作者要感谢佛罗里达国际大学和中心儿童和家庭的支持。

该协议遵循家长/监护人任何治疗开始之前与人类受试者和研究同意佛罗里达国际大学的准则始终得到。此外，从治疗开始前医生获得许可。 注:尽管具体的年龄范围和各个变量没有被经验验证，该协议已在临床上用于儿童2-7岁患有自闭症和发育迟缓。参加者应提交由他们照顾者的行为干预和医学专业。有关喂养的筛查资格的行为干预方案，以解决粮食选择性的一部分，任何医疗或身体潜在的问题提出明确的参与者。 1.会话结构和临床环境<ol><li>开展在门诊治疗的设置疗程，二和四之间的时间每周S，每节大约1小时。在治疗室配备了桌子，椅子进行会话和项目都在吃饭（ 即盘子，餐巾纸和餐具）中使用。此外，将玩具和其他有形物品进入房间作为增强剂出整个干预过程。 </li></ol> 2.前处理评估<ol><li>偏好评估。 </li><li>通过简短，非正式的偏好评估在每届会议开始时，确定可作为增强剂该届会议期间遵守有形物品。目前玩具阵列上的表和给孩子选择的机会，他/她想要工作的那一天的玩具。 </li><li>食品评估<ol><li>向父母或护理者以指示食品，孩子是可能吃100％的提供时的时间，80％的时间，60％的时间，等等往下到那些食物子不会接受（0 ％） 一世ñ百分之二十递增。 </li><li>开始干预这些食物孩子可能吃（所提供到时候100％），并着手更困难的食物，孩子从来没有尝试过。 注:包括一个优选的（100％）的食品，在第一干涉条件的目的是最初培育符合需求衰落步骤。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.会议和程序<ol><li>在基线提出的每一个还没有被暴露在干预一个白色盘子在孩子面前说，目标的食物咬一口"吃这个。"不提供取决于基线期间发出任何响应的任何后果。 </li><li>如果孩子吃的食物，然后让他们有时间来消耗它，然后呈现下一个咬了一口。如果孩子没有10秒后，所吃的食物的审判结束，然后呈现下一个食物。 注:存在于每个食物应在5次baseliNE交替顺序。开展前开始干预任何目标的食物至少2基线会话。继续探测每周基线的至少一个时间的剩余食物。 </li><li>确认孩子的饮食偏好的母公司报告上的白色板将一种食物从每个类别（ 即 ，100％，80％ 等 ），在孩子面前，说:"吃这个。"目前各食品五次交替次序。如果孩子吃的食物，在移动到下一个试验。如果孩子没有10秒后，所吃的食物，从板块中删除，并显示下一个食品项目。如果孩子抛出的食物或说，他们不希望它移动到下一个食品项目如果不解决这个问题的行为。 注:只使用这些食物都与父报表干预相一致。如果有食物不匹配父报告，例如父报告该孩子吃一个项目时的20％的第二，他们在此阶段吃它的时候100％，不包括这种食物作为干预目标。 </li><li>干预会话。 </li><li>开展所有疗程为试验（而不是基于时间的）和会话包括五个试验。当目标食品被放置在定位垫和指令传递的试用开始。试用结束取决于遵守或不遵守的10秒后。变化会话每1小时的访问取决于儿童变量和特性，包括遵守指令期间完成的数量。 注:掌握标准在干预每一步都符合跨连续两个交易日的80％或更高。遵守的定义是从指令被递送的时间完成在10秒内所提出的任务。 </li></ol> 4.治疗套餐注:治疗包包括整形和顺序，并同时呈现的PROCE的既定程序。 <ol><li>成型<ol><li>实现每个目标的食品，其中连续逼近吃饭被强化的成形过程。成形过程是由七个步骤;一）把食物在治疗师的手，B）去碰食品对孩子的脸颊，C）触摸食物鼻子; D）接触食品的嘴唇; E）触摸食物舌; F）咬下来的食物; G）吃的食物（ 如口腔清洁[吞咽的食物，这样它没有一个留在孩子的嘴里]）。 注:在每一步的孩子有独立完成目标的行为（ 例如 ，孩子把食物在治疗师的手）。 </li></ol></li><li>顺序演示<ol><li>使用含有两种不同颜色的圆作为顺序介绍程序的视觉表示一个餐垫。始终把目标食物上右侧的定位垫的左侧和较少优选的食品。 注:此presentation被设计以促进预测性的方法，并获得刺激控制，以符合呈现在左侧的食物。 </li><li>此外，将优先有形物品右侧的餐垫。使用提示，"您是第[成形工序]→[中首选食品，摸得着名]"引进指令顺序演示程序。例如，"先摸豌豆你的鼻子，然后你可以有你的cookie和蜡笔。​​" </li></ol></li><li>同时呈现<ol><li>本优选的和非优选的食品一起同时过程期间两者。