Name: acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats at JoVE.com

这一工作是由瑞士国家科学基金会（批准31003A-149315-1到MES和格兰特IZK0Z3-150809到亚利桑那州）， 以AZ海蒂Demetriades基金会 ，以MES的欧洲研究理事会（&#39;Nogorise&#39;）和赠款克里斯托弗和Dana里夫基金会（CDRF）。

所有实验均按照苏黎世州，瑞士的兽医办公室的指导进行。 1.动物处理和习惯化<ol><li>动物处理 注意:在实验开始前5天，每日执行步骤1.1.1。 <ol><li>对于行为实验，习惯于在动物实验者。每天有处理会话持久每头牲畜10-15分钟。清洁每只动物的会议结束后的框。 <ol><li>最初，将实验者的手伸进笼子允许动物的探索和闻到熟悉该项实验者。 </li><li>接着，轻轻抓住前端和后爪允许进一步熟悉的大鼠身上解除用实验者的手以安全的方式在动物。 </li></ol></li><li>权衡每个动物每天获取食物匮乏前基线体重。 </li></OL&gt; </li><li>设备和习惯化熟悉食品<ol><li>权衡每个动物每天获取食物匮乏前基线体重。 </li><li>启动食品剥夺大鼠前3天的在标准实验室的饮食训练前的开始。给大鼠0.05克每人每天1克体重的食物（ 如老鼠体重200克，开始用10克的食物）。确保体重由日常监测体重没有减少，每天超过10％。 <ol><li>如果几个动物在一个笼子里举行的，显性老鼠可能吃的比少占主导地位的。如果一个动物的减少体重，饲料分别代替组饲喂动物。给自由饮水 。 </li></ol></li><li>到熟悉与把持装置的大鼠，将动物放入训练框（ 图1）。有糖粒料放置在训练箱在接近狭缝开口熟习的食物丸的动物。执行此STEP 10-15分钟每日3天。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.前培训和运动技能学习<ol><li>训练前<ol><li>熟悉后一天，将动物放入训练箱并紧密放置沉淀的狭缝开口，因此它可以通过动物的舌头到达。在训练前排除检索粒料与动物的前肢 注:在这个阶段，颗粒检索用舌头是至关重要的，通常是动物的选择方法。小球应该是在没有把握的情况下，前肢直到运动技能学习的第一天，以允许足够的监测了解​​到深远的任务。颗粒与检索在预培训的前肢是排除标准，并在未观察到大多数情况下。 </li><li>教老鼠要么跑到笼子的后部，并返回到缝隙打开或退后一步，把绕自身轴线，以接收下一个食物颗粒与舌。允许时间为动物探索笼，运行到后，并返回到狭缝开口。如果动物不能正确执行任务，使用镊子轻轻拍打在笼结束后，赶上了动物的关注。一旦动物是在后方，轻轻拍打在笼子前面到动物引导到狭缝开口。 注意:一旦动物达到规定的标准值（ 例如，50成功检索颗粒在不到15分钟的舌头），动物资格的运动技能学习阶段。在第1天和2的预培训，学员已经可以从非学生区别开来。非学习者可以从研究中排除在此步骤。这减小期间马达的学习步骤（2.2），其具有高数量的非学习的概率。 </li><li>在训练前，剥夺食物在标准实验室老鼠的饮食。给自由饮水 。每天监测体重整个研究。办不使用同一个房间里训练雄性和雌性大鼠。确保动物平静和无噪音的环境。 </li></ol></li><li>爪子偏好和运动技能学习的测定<ol><li>在运动技能学习的第一次会议，替换在后窗前的幻灯片。将糖颗粒约1.5厘米的距离帖子上的窗口，使动物无法与舌头的颗粒，但只能通过精确的前肢达到和把握运动检索。 <ol><li>要强制颗粒检索的前肢，使用镊子轻轻将小球接近动物的嘴和收回沉淀而动物尝试用舌头消费。执行这项任务重复，直到动物伸出前肢和掌握颗粒。 </li></ol></li><li>将后中央到对外开放的窗口。为了确定爪子偏好，仔细观察训练日第10次试验的REAC 1.超过70％兴的尝试（ 即，7满分10分）必须具有相同的前肢被执行。如果这不能实现，继续与另一轮的10个试验，直到70％的阈值被达到。 </li><li>经过爪子偏好的决心，转向首选的前肢和后中央对齐到窗口开放的边界。优选的爪对准装置后移位违背各自爪子以允许最佳角度为达成（ 图1B中的C）。 </li><li>分类试验，定义为一个新的颗粒呈现给动物，为成功（到达，把握，检索和吃小球），降（到达，把握和检索过程中失去颗粒）或失败（敲断沉淀后）。记下你的每片试实验后分析数据。 </li><li>执行一个日常会话，包括定义试验次数（ 例如，150）或最大时间（ 例如，1小时）对每只动物。 </li><li>调查精度和微调运动用的第一次尝试的分析。第一次尝试通过不中断，犹豫或个人的运动部件的重复在一个单一的整体运动抓沉淀的定义。仔细观察每一个被抓的老鼠。 <ol><li>如果老鼠犹豫或在达到缩回或企图多次试验，以正确把握颗粒，注意相应的试验是成功，但没有第一次尝试。如果动物成功地掌握在单片前往颗粒，记下各自的审判在你的表中单独列成功的第一次尝试。 </li></ol></li><li>在运动技能的学习，剥夺食物在标准实验室老鼠的饮食。给自由饮水 。每天监测体重整个研究。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

