Name: measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control
Uploaded: 2015-07-05T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 37 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Jyoti Mishra for useful discussions regarding the paradigm. This research was supported by NIH grants R33DA026109 and R21MH096329 to MSC.

注:本研究方案是根据批准的研究审查委员会在加州洛杉矶大学的道德准则制定。 1.准备听觉和视觉刺激<ol><li>使用其中能够产生视觉图像的软件，在任何频率（视觉角度的例如 1.36周/度）的直径，并创建两个灰度正弦光栅，约为5.7英寸。图像将具有100毫秒的屏幕上的持续时间。 <ol><li>倾斜约10视觉度到断开正中右光栅之一，并倾斜其它光栅相同的量向光栅的左边。 </li><li>确保该倾斜的程度足以允许参与者以区分一个右倾斜一个左倾斜不依靠猜测。 </li></ol></li><li>使用其中能够产生听觉音调软件，创建的100毫秒的持续时间两个纯音。 <ol><li> M阿克一个的较高音调的音调和其他较低音高。例如，一个间距可以为750赫兹，而另一个900赫兹。 </li><li>对于视觉刺激，确保色调足够独特，使得参与者能够区分它们不依靠猜测。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.编程的刺激呈现<ol><li>使用演示软件，创建将在实验过程中控制听觉和视觉刺激的呈现的计算机代码。 <ol><li>首先选择要呈现的刺激的数量。至少存在于150的每一个每实验条件的视觉和听觉刺激，以确保有足够的重复进行可靠神经生理学响应。 </li><li>目前视觉刺激集中在灰色的背景，与参与者坐在舒适的观看距离。通过扬声器定位在卵石的任一侧呈现听觉刺激ñ。 注意:对于视觉刺激，我们建议一个灰色的背景，在用纯白色（255,255,255）和纯黑色（0,0,0）之间的中点（128,128,128）的RGB值，与一代正弦波使用的白色和黑色刺激。这确保了背景和刺激的平均亮度相媲美，对比度是在刺激和背景的任何点之间恒定。 </li><li>对于每一个的听觉和视觉刺激，独立地选择用于刺激的定时。 注意:这防止了来自预测基于两个流之间的时间关系的刺激。 </li><li>使用的刺激的顺序展示在约1秒的刺激间间隔（峰峰）从同一模式。慢峰峰将就警戒任务的要求更高，速度更快峰峰可能导致无法参与者，使他们的反应时间。 </li><li>变化的确切的ISI随机的范围内，如0.7〜2秒，以使刺激不可预知的参与者，防止与预期有关的神经反应。 </li><li>由于跨模态相互作用可以从同时或几乎同时出现的刺激呈现21,22，保持ISI从两个不同的流刺激之间在不超过300毫秒以内。 </li></ol></li><li>确保听觉和视觉刺激似乎发生交错以参与者，但从来没有共同发生。 </li><li>最后，分割刺激成25段。这些段之前，将三个随机选择的任务的指令，将在下一节中描述的一个。 </li></ol> 3.任务指令<ol><li>东方参与者的任务之前，收集大脑活动的神经生理学的措施。 <ol><li>指导学员出席并听觉的音调有反应，而忽略了视觉刺激时，该指令是"听"。目前这款指令B通过视听手段OTH。 </li><li>指定两个按钮，让与会者作出响应每个音。例如，"按向左箭头如果音调高，右箭头如果音调低"时，该指令是"听"。 </li><li>同样，指导学员出席并视光栅响应，并忽略听觉刺激时，该指令是"看"。 </li><li>分配两个按钮参与者做出反应的视觉光栅。例如，"按下左箭头，如果光栅倾斜到左边和右箭头如果光栅被向左倾斜"。 <ol><li>使用相同的两个按钮对于视觉刺激为听觉刺激，以提高的方式，因此，有必要采用注意控制机制之间的干扰。 </li></ol></li><li>最后，与会指导，使没有得到响应时，该指令是"被动"，但保证参与者擦亮眼睛，集中在屏幕上。 </li></ol></li><li>在整个任务会议，轮流为"听"和"看"段以前参加方式切换到正在无关之间​​，从而使其成为一种有效的分心的说明。 </li><li>提醒参与者保持他们迷恋的眼睛在屏幕的中间，或者一个小圆点或十字线在视觉刺激的呈现位置，并保持他们的眼睛在整个实验中开放。 </li><li>建立在分段之间八到10秒休息，以减轻疲劳的效果，允许参与者休息他们的眼睛，以及较长的1-2分钟休息每6-8分钟。 </li><li>最后，提供每个参与者与充足的实践，以确保它们正确地执行任务。它可能是有益的，特别是对于谁拥有注意困难参与者，练习视觉和第i呈现的参加流听觉任务溶胶化，而不牵引流的同时表示。 </li></ol> 4.神经生理学数据收集<ol><li>一旦学员熟悉任务，IMAT期间开始征收神经生理反应出席会议并忽略信号。 </li><li>制备的脑电图（EEG）帽，并根据制造商的说明书记录设备，并根据目前的方法和出版物标准EEG研究26,27。 注意:重​​要的脑电图记录参数用于脑电图记录的IMAT期间，这可以是用户指定的，包括:（a）取样的128-1,024赫兹率，捕捉的ERP信号的低频; （二）交流电（AC）记录，以减少缓慢漂移; （三）净与整个头皮的采样，并与在最小64的传感器，如果源成像分析将被执行。 </li><li>应用帽参与者的头皮和验证信号的阻抗和质量在每个传感器。要特别注意，以确保在记录电极的阻抗均匀，制造商推荐的范围之内。 注意:在这个时候，如果想要收集非神经生理信号，如呼吸或脉冲还添加任何额外的生理测量装置。 </li><li>同步的神经生理记录与刺激呈现软件，并根据制造商的说明神经生理记录软件。 </li><li>记录的神经生理信号，而参与者执行的任务，以确保在记录软件具有各自的激励和响应用于后续分析的定时的精确记录。 </li></ol> 5.离线数据分析<ol><li>准备神经生理数据使用分析软件统计分析。 </li><li>首先，删除非神经信号分量，这将有助于变异的neurophy大脑的反应的siological录音。 <ol><li>使用0.1-1赫兹的高通滤波器，以去除缓慢漂移诸如那些变化引起的传感器的阻抗。 </li><li>使用30-50赫兹的低通滤波器以消除由电气噪声引入高频成分。 </li><li>标识显示不可靠的数据的传感器，和排除这些或内插的信号。 </li><li>识别和消除罕见大噪声分量如下颌收缩或前额的动作，和系统，非神经的贡献，如眼球运动的肌肉假象。 注意:典型算法，以消除非神经组分包括独立分量分析和回归，以及基于明确的选择标准（即超过阈值例如 ，电压变化）迭代算法。按照可用分析软件的指导方针，并继续按照现行标准进行脑电图研究26,27。 </li></ol></li><li&gt;一旦神经生理数据的主要非神经成分被去除，重新参考在由从各传感器中减去平均值在所有其他传感器或跨左和右乳突通道的平均每个电极中的数据。 注意:此步骤重新表示在每个传感器相对于被假定为包含零神经信号一个中性参考的影响。 注意:稀疏电极蒙太奇可能没有足够的采样，以满足本技术26,27的假设。在后一种情况下，左，右乳突的平均可以提供更准确的参考。 </li><li>示出的大约1秒周围各听觉和每个视觉事件旁边提取时间时期。包括100毫秒的刺激发病前作为基线间隔和至少600毫秒后的刺激发病。 </li><li>从平均落入相同的条件下时代的所有数据 - 出席，忽略，被动感知的刺激与＃8212;计算平均诱发反应电位或"ERP"。减去在刺激前基线的数据的平均值重新表达对ERP振幅作为相对于刺激前信号变化。 </li><li>来识别参加过程的时间过程，比较幅度和定时，以及对ERP响应出席刺激后的空间分布，对那些在被动状态期间。 </li><li>以确定忽略的时间过程，比较幅度和定时，以及对ERP响应忽略​​的刺激后的空间分布，对那些在被动状态期间。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Desimone, R., Duncan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Mechanisms+of+Selective+Visual-Attention.">Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual-Attention.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 193-222 (1995).