485-489 (1974).</li><li>Ainslie, G., Herrnstein, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preference+reversal+and+delayed+reinforcement.">Preference reversal and delayed reinforcement.</a> Anim Learn Behav. 9 (4), 476-482 (1981).</li><li>Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting:+I'm+a+k,+you're+a+k.">Delay discounting: I'm a k, you're a k.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 96 (3), 427-439 (2011).</li><li>Reynolds, B., Ortengren, A., Richards, J. B., de Wit, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensions+of+impulsive+behavior:+Personality+and+behavioral+measures.">Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Personality and behavioral measures.</a> Pers Indiv Differ. 40 (2), 305-315 (2006).</li><li>Petry, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+money+and+alcohol+in+actively+using+alcoholics,+currently+abstinent+alcoholics,+and+controls.">Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls.</a> Psychopharmacology. 154 (3), 243-250 (2001).</li><li>Vuchinich, R. E., Simpson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperbolic+temporal+discounting+in+social+drinkers+and+problem+drinkers.">Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 6 (3), 292-305 (1998).</li><li>Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+cigarette+smoking:+delay+discounting+in+current,+never,+and+ex-smokers.">Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 447-454 (1999).</li><li>Mitchell, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measures+of+impulsivity+in+cigarette+smokers+and+non-smokers.">Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers.</a> Psychopharmacology. 146 (4), 455-464 (1999).</li><li>Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsivity+and+rapid+discounting+of+delayed+hypothetical+rewards+in+cocaine-dependent+individuals.">Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 11 (1), 18-25 (2003).</li><li>Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsive+and+self-control+choices+in+opioid-dependent+patients+and+non-drug-using+control+patients:+Drug+and+monetary+rewards.">Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 5 (3), 256-262 (1997).</li><li>Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., Badger, G. J., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Needle+sharing+in+opioid-dependent+outpatients:+psychological+processes+underlying+risk.">Needle sharing in opioid-dependent outpatients: psychological processes underlying risk.</a> Drug Alcohol Depen. 60 (3), 259-266 (2000).</li><li>Hoffman, W. F., Moore, M., Templin, R., McFarland, B., Hitzemann, R. J., Mitchell, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropsychological+function+and+delay+discounting+in+methamphetamine-dependent+individuals.">Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetamine-dependent individuals.</a> Psychopharmacology. 188 (2), 162-170 (2006).</li><li>Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., Jacobs, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+by+pathological+gamblers.">Delay discounting by pathological gamblers.</a> J Appl Behav Anal. 36 (4), 449-458 (2003).</li><li>Weller, R. E., Cook, E. W., Avsar, K. B., Cox, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obese+women+show+greater+delay+discounting+than+healthy-weight+women.">Obese women show greater delay discounting than healthy-weight women.</a> Appetite. 51 (3), 563-569 (2008).</li><li>Rasmussen, E. B., Lawyer, S. R., Reilly, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percent+body+fat+is+related+to+delay+and+probability+discounting+for+food+in+humans.">Percent body fat is related to delay and probability discounting for food in humans.</a> Behav Process. 83 (1), 23-30 (2010).</li><li>Daugherty, J. R., Brase, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+time+to+be+healthy:+Predicting+health+behaviors+with+delay+discounting+and+time+perspective.">Taking time to be healthy: Predicting health behaviors with delay discounting and time perspective.</a> Pers Indiv Differ. 48 (2), 202-207 (2010).</li><li>Reynolds, B., Schiffbauer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+state+changes+in+human+delay+discounting:+an+experiential+discounting+task.">Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task.</a> Behav Process. 67 (3), 343-356 (2004).