在这项研究中所示的范例适于从布伊特拉戈等人 18和不同于经典单粒料达到主要在两个方面的范例17: 首先，研究内会话的改进允许在一个单一的一天的学习任务，它可以提供一个不同的级别的信息，如快速学习组件的调查相比，由平均每天值表示的慢学习组件的分析（ 见图3和4）。二，行为范式这里提出增加难度和复杂的运动技能任务的程度。该动物被迫重新调整它的身体和到达方向前每个粒料检索。这防止简单重复运动执行从相同的角度，并需要深刻空间定向。此外，丸粒由薄垂直柱被放置在次前检索Ë笼并因此需要精确把握成功检索和防止简单拉向动物粒料的粒料的直径相匹配。 一个重要的步骤是教学动物运行到保持器的后方，并返回到在训练前的狭缝开口。通过使用镊子轻轻拍打在笼的后面板的暗示老鼠到所需位置有助于动物理解的任务。实验者应谨慎使用此工具，因为overtapping产生过多的噪音和刺激的动物。一旦大鼠已返回到笼子的前面，放置几个糖粒料在狭缝开口为动物习惯于与丸剂的味道，气味和位置。另一个关键步骤是颗粒检索与运动学习的第一天的前肢。动物经常不断尝试用舌头检索颗粒在训练前的教训。使用镊子轻轻带上个Ë颗粒接近动物的嘴和颗粒回缩，而动物消费的尝试用舌头强制老鼠伸出前肢的小球成功地检索。我们的目标是让动物把握从使用前肢镊子沉​​淀并检索糖粒料到它的嘴。一旦这个已经实现了，小球可以被放置在可评估后和爪子偏好的决心。这两个步骤是在整个实验中最关键的部分，并要求仔细的方式给动物以及实验者的耐性。 要注意的是动物个体之间和性别之间存在学习差异（男性学比雌性18慢）和应变是非常重要的（根据我们的观察，Sprague-Dawley大鼠中研究和Long-Evans大鼠中使用显示出优异的学习相比例如，刘易斯只）。因此，为了满足挑战性要求任务ments，成功率可能需要根据性别和应变的范例修改。为了保持低方差，不要混合菌株和性别的一系列实验。 结构良好，可控的行为范式的研究调查细胞相互关联的基本病理和生理行为的机制至关重要。更复杂的行为任务老鼠能够学习代表了小鼠大鼠的一个重要优点。在技术基因操作在大鼠的持续进步将允许在不久的将来在老鼠是迄今为止唯一可能在19-21小鼠进行实验。在新型成像技术和工艺允许有针对性的操控神经回路的组合，行为范式对大鼠可以对打开的神经系统功能的生理和病理原理的理解新的途径。