</li><li>Hillyard, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiology+of+Human+Selective+Attention.">Electrophysiology of Human Selective Attention.</a> Trends Neurosci. 8, 400-405 (1985).</li><li>Kastner, S., Ungerleider, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neural+basis+of+biased+competition+in+human+visual+cortex.">The neural basis of biased competition in human visual cortex.</a> Neuropsychologia. 39, 1263-1276 (2001).</li><li>Mangun, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Mechanisms+of+Visual+Selective+Attention.">Neural Mechanisms of Visual Selective Attention.</a> Psychophysiology. 32, 4-18 (1995).</li><li>Chadick, J. Z., Gazzaley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+coupling+of+visual+cortex+with+default+or+frontal-parietal+network+based+on+goals.">Differential coupling of visual cortex with default or frontal-parietal network based on goals.</a> Nat Neurosci. 14, 830-832 (2011).</li><li>Ruff, C. C., Driver, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+preparation+for+a+lateralized+visual+distractor:+behavioral+and+fMRI+evidence.">Attentional preparation for a lateralized visual distractor: behavioral and fMRI evidence.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 18, 522-538 (2006).</li><li>Serences, J. T., Yantis, S., Culberson, A., Awh, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparatory+activity+in+visual+cortex+indexes+distractor+suppression+during+covert+spatial+orienting.">Preparatory activity in visual cortex indexes distractor suppression during covert spatial orienting.</a> J Neurophysiol. 92, 3538-3545 (2004).</li><li>Rissman, J., Gazzaley, A., D'Esposito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+non-visual+working+memory+load+on+top-down+modulation+of+visual+processing.">The effect of non-visual working memory load on top-down modulation of visual processing.</a> Neuropsychologia. 47, 1637-1646 (2009).</li><li>Gazzaley, A., Cooney, J. W., Rissman, J., D'Esposito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Top-down+suppression+deficit+underlies+working+memory+impairment+in+normal+aging.">Top-down suppression deficit underlies working memory impairment in normal aging.</a> Nat Neurosci. 8, 1298-1300 (2005).</li><li>Kong, D. Y., Soon, C. S., Chee, M. W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+imaging+correlates+of+impaired+distractor+suppression+following+sleep+deprivation.">Functional imaging correlates of impaired distractor suppression following sleep deprivation.</a> NeuroImage. 61, 50-55 (2012).</li><li>Luck, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Spatial+Cueing+on+Luminance+Detectability+-+Psychophysical+and+Electrophysiological+Evidence+for+Early+Selection.">Effects of Spatial Cueing on Luminance Detectability - Psychophysical and Electrophysiological Evidence for Early Selection.</a> J Exp Psychol Human. 20, 887-904 (1994).</li><li>Posner, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orienting+of+Attention.">Orienting of Attention.</a> QJ Exp Psychol. 32, 3-25 (1980).</li><li>Posner, M. I., Nissen, M. K., Ogden, W. C., Pick, H., Saltzmann, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modes of Perceiving and Processing Information. , 137-157 (1978).</li><li>Gazzaley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+early+attentional+modulation+on+working+memory.">Influence of early attentional modulation on working memory.</a> Neuropsychologia. 49, 1410-1424 (2011).</li><li>Johnson, J. A., Zatorre, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attention+to+simultaneous+unrelated+auditory+and+visual+events:+Behavioral+and+neural+correlates.">Attention to simultaneous unrelated auditory and visual events: Behavioral and neural correlates.</a> Cereb Cortex. 15, 1609-1620 (2005).</li><li>Johnson, J. A., Zatorre, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+substrates+for+dividing+and+focusing+attention+between+simultaneous+auditory+and+visual+events.">Neural substrates for dividing and focusing attention between simultaneous auditory and visual events.