</li><li>Jimura, K., Myerson, J., Hilgard, J., Braver, T. S., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+people+really+more+patient+than+other+animals?+Evidence+from+human+discounting+of+real+liquid+rewards.">Are people really more patient than other animals? Evidence from human discounting of real liquid rewards.</a> Psychon B. Rev. 16 (6), 1071-1075 (2009).</li><li>Odum, A. L., Rainaud, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discounting+of+delayed+hypothetical+money,+alcohol,+and+food.">Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food.</a> Behav Process. 64 (3), 305-313 (2003).</li><li>Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., Kastern, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting+of+real+and+hypothetical+rewards.">Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 11 (2), 139-145 (2003).</li><li>Beck, R. C., Triplett, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test-retest+reliability+of+a+group-administered+paper-pencil+measure+of+delay+discounting.">Test-retest reliability of a group-administered paper-pencil measure of delay discounting.</a> Exp Clin Psychopharm. 17 (5), 345-355 (2009).</li><li>Chapman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discounting+and+utility+for+health+and+money.">Temporal discounting and utility for health and money.</a> J EXP Psychol Learn. 22 (3), 771-791 (1996).</li><li>Du, W., Green, L., Myerson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-cultural+comparisons+of+discounting+delayed+and+probabilistic+rewards.">Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards.</a> Psychol Rec. 52 (4), 479-492 (2002).</li><li>Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heroin+addicts+have+higher+discount+rates+for+delayed+rewards+than+non-drug-using+controls.">Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.</a> J Exp.Psychol Gen. 128 (1), 78-87 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discounting+of+delayed+rewards:+Models+of+individual+choice.">Discounting of delayed rewards: Models of individual choice.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 64 (3), 263-276 (1995).</li><li>Rachlin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notes+on+discounting.">Notes on discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 85 (3), 425-435 (2006).</li><li>Odum, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delay+discounting:+Trait+variable.">Delay discounting: Trait variable.</a> Behav Process. 87 (1), 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Koffarnus, M. N., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Bickel, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+delay+discounting+in+the+light+of+the+competing+neurobehavioral+decision+systems+theory:+a+review.">Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 99 (1), 32-57 (2013).</li><li>Green, L., Myerson, J., Ostaszewski, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amount+of+reward+has+opposite+effects+on+the+discounting+of+delayed+and+probabilistic+outcomes.">Amount of reward has opposite effects on the discounting of delayed and probabilistic outcomes.</a> J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 25 (2), 418-427 (1999).</li><li>Myerson, J., Green, L., Warusawitharana, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Area+under+the+curve+as+a+measure+of+discounting.">Area under the curve as a measure of discounting.</a> J Exp Anal Behav. 76 (2), 235-243 (2001).</li><li>Reynolds, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+delay-discounting+research+with+humans:+relations+to+drug+use+and+gambling.">A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling.</a> Behav Pharmacol. 17 (8), 651-667 (2006).</li><li>Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritability+of+delay+discounting+in+adolescence:+A+longitudinal+twin+study.">Heritability of delay discounting in adolescence: A longitudinal twin study.</a> Behav Gen. 41 (2), 175-183 (2011).</li><li>Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L., Friedel, J. E., Twohig, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altering+impulsive+decision+making+with+an+acceptance-based+procedure.">Altering impulsive decision making with an acceptance-based procedure.</a> Behav Ther. 45 (5), 630-639 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