运动控制是中枢神经系统（CNS）的核心功能。 Motricity公司是CNS功能的主要衡量输出和主​​可能性为个人与外部世界进行交互。理解运动功能的原理和背后的电动机任务的学习是目前在神经科学的大挑战之一的机制。购置一台新电机的任务后，形态，生理和分子的变化被发现。例如，形状和突触的数目改变以响应熟练马达训练1-5，和突触机械的功能改变动作的学习后观察。突触反应是在经训练的运动皮层相比，同样的动物或从未经训练的动物6,7-响应的未经训练的半球前肢-表示区域的连接更高。电观察也表明，长时程增强（LTP）和长-term抑制（LTD）一样的机制发生了新的运 ​​动技能的学习过程中，那突触操作，这是LTP和LTD。饱和的限制边界之间限定的范围内，被修改8。此外，已经表明，活性标记和可塑性促进分子如c-fos的GAP-43，或BDNF而且可塑性抑制分子例如为学习相关的神经可塑性9-16的Nogo-A显示调节作用。 对更好地理解运动学习的基本机制的这些进展只能与使用行为范式，使收购一个新的运 ​​动技能， 比如，熟练前肢深远的精确控制来实现。只有一个结构良好的行为的任务允许监视并捕捉后的学习和执行各自的任务发生的相关变化。在这里，我们在视觉上表明本领域技术前肢的修改后的版本大鼠改编自布伊特拉戈等 17所呈现的范例单颗粒到达任务允许移动收购的日常训练（在会议期间）内的分析代表了快速学习成分和主要收购以及熟练的运动学习过几次会议代表所学的任务18的慢学习成分和维护（之间的会话）。重要的是，这种行为模式增加了难度和复杂的运动技能的任务，因为两个特征的程度:首先，老鼠被训练把握每一个后转身的轴，从而调整其身前的下一个颗粒范围和更新体内取向，从而防止从相同的角度恒定运动执行。第二，小球被检索从一个垂直柱放置在笼子前面。由于小直径的帖子，小球很容易被踢掉需要精确把握成功的检索和preventing简单拉向动物的颗粒。 如此复杂的行为测试可以更深入地了解运动学习的基本机制。相比小鼠，大鼠是在复杂的行为任务的性能优越，因此更适合于复杂的范例如本研究中提出。考虑可用于大鼠19,20的增加的遗传可能性，精确和良好控制的行为测试方法与遗传操作，成像和生理技术的结合代表了强大的工具箱，以便更好地了解电动机的学习和记忆的神经生物学基础。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Training box</td><td></td><td></td><td>Self Made</td></tr><tr><td>Pedestal</td><td></td><td></td><td>Self Made</td></tr><tr><td>Sugar pellets</td><td>TSE Systems Intl. Group</td><td></td><td>45 mg dustless precision pellets</td></tr><tr><td>Sprague Dawley rats</td><td></td><td></td><td>5-6 week old males</td></tr><tr><td>Laptop computer</td><td>Hewlett Packard</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stop Watch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Prism</td><td>GraphPad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Counter</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