</a> NeuroImage. 31, 1673-1681 (2006).</li><li>Zanto, T. P., Gazzaley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Suppression+of+Irrelevant+Information+Underlies+Optimal+Working+Memory+Performance.">Neural Suppression of Irrelevant Information Underlies Optimal Working Memory Performance.</a> J Neurosci. 29, 3059-3066 (2009).</li><li>Lenartowicz, A., Simpson, G. V., Haber, C. M., Cohen, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+Signals+of+Ignoring+and+Attending+Are+Separable+and+Related+to+Performance+during+Sustained+Intersensory+Attention.">Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Are Separable and Related to Performance during Sustained Intersensory Attention.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. , 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Daffner, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+modulation+of+selective+attention+to+features+reflect+enhancement+or+suppression+of+neural+activity.">Does modulation of selective attention to features reflect enhancement or suppression of neural activity.</a> Biol Psychol. 89, 398-407 (2012).</li><li>Weissman, D. H., Warner, L. M., Woldorff, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Momentary+reductions+of+attention+permit+greater+processing+of+irrelevant+stimuli.">Momentary reductions of attention permit greater processing of irrelevant stimuli.</a> NeuroImage. 48, 609-615 (2009).</li><li>Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., Shimojo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+illusion+induced+by+sound.">Visual illusion induced by sound.</a> Cognitive Brain Res. 14, 147-152 (2002).</li><li>Di Luca, M., Machulla, T. K., Ernst, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recalibration+of+multisensory+simultaneity:+Cross-modal+transfer+coincides+with+a+change+in+perceptual+latency.">Recalibration of multisensory simultaneity: Cross-modal transfer coincides with a change in perceptual latency.</a> J Vision. 9, (2009).</li><li>Makeig, S., Jung, T. P., Bell, A. J., Ghahremani, D., Sejnowski, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blind+separation+of+event-related+brain+response+components.">Blind separation of event-related brain response components.</a> Psychophysiology. 33, S58-S58 (1996).</li><li>Baillet, S., Mosher, J. C., Leahy, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electromagnetic+brain+mapping.">Electromagnetic brain mapping.</a> IEEE Signal Processing Mag. 18, 14-30 (2001).</li><li>Garcia-Perez, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced-choice+staircases+with+fixed+step+sizes+asymptotic+and+small-sample+properties.">Forced-choice staircases with fixed step sizes asymptotic and small-sample properties.</a> Vision Res. 38, 1861-1881 (1998).</li><li>Picton, T. W., Bentin, S., Berg, P., Donchin, E., Hilllyard, S. A., Johnson, R. J. R., Miller, G. A., Ritter, W., Ruchkin, D. S., Rugg, M. D., Taylor, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+using+human+event-related+potentials+to+study+cognition:+Recroding+standards+and+publication+criteria.">Guidelines for using human event-related potentials to study cognition: Recroding standards and publication criteria.</a> Psychophysiology. 37 (2), 127-152 (2000).</li><li>Keil, A., Debener, S., Gratton, G., Junghofer, M., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., Luu, P., Miller, G. A., Yee, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Committee+Report:+Publication+guidelines+and+recommendations+for+studies+using+electroencephalography+and+magnetoencephalography.">Committee Report: Publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography.</a> Psychophysiology. 51 (1), 1-21 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

