这项工作是由卫生部资助，R01 AG033620（BG）全国学院和罗伯特 - 德雷珀技术创新资金（DAW）的支持。

1.构造的HIT设备的<ol><li>装上弹簧用两个夹子和四个螺丝（ 图1A）董事会。相对于中心到电路板的宽度夹具和对接起来反对另一个与电路板的边缘外夹紧齐平。前附接夹具，用钳子为紧密地装配在弹簧弯曲它们。 注:请参阅表1的要求构建HIT装置的材料的说明。弹簧的固定端应该从板的边缘1/8英寸（3.2毫米），以及自由端应延伸到板由3/4英寸（19毫米）。调整弹簧使得其位于与董事会的长度平行。 </li><li>用魔术贴循环的胶粘带一圈包裹弹簧的自由端。魔术贴的外边缘应与弹簧的端部齐平。维可牢是重要的，因为它是用来固定小瓶到弹簧通过CRE阿婷紧压缩接头。魔术贴还允许方便地连接和拆卸小瓶，让许多小瓶在短时间内进行处理。 </li><li>放置冰桶盖倒挂，中心，紧贴木板。东方冰桶盖的凸起区域，使得长边平行于板的宽度。注意，冰桶的凸起区域是1/2英寸（13mm）的比木板更高，这样，当一个小瓶附着在弹簧的弹簧不会平躺在板上。 </li><li>对一个固定的物体，整个滑动装置如墙，使冰桶盖楔形板和物体之间并没有移动。 </li><li>胶带纸量角器纸板底部飞瓶托盘，站在它的边缘上对板的长度，使得90°标记对准弹簧，当它被拉回一个完美的垂直位置。 </li></ol> 2。哈工大设备的操作<ol><li> 1和60的CO 2 -anesthetized苍蝇在一个空的管形瓶中，并用紧身棉球塞住小瓶之间的地方。 </li><li>通过推棉球到小瓶直到它为1英寸（2.5厘米）从底部限制在果蝇到小瓶的底部1英寸（2.5厘米）。它有利于再接上瓶在1英寸（2.5厘米）的标志。需要注意的是限制苍蝇更大或更小的管形瓶中的区域可影响表型的严重程度。 </li><li>等待5分钟的苍蝇从CO 2回收流动性。需要注意的是它不知道5分钟是否足以完全除去CO 2的影响。 </li><li>插入弹簧到小瓶的端部，直到粘扣带的内边缘与所述小瓶（ 图1B）的顶部齐平。当弹簧被平放，小瓶1英寸（2.5厘米）应该重叠冰桶盖的被升高的区域。小瓶可重复使用米任何时代。 </li><li>而坐，抱用左手的拇指和食指小瓶在魔术贴区域。握住板紧用右手的台式。另外，使用C-夹持有板紧到台式。 </li><li>弹簧拉笔直回所需角度。释放弹簧。让春天的到来吧完全停止。 </li><li>拆下弹簧小瓶，让苍蝇恢复为≥5分钟。受到苍蝇到另一个罢工或与苍蝇飞食品转移到小瓶中。 注:多种分析方法可以用于评估来自HIT装置撞击的表型效应。例如，在寿命的效果可以通过分析苍蝇，在损伤后时期生存的百分比来确定对脑形态学的影响可通过头部的组织学分析来确定，并在基因表达的效果可以通过mRNA水平的定量分析来确定10。 </li><li> Determin程序电子效果，是不通过相同的处理未受到打击控制苍蝇由于打击。戴听力保护，因为对冰桶盖小瓶的影响产生巨响。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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我们有没有利益冲突披露。