成功的运动技能采集只能通过一贯的做法来实现。尽管仔细考虑的所有方面，一些老鼠不学习任务（ 图2）。这些"非学习者的任一缺乏动力导致粒料检索少数或缺席尝试从实验开始或通常失去兴趣达成为领先粒料连续失败的尝试。与此相反，一些动物显示出导致overhasty侵略性和过度激励的行为，并冲抓，导致失败的尝试。不成功的学习者的第三组是那些以高成功率，不要使显著的改善导致停滞不前，甚至下降了学习的难度动物。 成功的运动技能的学习分为两个阶段:快速学习组件表示主收购通常动作训练（中，会议的第一天观察到的范围内; <s仲&gt;图3）和熟练运动学习过几次反复培训班（ 图4）表示所学的任务缓慢学习组件和巩固会话之间。之间的会话学习曲线在1-3天，并在学习的最后几天高原水平特点是陡峭的学习曲线。 分析每个每日会议（内会话分析）期间的性能，除以试验的总数为25个试验仓（ 例如，6箱150试验）。实验后，通过在各天试验的总数除以在各仓成功的次数计算的成功抓住粒料每个箱的百分比。 应该认为，运动技能收购可以单个动物的不同而不同。不同大鼠需要不同天数达到平稳含量。因此，个体的学习曲线是平常LY不是一帆风顺的平均学习曲线。 成功的运动学习的另一种表现形式是微调电机学的分析。为了评估这方面，我们测量期间毫不犹豫或中断单片运动相比，所有成功测量颗粒（ 图5）粒料掌握在第一次尝试的数目。 在图2的实施例- 图5表示150把持粒料/天的学习曲线在6天的过程。第1天是指运动学习的第一天。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53010/53010fig1.jpg" /> 图1:大鼠训练箱的设计（A）与各自的尺寸的训练箱。避免盒内丢失的粒料检索，训练室的地面是由金属棒<html> ，通过它失去了球团矿下降。 （ 二）开缝和后的近视角。注意对准中央的狭缝开口后的位置。大鼠（C）的实施例成功地抓通过狭缝开口的颗粒。注意移位后位置，对动物的前肢首选的角度产生（在这种情况下右图）。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/53010/53010fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53010/53010fig2.jpg" /> 图2:这并没有表现出成功收购运动技能在6天的过程中的动物的示例成功率上进一步培训没有改善停滞在20％左右。 广告/ 53010 / 53010fig3.jpg"/&gt; 图3:在天分析相同的例子，作为如图4所示的成功率在整个单个每日会话分成6仓25粒料示出在运动学习的改善。注的第2天的与图4以及比较1天之内和2的普遍提高各天的平均成功率比较第一25次试验中的最初的成功率图4。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53010/53010fig4.jpg" /> 图4:用在6天的过程中典型的，成功的学习曲线的动物的实施例的成功的把持粒料（成功率）的百分比在第3天增加，并在剩余的天达到平稳。 <imgALT ="图5"SRC ="/文件/ ftp_upload / 53010 / 53010fig5.jpg"/&gt; 图5:成功的第一次尝试显示在比较的正确把握小球的总数为微调运动学习的措施。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats at JoVE.com

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

acquisition-of-a-high-precision-skilled-forelimb-reaching-task-in-rats

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K 次观看.  University of Zurich. A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

视频: Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后：肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

科研

行为学

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of human SCI occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). Behavioral deficits include loss of forelimb function due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for human patients with cervical SCI is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical SCI (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement.
The current measurement technique, the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The IBB was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 SCI, and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique.
The IBB, like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the IBB scale could be used to assess recovery following other types of injury that impact normal forelimb function.

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

Here we will describe a rodent behavioral assay that can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation.

一个评估在大鼠近端和远端的前肢功能的新方法：欧文，Beatties和布雷斯纳汉（IBB）前肢规模

Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the ...

神经科学

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

The Structure of Skilled Forelimb Reaching in the Rat: A Movement Rating Scale

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and primates. The video describes a test situation that allows filming of repeated acts of reaching for food by the rat that has been mildly food deprived. A rat is trained to reach through a slot in a holding box for food pellet that it grasps and then places in its mouth for eating. Reaching is accomplished in the main by proximally driven movements of the limb but distal limb movements are used for pronating the paw, grasping the food, and releasing the food into the mouth. Each reach is divided into at least 10 movements of the forelimb and the reaching act is facilitated by postural adjustments. Each of the movements is described and examples of the movements are given from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation. Because the reaching act for the rat is very similar to that displayed by humans and nonhuman primates, the scale can be used for comparative purposes. from a number of viewing perspectives. By rating each movement element on a 3-point scale, the reach can be quantified. A number of studies have demonstrated that the movement elements are altered by motor system damage, including damage to the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. The movements are also altered in neurological conditions that can be modeled in the rat, including Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Thus, the rating scale is useful for quantifying motor impairments and the effectiveness of neural restoration and rehabilitation.

Experiments on animals were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the University of Lethbridge Animal Care Committee in accordance with the regulations of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

The skilled reaching scale divides the movement by a forelimb in a reach for food act into composite elements each of which are evaluated with a three-point scale. The rating scale is described for a normal rat and can be applied toward evaluating neurological motor disorders.