有关出席并无视注意控制过程可能涉及不同的神经通路和时间的课程。因此，它是值分别测量这些进程。该IMAT是一个工具，通过它人们可以捕捉出席并分别忽略的神经电生理信号，但同时，在持续关注。关键的步骤包括感官神经生理反应的测量时，参与者在参加，忽视或被动地感知在一个给定的方式呈现刺激 - 无论是听觉还是视觉。最重要的是，使用其中没有模态参加，并且其中不响应由一个基...

注意控制导行为通过引导我们的神经和认知资源朝向选择输入信号，同时限制进入其他信号，基于给定的行为目标1。例如，阅读一本书时，对应于书中的视觉信号是目标信号被增强，而其它感觉信号 - 例如电视在隔壁房间 - 是牵引器信号被衰减。在人类和非人类的灵长类动物1-4录音，表明在感觉皮层神经反应被增强相对于期间选择性注意忽略干扰项出席目标，表明感觉输入在大脑中的强度进行调制，作为是否一个功能它们被归类为目标或干扰项5-7。我们参加和忽略的注意调制效应是指当这种差异在信号强度。 越来越多的兴趣是从参加忽略的神经过程有助于注意力的控制及其障碍，另行是否以及如何神经过程的问题​​。这是越来越明显，忽略干扰的能力，可以独立于我们参加目标的能力被削弱。例如，撑开抑制可以增加任务负载8，认知老化9和睡眠剥夺10被削弱，在没有目标增强递减。目前还不知道，如果在目标增强递减也可以在不抑制分心的赤字存在。也许更重要的是，它没有解决或者是否参加或忽略，但不能同时，可以阐明其中注意控制受损神经精神条件的赤字。因此，它是有价值的，以便更好地理解是否出席并忽略源自可分离皮层通路，如果以及它们如何在神经动力学不同。通过测量和出席分别忽略过程，这样的问题可以得到解决。 在这里，我们描述的方法来衡量和参加另行忽略的神经生理信号，但同时，在持续关注。这种方法建立在注意力调制效果:在当个人在参加和忽略在感官流刺激神经感官反应幅度的差异。注意调制效应是一种强大的工具，用于检测注意调制过的感官信号，但它排除来评估主治和忽略过程的分离动力学的能力。即，主治和忽略可能出现，因为人们关注的过程增强了感官目标信号时在神经感觉反应的差异，或由于忽略衰减感官牵引信号，或二者。这些替代品之间测试，使用一个附加的控制条件是必需的，其中一个量化strengtħ的感觉输入在其天然基线，当它们既不出席也不忽略。这类似于走在繁忙的街道，满车，但也积极看（ 如出租车），也不主动忽略（ 例如 ，非出租车小汽车和公共汽车）的过路车。通过评估所参加或忽略感觉信号，相对于一个参比条件主治和忽略过程中，幅度和定时可以单独进行量化。 这种被动控制测量出席，而忽略过程进行有效地用途已在预期11-13注意力和记忆力，注意力相互作用9,10,14-17研究报道。在这里，我们描述了使用中的持续关注的上下文这种方法的，在一个非线索，连续，联运（ 即 ，听觉视觉）注意力任务（IMAT）18。换句话说，这种方法适合于正在进行叻的研究呃比预备控制流程，允许跨时间这些过程的跟踪。此方法还量化调节在不同的感官方式（ 即听觉与视觉）感觉反应控制流程，从而专注于那些没有专门为特定的感官或内容领域中的进程。不同于以往的功能性磁共振成像研究15,19,20，这种方法的轨道出席，而忽略使用时间分辨神经生理信号（脑电图，脑电图），从而提供在出席而忽略过程的时间分布是毫秒级的进程。我们的代表结果表明在确定的直接证据可分离皮质来源和出席并忽略的神经过程的时间动态，并注意调节效果的独特贡献使用该技术。