所述HIT器件的方法是从由它引起闭头而不是穿透TBI 11的事实造成外伤性损伤的苍蝇等方法区分。此外，HIT器件的方法花费较少的时间，精力和技能造成的TBI许多苍蝇，所以该方法比其它方法来大规模遗传筛选更适合。最后，一​​个事实，即对HIT设备造成主伤害不限于大脑既是限制和优点。它是一种限制，因为附加的研究来评估表型是否是由于外伤性损伤的大脑或其他身体部位。另一方面，多发伤（外伤性损伤到多个身体部分）通常伴随TBI并且被认为调节TBI的表型，所以HIT装置的方法可用于研究多发伤到TBI表型的贡献。飞TBI模式也有过啮齿动物和非人类灵长类动物模型的TBI优势<s达&gt; 10。大量动物可以检查因为果蝇繁殖迅速（女性躺在〜100粒/天），具有短的生命周期（从蛋10天至成熟成年在25℃），并保持在小药瓶和饲料便宜的介质上（〜20美分/月/ 100苍蝇）。此外，脑外伤的结果可以容易地在整个生命周期评估，因为成蝇具有相对短的寿命（50-100天，在25℃）。最后，从100多年以前的研究研制的苍蝇实验工具和技术产生巨大的军火库提供了实验控制基因表达的精确时空调控无与伦比的程度;的行为，发育和电生理学分析; 在体内成像等 。 本协议描述的HIT装置，其目的是造成闭头TBI在果蝇的建设和运营。我们已经使用了HIT设备结合对MI 24 &lt;/ SUB&gt;分析研究有机体死亡以下TBI 7。然而，飞TBI模型可以以许多其它方式来了解死亡以及TBI的其他后果可以使用。例如，创伤性脑损伤物理后果可使用测定法的参数，如爬山或飞行，和TBI的行为后果可使用测定法的参数，如睡眠以及学习和记忆10,12-14进行测量来测量。可以使用的成像技术如免疫荧光显微镜和透射电子显微镜来确定对大脑结构效应。可以使用基因组分析等的RNA以次或蛋白质组分析，如质谱法来确定对大脑分子的效果。可使用的方法，如条件性基因敲除和过表达来确定对大脑的遗传效应。关于TBI的后果的环境影响可以通过改变前或后损伤的参数，如温育温度和饮食或参数来确定所述HIT装置如弹簧偏转的角度或重复撞击之间的时间。最后，HIT设备可用于大规模遗传筛选，以解决根本问题，例如为何TBI的后果是在老年个体比年轻个体更坏，以及对可以用于鉴定治疗大规模药物屏幕TBI的后果。 当以一致的方式使用的，我们已经发现，对HIT装置产生间独立的实验和用户再现的表型。可以影响的再现性的参数是设置了HIT装置和操作。表型可以显著受冰桶盖相对于主板，棉花球在飞瓶的位置，位置的微小变化，以及小瓶相对于尼龙带的位置。此外，如示于图2，表型可以显著受的微小变化弹簧偏转的角度。因此，HIT设备的新用户应进行监测，以确保设置和操作是相同的，其他用户。我们经常通过让他们确定0-7日龄W¯¯1118苍蝇的MI 24校准新用户。最后，HIT装置不需要是相同的，在协议中所描述的。我们预计，HIT设备的大部分地区，同时保持对敌人造成TBI在果蝇的能力来改变。

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>. The second to last author's was spelled incorrectly. It has been updated from:
Barry Ganetky
to:
Barry Ganetzky

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>.