此视频描述，应采取使用调节量任务进行延迟贴现实验的步骤。该调整量任务比较快速进行（10 - 每名参赛者15分钟），并产生可靠的数据。任务的调整性质提供贴现的个体参与者的程度微调的分析。由于该任务是基于计算机的数据采集是自动化的，它在数据收集过程限制了人为误差和影响。典型任务用于评估假定的结果的贴现，但它也被用来评估实际成果28贴现。一个限制到调整量任务?...

延迟贴现是一种行为现象，影响到很多情况下，人们会遇到延迟贴现是指时间上的近端奖励更高度重视超过时间远端回报的事实。也就是说，奖励价值下降与延迟。这是一个重要的过程，因为很多选择，人们作出涉及直接低质量的成果之间的权衡（例如，一块奶酪蛋糕吃完饭）和延迟高品质的结果 （例如，长期健康）。延迟贴现也已在多种物种中除了人类2,3，包括猴子4,5，大鼠6,7和鸽子8的观察。 在贴现程度的个体差异已被链接到不同的适应不良行为9。奖励的价值下降为延迟根据双曲衰减函数8的功能。随着双曲线衰减，价值下降广泛S采用较短的延迟，但会降低比例没有那么跨越比较长的延迟。马祖尔的结论，即价值双曲会随着延迟的功能是非常重要的，因为双曲线函数能够预测偏好逆转，而其他的理论功能不能没有额外的假设。偏好逆转是一个证据充分的调查10-12的偏爱一个小奖励可以比较快（SSR）在更大的奖励可在未来（LLR）相对远点，如果一个普通的延迟被添加到两个备选方案将扭转。例如，如果，而下班开车回家，饥饿的感觉突然打，一个人可能倾向于而不是等着停在眼前的第一个快餐店相对不健康的零食，直到他们回家换了一块水果或其他一些高品质的小吃。然而，如果在饥饿击中，同时仍然在工作时，当人仍然有步行到他们的车和接近快餐店前，开车在路上，他们更可能决定要等到他们回家的水果。 陡度与奖励下降值作为延迟的函数可以被认为是一个生物体的选择冲动的量度。选择冲动可以被定义为优先选择的SSR超过LLR 13,14- .Higher度脉冲的选择都与使用和滥用各种药物如酒精15,16，香烟17,18，可卡因19，海洛因20,21，和甲基苯丙胺22。更高程度的冲动的选择也与有问题的赌博23，肥胖24,25，和健康状况不佳和人身安全的选择26。 各种任务可以用来评估延迟在人中扣除。例如，参加者可以要求作出的选择和经验，部分或全部的决定与他们的选择（真正的奖励任务27,28），或者他们可能被要求做出假设的替代品之间的决策相关的后果，在这种情况下，他们不会真正遇到与自己选择相关的后果（假设悬赏任务1-3,9 ，15-19,25,29）。类似程度的折扣一般都观察到无论奖励和延迟是否真实或假设的30。管理延迟折扣任务的方式有所不同，不同研究。例如，各种实验室已经给予使用填空题-在空白调查表31，多项选择题问卷32，调整量的过程33的任务，货币的选择问卷34。调整量的任务，最初是由杜，绿色和迈尔森33开发的，并在我们的实验室广泛使用，提供了几个好处。一旦任务被编程的数据收集是自动的，从而限制在整个过程中的人为错误。由于该任务的调节性质，冷漠点达到相对较少的问题，这些问题最小化的参与者都必须在和实验室和限制的无聊的时间。重要的是，该任务提供了详实可靠的数据。调节量的任务将在下面详细说明。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>Mac or Windows</td></tr><tr><td>Programming Software</td><td>Visual Studios</td><td></td><td>https://www.visualstudio.com</td></tr><tr><td>Data Analysis Software</td><td>The R Foundation</td><td></td><td>http://www.r-project.org</td></tr><tr><td>Informed Consent Form</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring delay discounting in humans using an adjusting amount task

延迟贴现指的是在当它被延迟相对于当它是立即可用的奖励的值的下降。延迟扣除任务用于识别冷漠点，这反映相等偏好两个二分奖励替代不同的延迟和幅度。冷漠点的关键是评估延迟贴现渐变的形状，因为它们使我们能够隔离延迟对价值的影响。例如，如果在1周的延迟，最大为$ 1,000，无差异点为$ 700个我们知道，对于参与者，1周延迟对应于在值降低了30％。这个视频概括标识冷漠点比较快速和便宜且易于管理的调整量对延迟折现任务。一旦数据已被采集，非线性回归技术通常用于生成贴现曲线。贴现曲线的陡峭程度反映IMP度ulsive选择一组或个人。这些技术已被用于与各种商品，并已确定种群的相对冲动。例如，人与物质滥用问题的折扣延迟奖励更陡比对照参与者。虽然折现度变化作为商品的检查功能，一种商品的折扣相关与贴现其他商品的，这表明，贴现可以是行为1的永久图案。

延迟贴现结果由拟合曲线回归模型，既从每个结果个别参与者群体和冷漠点中值无差异点一般分析。中位数组无差异点使用，因为冷漠点的样本通常不是正态分布。三个非线性回归模型是常用的:那些由马祖尔（式1）8，迈尔森和格林（式2）35，和瑞克林（式3）36建议。 <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task at JoVE.com

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

measuring-delay-discounting-in-humans-using-an-adjusting-amount-task

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

15.3K 次观看.  Utah State University. Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. We outline a computer-based delay discounting task that is easy to implement and allows for the quantification of the degree of delay discounting in human participants.