具体地说，放置在的优选食品（ 例如 ，米粒被放置在芯片的顶部）顶部的非优选的食品和放置在定位垫的左侧这种组合。 </li><li>地点首选有形的和食用的物品右侧的餐垫，由于是连续的过程中完成的。慢慢INCrease非优选食品放置在该优选的食品顶部，直到非优选的和优选的食品等量的量被呈现。 </li><li>目前在一口大小件的所有食品。使用足够小，孩子可以用一个咬消费它，但足够大的作品，使孩子需要吞咽前咀嚼了好几遍。现在的食物或不依赖于个人需要的器具。要求与会者在所有会议养活自己。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.干预<ol><li>培训阶段（首选食品） 注意:在训练阶段的最优选的食物（ 即确定为最有可能的食物可以吃的食品的评估时间100％），旨在促进熟悉和遵守的整形序列的步骤。 <ol><li>开始训练阶段与放置食物在检查者的手和的初始步骤继续进行，直到孩子达到掌握标准（ 即至少80％连续跨越两个交易日合规）的最后一步（ 即吃）。 </li></ol></li><li>整形和顺序演示<ol><li>使用在食品的评估确定了今后的食物干预的这个阶段（当提供孩子可能吃80％的时间）。在每个环节中，参与者和治疗师并排坐在桌旁。 </li><li>放置在儿童和所有食品和有形物品前餐垫放在旁边的桌子上的治疗师。 </li><li>通过将目标上的食物餐垫的左侧和右侧的潜在增强剂开始每次试验。治疗师则提供了一则提示。 </li><li>然在合规性，让孩子有机会获得强化材料（的首选食品，并获得消费有形物品约30秒）。取决于违规（未完成目标在10秒内或投掷目标的食品）的行为，代表了第一则提示。 </li><li>开始这一阶段的整形方法（把食物在治疗师的手）的第1步，并告诉与会者"先放___in我的手，然后你可以有（增强剂）。"继续，直到掌握criteriais满足（80％或更高的合规性跨连续两届）。 </li><li>移动整形过程的第2步（去碰食品给孩子的脸颊），当满足条件的掌握。继续以这种方式连接，直到吃的食物的最后一步被掌握。介绍确定在这一点上的下一个食品开始的成形过程的步骤1和所述重复成形步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>整形，顺序，并同时呈现 注:整形和顺序介绍不能有效增加遵守为在s的最后一步时介绍在实例的同时呈现相哈平序列（ 即口腔清洁）。 <ol><li>通过首先组合两个食物，使得非优选食品是不可见的孩子开始这一阶段。例如，将非优选的食品内的优选的和放置在定位垫，使孩子不能看到非优选的食品。 </li><li>系统地增加的非优选的食品的大小，并降低了优选的食物，直到非优选食品单独呈现。的两种食物的比例（ 即首选和非首选）时，符合达到80％或连续跨越好两会的系统性变化。继续使用餐垫和一流的提示，然​​后在这个阶段。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.数据<ol><li>记录是或符合每个试验的数据。当如果 - 则提示递送和遵守的定义是从提示被呈现在时间发起在10秒内的行为的试验开始。 </li><li>让separa德图的每个目标的食物与独立变量为会话（ 即 ，5项试验）和因变量的百分比为遵守会议。为了在电子表格中创建会话数据的图形显示输入的百分比遵守电子表格。将数据输入列。 </li><li>然后选择数据，单击插入然后表。当图表选项呈现选中标记线图的选择。绘制过程的相位之间的垂直线。插入与标签"基线"以上为基准的会话的数据的文本框。 </li><li>插入文本框与对应于该过程的在该图的过程的每个步骤的顶部的步骤的数目。放置一个标签，在显示其食品是表示图表的顶部（ 例如 ，"100％的食物"，"80％的食物）。复制并粘贴到第一个图表一个空白页面的顶部，并复制并粘贴下面的图表以后才能。</li>
</ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本文提出了一种治疗包，已经证明成功增加粮食验收谁表现出选择性的食物儿童先行操作组成。值得注意的是，本文提出了一套可在不使用逃脱灭绝的有效的程序。这些方法都与以往的文献一致（彭洛德等，2012）这表明，一个整形过程可以被用来增加食品的接受与谁搞活动的拒食的孩子（ 如投掷食物和作呕），而无需执行灭绝逃生程序。 该协议的一个关键组成...