Erratum: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

创伤性脑损伤（TBI），从外部机械力定义为损伤到大脑。最常见的是，自闭头的力量TBI的结果，如钝力和惯性加速和减速的力量导致大脑罢工颅骨里面。在美国，据估计，50,000人每年死于脑外伤和2.5-6.5亿人患有TBI的后果，包括衰弱的身体，认知和行为问题1,2。 TBI的后果不仅由于一次侧机械损伤大脑而且还发生在时间3-5次级细胞和分子的伤害到大脑以及其他组织。的方法来诊断和治疗TBI的发展已被证明是困难的，因为TBI是一种复杂的疾病过程。主要受伤，人体生理学和环境因素的变化性质导致异构辅助Injuries和病理。底层可变因素包括原发性损伤的个体的严重程度，重复初级损伤之间的时间，以及患者的年龄和基因型。如何理解每个变量因素有助于TBI的后果是可能的方法来诊断和治疗TBI 6,7的发展提供帮助。 在这里，我们描述了用于造成闭头TBI 果蝇 （果蝇），可用于描绘的可变因素的TBI的后果的贡献的方法。该方法是基于强烈反对击球手的手掌一飞文化小瓶的侧面造成野生型的初步观察苍蝇成为暂时丧失劳动能力，TBI的可能后果。因此，我们构建了高撞击伤（HIT）设备从手击球动作概括的加速和减速的力量。一个高速电影显示，从单一的罢工HIT设备导致飞往多次与他们的头部和身体接触8小瓶墙。从某种程度上说，所有接触都可能造成飞大脑弹和对变形头壳，类似于发生在人类的跌倒和车祸9什么。因此，苍蝇与脑损伤，包括暂时失能跟着共济失调，流动性逐步恢复，在头部基因表达的变化，并逐步在神经退行性大脑10相一致的HIT装置显示的表型治疗。因此，HIT设备使得有可能使用的实验工具和苍蝇开发的技术的巨大军火库研究TBI。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Zinc plated compression spring</td><td>The Hillman&amp;nbsp; Group</td><td>540189</td><td>9 7/8 inch (length, 2.2 cm), 15/16 inch (outer diameter, 2.4 cm), 0.12 inch (wire size, 0.3 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Wooden board</td><td></td><td></td><td>9 inch (length, 22.9 cm), 6.5 inch (width, 16.5 cm), 0.75 inch (height, 1.9 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Clamps</td><td>Sigma Electrical Manufacturing Corporation</td><td>49822</td><td>3.10 inch (length, 7.9 cm), 0.68 inch (width, 1.7 cm), 1.11 inch (height, 2.8 cm), EMT Two Hole Straps, click on type for 1 inch (2.5 cm) steel EMT conduit</td></tr><tr><td>Loop half of self-adhesive velcro</td><td></td><td></td><td>3 inch (length, 7.6 cm), (3/4 inch width, 1.9 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Polyurethane ice bucket cover</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-591-45</td><td>9 1/8 inch (length, 23.2 cm), 9 1/8 inch (width, 23.2 cm), 1 1/4 inch (height, 3.2 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic fly vials</td><td>Applied Scientific</td><td>AS-510</td><td>3 11/16 inch (height, 9.4 cm), 1 1/16 inch (inner diameter, 2.7 cm), 1 1/8 inch (outer diameter, 2.9 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Large cotton balls</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-456-883</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paper protractor</td><td></td><td></td><td>10 inch (diameter, 25.4 cm)</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury in drosophila

创伤性脑损伤（TBI）影响数以百万计的人，每年造成的身体，认知和行为功能和死亡的损害。使用果蝇研究在理解神经过程贡献重要突破。因此，随着理解人类TBI病理的细胞和分子基础的目标，​​我们制定了高撞击伤（HIT）设备造成闭头TBI的苍蝇。苍蝇受到人类TBI一致的HIT装置显示的表型，如暂时失能和渐进神经退行性疾病。所述HIT设备使用基于弹簧的机构，以推动苍蝇对小瓶的壁上，造成机械损伤对苍蝇大脑。该设备是便宜的，并易于构造，其操作简便，快速，和它产生可重复的结果。因此，HIT设备可与现有的实验工具和技术，苍蝇处理基本组合有关TBI问题，这可能会导致诊断和治疗TBI的发展。特别是，HIT装置可用于执行大规模遗传筛选以了解TBI病理的遗传基础。