视频: Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper understanding of the neurobiological causes underlying the decision-making problems. A cost-benefit based T-maze task is used for measuring decision making in which rodents choose between a high reward arm (HRA) and a low reward arm (LRA). There are two paradigms of the T-maze decision-making task, one in which the cost is a time delay and the other in which it is physical effort. Both paradigms require a tedious and labor-intensive management of experimental animals, multiple doors, pellet reward, and arm choice recordings. In the current work, we invented an apparatus based on traditional T-maze with full automation for pellet delivery, door management and choice recordings. This automated setup can be used for the evaluation of both delay- and effort-based decision making in rodents. With the protocol described here, our lab investigated the decision-making phenotypes of multiple genetically modified mice. In the representative data, we showed that the mice with ablated medial habenular showed aversions of both delay and effort and tended to choose the immediate and effortless reward. This protocol helps to decrease the variability caused by experimenter intervention and to enhance experiment efficiency. In addition, chronic silicon probe or microelectrode recording, fiber-optic imaging and/or manipulation of neural activity can be easily applied during the decision-making task using the setup described here.

This article introduces an automated T-maze apparatus that we invented, and a protocol based on this apparatus for analyzing delay-based decision making and effort-based decision making in free moving rodents.

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of intervals within the range of milliseconds of visual, acoustic, and audiovisual aperiodic trains of six pulses. In this task, each of the trials consists of two consecutive intramodal intervals where the participants press the upward arrow key to report that the second stimulus lasted longer than the reference, or the downward arrow key to indicate otherwise. The analysis of the behavior results in psychometric functions of the probability of estimating the comparison stimulus to be longer than the reference, as a function of the comparison intervals. In conclusion, we advance a way of implementing standard programming software to create visual, acoustic, and audiovisual stimuli, and to generate a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) task by delivering stimuli through noise-blocking headphones and a computer&#39;s monitor.

Psychophysics is essential for studying perception phenomena through sensory information. Here we present a protocol to perform a two-interval forced-choice task as implemented in a previous report on human psychophysics where participants estimated the duration of visual, auditory, or audiovisual intervals of aperiodic trains of pulses.

多感比较的双区间强制选择任务

We provide a procedure for a psychophysics experiment in humans based on a previously described paradigm aimed to characterize the perceptual duration of ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is a meaningful concept because it is associated with psychiatric conditions in humans and with maladaptive behavior in non-human animals. It is believed that impulsivity is composed of separate factors. There are laboratory protocols devised to assess each of these factors using standardized automated equipment. Delay discounting is associated with the incapacity to be motivated by delayed outcomes. This factor is evaluated through intertemporal choice protocols, which consist&#160;of presenting the individual with a choice situation involving an immediate reward and a larger but delayed reward. Response inhibition deficit is associated with the incapacity to withhold prepotent responses. Differential reinforcement of low rates (DLR) and feature-negative discrimination protocols assess the response inhibition deficit factor of impulsivity. The former imposes a condition to a motivated individual in which most wait a minimum period of time for a response to be rewarded. The latter evaluates the capacity of individuals to refrain from food seeking responses when a signal of the absence of food is presented. The purpose of these protocols is to construct an objective quantitative measure of impulsivity, which serves to make cross-species comparisons, allowing the possibility of translational research. The advantages of these particular protocols include their easy set-up and application, which stems from the relatively small amount of equipment needed and the automated nature of these protocols.

We present three protocols that assess different forms of impulsivity in rats and other small mammals. Intertemporal choice procedures evaluate the tendency to discount the value of delayed outcomes. Differential reinforcement of low rates and feature-negative discrimination evaluate response inhibition capacity with and without punishment for inappropriate responses, respectively.

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This research proposes an innovative experimental protocol that examines how social comparison and social distance jointly affect the neural processes involved in outcome assessment for intertemporal choices. The study is based on the theoretical framework of cognitive resource competition. This protocol enables researchers to dynamically establish an indifference point for each participant, effectively eliminating the influence of any biased indifference points on the assessment of intertemporal choices. Consequently, the study solely measures the combined impact of social comparison and social distance on how participants evaluate intertemporal choice outcomes. The findings reveal that individuals are more inclined to opt for immediate outcomes under negative unfair conditions. Moreover, compared to the fair and positive unfair conditions, people tend to undervalue delayed outcomes in the negative unfair condition. The strength of this approach lies in its dynamic indifference point setting, making it an effective method to investigate the influence of various external factors (such as social status and power level) on intertemporal decision-making. While the protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events like event-related potentials, it can also be tailored for use with fMRI.

This protocol aims to investigate the neural activity related to social comparison and social distance during the processing of intertemporal decision outcomes. Indifference points will be measured using event-related potentials as part of the study.

社会比较与社会距离对事件相关潜力研究中跨期选择结局评价的联合影响

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This ...