<table><tbody><tr><td>NetStation Software</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>version 4.5.1</td><td>Alternate recording software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab Software</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc.</td><td>7.10.0 (R2010a)</td><td>Alternate analysis and presentation software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>PsychToolbox Software</td><td>http://psychtoolbox.org/</td><td>v3.0.8 (2010-03-06)</td><td>Open-source software. Alternate stimulus presentation software may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Netstation Amplifier</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>300</td><td>Alternate amplifier may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Net</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>HCGSN130</td><td>Alternate EEG cap may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Saline-Based Electrolyte (Potassium Chloride)</td><td>Electrical Geodesic, Inc.</td><td>n/a</td><td>Electrolyte used in soaking of net for this high-impedance EEG system. Alternate electrolyte mediate can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of neurophysiological signals of ignoring and attending processes in attention control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

该协议IMAT先前已用于确定出席，并在持续关注18无视流程的响应速度的独特贡献。在这项研究中，我们测试了35例健康右利手人（22女，年龄:X = 21.0，σ= 5.4），通过在加州大学洛杉矶分校心理学系主题池招募。所有的参与者提供书面参与研究之前知情同意书。代表性的结果突出测量出席的值，并独立地忽略流程。在这些结果中，该IMAT揭露出席的独特时间和空间轮廓，并忽略过程相对于该?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control at JoVE.com

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

measurement-neurophysiological-signals-ignoring-attending-processes

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.0K 次观看.  University of California Los Angeles. Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged. 

视频: Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

神经科学

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we recorded the eye position of human participants engaged in a saccade task via eye tracking and assessed visual orientation discrimination performance at various locations during saccade preparation. Importantly, instead of using a single saccade target paradigm for which the saccade endpoint typically coincides roughly with the target, this protocol comprised the presentation of two nearby saccade targets, leading to a distinct spatial dissociation between target locations and saccade endpoint on a substantial number of trials. The paradigm allowed us to compare presaccadic visual discrimination performance at the endpoint of accurate saccades (landing at one of the saccade targets) and of averaging saccades (landing at an intermediate location in between the two targets). We observed a selective enhancement of visual sensitivity at the endpoint of accurate saccades but not at the endpoint of averaging saccades. Rather, before the execution of averaging saccades, visual sensitivity was equally enhanced at both targets, suggesting that saccade averaging follows from unresolved attentional selection among the saccade targets. These results argue against a mandatory coupling between visual attention and saccade programming based on a direct measure of presaccadic visual sensitivity rather than saccadic reaction times, which have been used in other protocols to draw similar conclusions. While our protocol provides a useful framework to investigate the relationship between visual attention and saccadic eye movements at the behavioral level, it can also be combined with electrophysiological measures to extend insights at the neuronal level.

This experimental protocol combined eye tracking and the assessment of presaccadic visual sensitivity in a dual task paradigm, consisting of a free choice saccade task and a visual discrimination task, to investigate the deployment of visual spatial attention before both, accurate and averaging saccades.