我们感兴趣的是理解为什么原发性损伤苍蝇后不久死亡。量化死亡，我们确定在24小时的死亡率指数（MI 24），这是苍蝇该内的原发性损伤的24小时死亡的百分比。蝇从HIT设备进行打击孵育在25℃下与飞食品小瓶，和死蝇数24小时后进行计数。我们使用这种方法来确定影响的MI 24因素，发现MI 24不受苍蝇在小瓶中（10〜60苍蝇被测试）的数量，重复的撞击之间的时间（1到60分钟进行试验），或者飞10的性别。与此相反，我们发现，年龄在原发性损伤的时间和基因型确实影响了MI 24。年长的果蝇有较高的MI 24比年轻的苍蝇，苍蝇不同基因型有显著不同的MI 24秒。 在图2中，我们测试了原发性损伤的严重程度是否影响对MI 24。以改变的原发性损伤的严重程度，我们偏转的弹簧，以不同的角度。对于每一个角度，无论是0-7或20-27日龄W¯¯1118苍蝇（标准实验室品系）的小瓶受到四个罢工以罢工为5分钟。三小瓶60苍蝇进行了检查每个角度。蝇转移至小瓶糖蜜食物，保温在25℃，和死蝇数24小时后进行计数。算出平均值的平均MI 24和 ​​标准误差为每个角度。这些数据表明，较大的偏转，角度即 ，更严重的初级损伤，导致较高的MI 24比偏转小角度， 即 ，不太严重的伤害。这是观察到两个0-7和20-27日龄苍蝇。此外，符合Katzenberger 等 10，20-27日龄FLIES有显著高于MI 24比0-7日龄苍蝇角度≥50°。因此，这些数据表明，在多种年龄的MI 24相关的原发性损伤的严重性。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52905/52905fig1.jpg" /> 图1:对HIT装置的图（A）的示意图对HIT装置在静止位置的顶视图。 （B）的示意图HIT装置的侧视图。所述弹簧被示出处于静止位置（暗红色）和偏转到90°（淡红色）。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52905/52905fig2.jpg" /> 图2:原发性损伤严重程度与心梗24我们确定的MI为24天0-7岁W¯¯ <eM&gt; 1118苍蝇（浅灰色柱）和20-27日龄W¯¯1118苍蝇（深灰色条）从与春天HIT设备受到四个罢工的偏向度的角度表示的 0度数据对于苍蝇不进行对HIT设备。示出的是平均的MI 24和 ​​平均值的标准误差。 0-7和20-27天龄的苍蝇的MI 24是显著不同为50°（P &lt;0.05，一是尾t检验）和角度&gt; 50°（P &lt;0.001，一是尾t检验），但不用于角&lt; 50°（P&gt; 0.1，1尾t检验）。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

在这里，我们描述了一种方法，在果蝇造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤（TBI）。此方法提供了一种网关，调查所依据使用的实验工具和技术可用于苍蝇繁多TBI病症的细胞和分子机制。

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤<em&gt;果蝇</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

a-method-to-inflict-closed-head-traumatic-brain-injury-in-drosophila

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

11.5K 次观看.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. 在这里，我们描述了一种方法，在果蝇造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤（TBI）。此方法提供了一种网关，调查所依据使用的实验工具和技术可用于苍蝇繁多TBI病症的细胞和分子机制。 

视频: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are an attractive model system for live imaging due to their translucent cuticle and powerful genetics. This protocol describes how to utilize a single-layer PDMS device, called the &#39;larva chip&#39; for live imaging of cellular processes within neurons of 3rd instar Drosophila larvae.