在鼠年达到熟练的前肢结构：一个运动评定量表

Skilled reaching for food is an evolutionary ancient act and is displayed by many animal species, including those in the sister clades of rodents and ...

生物学

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

使用自动训练器评估小鼠的熟练前向

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

Automated Rat Single-Pellet Reaching with 3-Dimensional Reconstruction of Paw and Digit Trajectories

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. Several automated versions of skilled reaching have been developed recently. Here, we describe a version that automatically presents pellets to rats while recording high-definition video from multiple angles at high frame rates (300 fps). The paw and individual digits are tracked with DeepLabCut, a machine learning algorithm for markerless pose estimation. This system can also be synchronized with physiological recordings, or be used to trigger physiologic interventions (e.g., electrical or optical stimulation).

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the behavior. We describe an automated version of skilled reaching with motion tracking and three-dimensional reconstruction of reach trajectories.

自动大鼠单丸到达与3维重建的爪子和数字轨迹

Rodent skilled reaching is commonly used to study dexterous skills, but requires significant time and effort to implement the task and analyze the ...

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these tasks require sensory-motor integration and involve precise control of bilateral brain circuits. Implementing unimanual behavioral paradigms in animal models will improve the understanding of the contribution of brain structures, like the striatum, to complex motor behavior as it allows manipulation and recording of neural activity of specific nuclei in control conditions and disease during the performance of the task. 
Since its creation, optogenetics has been a dominant tool for interrogating the brain by enabling selective and targeted activation or inhibition of neuronal populations. The combination of optogenetics with behavioral assays sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of specific brain functions. Wireless head-mounted systems with miniaturized light-emitting diodes (LEDs) allow remote optogenetic control in an entirely free-moving animal. This avoids the limitations of a wired system being less restrictive for animals' behavior without compromising light emission efficiency. The current protocol combines a wireless optogenetics approach with high-speed videography in a unimanual dexterity task to dissect the contribution of specific neuronal populations to fine motor behavior.

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

The present protocol describes how to use wireless optogenetics combined with high-speed videography in a single pellet reach-to-grasp task to characterize the neural circuits involved in the performance of skilled motor behavior in freely moving mice.

体内 熟练运动行为的无线光遗传学控制

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

Assessing Dexterity with Reaching Tasks

Reaching tasks are employed in behavioral neuroscience to investigate motor learning and forelimb dexterity. Much like human hands, rodents have dexterous forepaws, which are necessary for executing coordinated and precise motor movements. Experimenters may utilize food rewards to train rodents to reach and for testing their reaching abilities. These tasks help behavioral neuroscientist in understanding how CNS injuries, such as a stroke, may impair reaching ability and dexterity in humans.
This video begins by discussing the principles and neurobiology of forelimb use in rodents, and then explains a protocol on how to conduct reaching experiments using different types of food rewards. Applications section reviews studies that involve reaching and food handling in animal models of CNS injury.

Reaching Tasks: Accessing Motor Learning and Dexterity

评估手指灵巧的实验

Reaching tasks are employed in behavioral neuroscience to investigate motor learning and forelimb dexterity. Much like human hands, rodents have dexterous ...

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

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采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后：肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

一个评估在大鼠近端和远端的前肢功能的新方法：欧文，Beatties和布雷斯纳汉（IBB）前肢规模

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

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使用自动训练器评估小鼠的熟练前向

自动大鼠单丸到达与3维重建的爪子和数字轨迹

体内熟练运动行为的无线光遗传学控制

评估手指灵巧的实验

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后：肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

一个评估在大鼠近端和远端的前肢功能的新方法：欧文，Beatties和布雷斯纳汉（IBB）前肢规模

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

在鼠年达到熟练的前肢结构：一个运动评定量表

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

使用自动训练器评估小鼠的熟练前向

自动大鼠单丸到达与3维重建的爪子和数字轨迹

体内 熟练运动行为的无线光遗传学控制

评估手指灵巧的实验

体内熟练运动行为的无线光遗传学控制