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk on a treadmill under two experimental conditions: a control condition (i.e., simply walking) and a multitasking condition (i.e., texting while walking). During these conditions, the participants must switch between the tasks related to the experimental condition and a direction determining task. This direction task is done with a point-light walker figure, seemingly walking towards the left or the right of the participant. Performance on the direction task represents the participant&#8217;s task-switching costs. There were two performance measures: 1) correct identification of the direction and 2) response time. EEG data are recorded in order to measure the alpha oscillations and cognitive engagement occurring during the task switch. This method is limited in its ecological validity: pedestrian environments have many stimuli occurring simultaneously and competing for attention. Nonetheless, this method is appropriate for pinpointing task-switching costs. The EEG data allow the study of the underlying mechanisms in the brain that are related to differing task-switching costs. This design allows the comparison between task switching when doing one task at a time, as compared to task switching when multitasking, prior to the stimulus presentation. This allows understanding and pinpointing both the behavioral and neurophysiological impact of these two different task-switching conditions. Furthermore, by correlating the task-switching costs with the brain activity, we can learn more about what causes these behavioral effects. This protocol is an appropriate base for studying the switching cost of different smartphone uses. Different tasks, questionnaires, and other measures can be added to it in order to understand the different factors involved in the task-switching cost of smartphone use while walking.

This study design measures the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. Participants undergo two experimental conditions: a control condition (walking) and a multitasking condition (texting while walking). Participants switch between these tasks and a direction determining task. EEG data as well as behavioral measures are recorded.

测量边走边使用智能手机的开关成本

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves other aspects of cognition and is disrupted in certain neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, it is clinically important to identify mechanisms that impair and improve sustained attention. Such mechanisms are often first discovered using rodent models. Therefore, several behavior procedures for testing aspects of sustained attention have been developed for rodents. One, first described by McGaughy and Sarter (1995), called the sustained attention task (SAT), trains rats to distinguish between signal (i.e., brief light presentation) and non-signal trials. The signals are short and thus require careful attention to be perceived. Attentional demands can be increased further by introducing a distractor (e.g., flashing houselight). We have modified this task for touchscreen operant chambers, which are configured with a touchscreen on one wall that can present stimuli and record responses. Here we detail our protocol for SAT in touchscreen chambers. Additionally, we present standard measures of performance in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparable performance on this task in both sexes highlights its use for attention studies, especially as more researchers are including female rodents in their experimental design. Moreover, the easy implementation of SAT for the increasingly popular touchscreen chambers increases its utility.

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Sustained attention, or continuously monitoring situations for intermittent and unpredictable events, is a critical aspect of cognition. Here we detail how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. We demonstrate comparable performance in male and female rats, making this task useful for studying attention in both sexes.

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since planning is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders, the implementation of proper clinical and experimental tests to examine planning is critical. Due to the nature of the deployment of planning, in which several cognitive domains participate, the assessment of planning and the design of behavioral paradigms coupled with neuroimaging methods are current challenges in cognitive neuroscience. A planning task was evaluated in combination with an electroencephalogram (EEG) system and eye movement recordings in 27 healthy adult participants. Planning can be separated into two stages: a mental planning stage in which a sequence of steps is internally represented and an execution stage in which motor action is used to achieve a previously planned goal. Our protocol included a planning task and a control task. The planning task involved solving 36 maze trials, each representing a zoo map. The task had four periods: i) planning, where the subjects were instructed to plan a path to visit the locations of four animals according to a set of rules; ii) maintenance, where the subjects had to retain the planned path in their working memory; iii) execution, where the subjects used eye movements to trace the previously planned path as indicated by the eye-tracker system; and iv) response, where the subjects reported the order of the visited animals. The control task had a similar structure, but the cognitive planning component was removed by modifying the task goal. The spatial and temporal patterns of the EEG revealed that planning induces a gradual and lasting rise in frontal-midline theta activity (FM&#952;) over time. The source of this activity was identified within the prefrontal cortex by source analyses. Our results suggested that the experimental paradigm combining EEG and eye-tracker systems was optimal for evaluating cognitive planning.

The study of cognitive planning combining EEG and eye-tracking systems provides a multimodal approach to investigate the neural mechanisms that mediate cognitive control and goal-directed behavior in humans. Here, we describe a protocol for investigating the role of brain oscillations and eye movements in planning performance.

The planning process, characterized by the capability to formulate an organized plan to reach a goal, is essential for human goal-directed behavior. Since ...

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

测量边走边使用智能手机的开关成本

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

测量边走边使用智能手机的开关成本

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

A Visuospatial Planning Task Coupled with Eye-Tracker and Electroencephalogram Systems

事件相关电位（ERPs）和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法:从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）中的例子