使用微流体芯片实时成像和损伤研究的响应<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

科研

生物工程

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

慢性创伤性脑病模型的一种新方法<em&gt;果蝇</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

神经科学

Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

Protein aggregation is a central feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Protein aggregates are closely associated with neuropathology in these diseases, although the exact mechanism by which aberrant protein aggregation disrupts normal cellular homeostasis is not known. Emerging data provide strong support for the hypothesis that pathogenic aggregates in AD, PD, HD, and ALS have many similarities to prions, which are protein-only infectious agents responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Prions self-replicate by templating the conversion of natively-folded versions of the same protein, causing spread of the aggregation phenotype. How prions and prion-like proteins in AD, PD, HD, and ALS move from one cell to another is currently an area of intense investigation. Here, a Drosophila melanogaster model that permits monitoring of prion-like, cell-to-cell transmission of mutant huntingtin (Htt) aggregates associated with HD is described. This model takes advantage of powerful tools for manipulating transgene expression in many different Drosophila tissues and utilizes a fluorescently-tagged cytoplasmic protein to directly report prion-like transfer of mutant Htt aggregates. Importantly, the approach we describe here can be used to identify novel genes and pathways that mediate spreading of protein aggregates between diverse cell types in vivo. Information gained from these studies will expand the limited understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases and reveal new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Monitoring Cell-to-cell Transmission of Prion-like Protein Aggregates in Drosophila Melanogaster

Accumulating evidence supports the idea that pathogenic protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative diseases spread between cells with prion-like properties. Here, we describe a method that enables visualization of cell-to-cell spreading of prion-like aggregates in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster.

监测果蝇中朊病毒样蛋白聚集物的细胞间传输

Protein aggregation is a central feature of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), ...

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitory factors involved in the restriction of axon regeneration have been identified. However, simply removing these inhibitory cues is insufficient for successful regeneration, indicating the existence of additional regulatory machinery. Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, shares evolutionarily conserved genes and signaling pathways with vertebrates, including humans. Combining the powerful genetic toolbox of flies with two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, we describe here the Drosophila sensory neuron &#8211; dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model as a platform for systematically screening for novel regeneration regulators. Briefly, this paradigm includes a) the preparation of larvae, b) lesion induction to dendrite(s) or axon(s) using a two-photon laser, c) live confocal imaging post-injury and d) data analysis. Our model enables highly reproducible injury of single labeled neurons, axons, and dendrites of well-defined neuronal subtypes, in both the peripheral and central nervous system.

A Drosophila In Vivo Injury Model for Studying Neuroregeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Here, we present a protocol using the Drosophila sensory neuron - dendritic arborization (da) neuron injury model, which combines in vivo live imaging, two-photon laser axotomy/dendriotomy, and the powerful fly genetic toolbox, as a platform for screening potential promoters and inhibitors of neuroregeneration.

一种研究外周和中枢神经系统 Neuroregeneration 的果蝇体内损伤模型

The regrowth capacity of damaged neurons governs neuroregeneration and functional recovery after nervous system trauma. Over the past few decades, various ...

医学

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing neural regenerative therapies. Drosophila melanogaster is a leading model for studies of neural development but historically has not been exploited to investigate adult brain regeneration. This is primarily because the adult brain exhibits very low mitotic activity. Nonetheless, penetrating traumatic brain injury (PTBI) to the adult Drosophila central brain triggers the generation of new neurons and new glia. The powerful genetic tools available in Drosophila combined with the simple but rigorous injury protocol described here now make adult Drosophila brain a robust model for neural regeneration research. Provided here are detailed instructions for (1) penetrating injuries to the adult central brain and (2) dissection, immunohistochemistry, and imaging post-injury. These protocols yield highly reproducible results and will facilitate additional studies to dissect mechanisms underlying neural regeneration.

Stimulating and Analyzing Adult Neurogenesis in the Drosophila Central Brain

This article provides detailed protocols for inflicting Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury (PTBI) to adult Drosophila and examining the resulting neurogenesis.

刺激和分析 果蝇 中枢脑中的成人神经发生

The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis in response to disease or injury are not well understood. However, understanding these ...

Mechanically Injuring Drosophila Larvae Segmental Nerves to Induce Neurodegeneration

Source: Danella, E. B., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/56128">A Simple Neuronal Mechanical Injury Methodology to Study Drosophila Motor Neuron Degeneration.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
The video demonstrates inducing neurodegeneration in Drosophila larva segmental nerves via mechanical injury. The ventral cuticle of anesthetized larvae is pinched using forceps to cause injury to the segmental nerves. The injured larvae are maintained with food, allowing the injury to cause degeneration of the motor neurons in the nerves, causing disruption of their neuromuscular junctions (NMJs).

机械损伤果蝇幼虫节段神经以诱导神经退行性变

1. Preparation of Reagents and Equipment 

	Prepare 1x Dissection Buffer (70 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 0.02 mM CaCl2, 20 mM MgCl2, 10 mM NaHCO3, 115 mM sucrose, ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neuropathology

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Drosophila Adult Brain Dissection: A Method in Fly Neurobiology

Source: Kelly, S. M., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/56174/" target="_blank">Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes how to dissect and isolate the adult Drosophila brain&#8211;a procedure necessary for visualizing the organ, which is otherwise obscured by the cuticle, eye, and tracheal tissue. The example protocol shows a detailed demonstration yielding high-quality preparations that can be used for immunostaining and imaging methods in Drosophila neurobiology.

果蝇成体脑解剖:果蝇神经生物学中的一种方法

Source: Kelly, S. M., et al. Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains. ...

生物学

黑腹果蝇（果蝇）

成虫

Inducing Targeted Neuronal Injury Using a High-Power Laser in a Drosophila Larva

Source: Li, D., Li, F., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/57557">A Drosophila in vivo injury model for studying neuroregeneration in the peripheral and central nervous system.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
This video demonstrates a method for inducing targeted neuronal injury in Drosophila larvae using a high-power laser. After positioning the larva under a microscope, a low-power laser scans for fluorescent neurons, and then the laser power is increased to induce localized damage. The injury is confirmed by increased fluorescence and a crater at the injury site.

Source: Li, D., Li, F., et al. A Drosophila in vivo injury model for studying neuroregeneration in the peripheral and central nervous system. J. Vis. Exp. ...

Trauma

Source: Katzenberger, R. J., et al.,&#160;<a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
The video demonstrates the use of a High-Impact Trauma (HIT) device to induce closed-head traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Drosophila. TBI causes mechanical brain trauma affecting neuronal function, which over time leads to neurodegeneration and mortality.

Source: Katzenberger, R. J., et al.,&#160;A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila. J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
The video ...

A Technique to Inflict Closed-Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila Flies

Source: Sun, M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/55602">A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates a procedure to inflict a closed-head traumatic injury in anesthetized Drosophila flies using a strike device with a gas-propelled impactor. The injury affects neuronal function and impairs walking ability.

一种对果蝇造成闭合头部创伤性脑损伤的技术

1. Assembly of the Strike Device (Figure 1)

	Remove the plunger from a 1 mL tuberculin syringe. Cut the barrel at the 1 mL mark.
	Remove an aerosol ...

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤

摘要

探索更多视频

使用微流体芯片实时成像和损伤研究的响应

慢性创伤性脑病模型的一种新方法

监测果蝇中朊病毒样蛋白聚集物的细胞间传输

一种研究外周和中枢神经系统 Neuroregeneration 的果蝇体内损伤模型

刺激和分析果蝇中枢脑中的成人神经发生

机械损伤果蝇幼虫节段神经以诱导神经退行性变

果蝇成体脑解剖:果蝇神经生物学中的一种方法

Inducing Targeted Neuronal Injury Using a High-Power Laser in a Drosophila Larva

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

一种对果蝇造成闭合头部创伤性脑损伤的技术

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤

摘要

探索更多视频

使用微流体芯片实时成像和损伤研究的响应

慢性创伤性脑病模型的一种新方法

监测果蝇中朊病毒样蛋白聚集物的细胞间传输

一种研究外周和中枢神经系统 Neuroregeneration 的果蝇体内损伤模型

刺激和分析 果蝇 中枢脑中的成人神经发生

机械损伤果蝇幼虫节段神经以诱导神经退行性变

果蝇成体脑解剖:果蝇神经生物学中的一种方法

Inducing Targeted Neuronal Injury Using a High-Power Laser in a Drosophila Larva

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

一种对果蝇造成闭合头部创伤性脑损伤的技术

刺激和分析果蝇中枢脑中的成人神经发生