食物选择，定义为基于不愿对食品的某些方面尝试新的食物（ 例如 ，质地，颜色，或演示文稿）经常刻画幼儿自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和其他发育迟缓2的摄食行为， 4,7,10。 虽然谁表现出选择性的食物孩子们经常吃一些食物，这些食物都经常受到限制的品种（ 如小吃和碳水化合物），可能无法提供足够的营养。食物选择性可能永远不会导致总拒食需要医疗关注（ 例如 ，发育停滞或胃饲管的插入的诊断）然而，儿童食品选择性的有限的食物全集可导致营养不足。 一种有效的干预，以增加儿童急性食物选择食物验收逃脱灭绝，在不搬迁的形式勺子和/或物理指导1,6,11。 谁搞严重适应不良饮食行为的儿童经常搞粮食总拒绝，导致有限的体重增加和增长，可能需要使用胃管喂养。当一个孩子的喂养行为是影响其发展，逃脱灭绝可能是至关重要的快速增加食物的接受。例如，库珀和他的同事发现，5逃脱这是灭绝在3 4谁所有展出穷人的经济增长和从事发脾气参与者的行为（ 如 ，作呕，随地 ​​吐痰和尖叫）治疗包的必要组成部分，当食物被提出。 逃脱灭绝已被反复证明在治疗包小儿慢性喂养问题，但一个重要组件;这些程序可能没有必要为儿童谁从事较轻摄食行为（ 即 ，食物selectiv性）。谁搞严重的摄食行为的儿童可能不同于谁从事食品选择性的孩子，在严重的摄食行为可能涉及总拒食，其中儿童食品的选择性可能会消耗一些食物，但在有限的范围和营养价值。 食物即使是数量有限的一致食用，会导致儿童被响应加固为基础的干预，不需要增加逃生灭绝。对于自闭症儿童，积极强化过程被视为最佳实践9，应在食品选择性的治疗来实现，当孩子的行为可能无法保证使用逃脱灭绝。对使用前因操作和积极的强化方法尽可能替代使用逃生灭绝的最近的研究表明，这些方法可能是有效的一些孩子谁表现出选择性的食物-3,11,12- </s向上&gt;。 研究评价使用前因操作来治疗食物选择性已将各种程序，包括高-对序列6,11,12和顺序和同时食品介绍1,8,13。研究评估这些程序的结果表明，先行操作可有效增加粮食验收谁搞食品的选择性12,14的孩子。例如，彭洛德和他的同事12有效地增加了粮食消费的两个孩子确诊为自闭症谁从事食品主动拒绝（ 例如 ，随地 ​​吐痰，作呕，呕吐），使用治疗套装包 ​​括一个高-P序列和需求衰减的过程。 的方式，优选的和非优选的食物呈现（ 例如 ，顺序与同时呈现）也可能有助于治疗包谁从事的有效性为儿童食物的选择性。两个连续的（即，呈现所述非优选的食品随后优选食品）和同步（即，结合的非优选的和优选的食品在一起）上介绍的方法已经证明在提高食品的接受13,14一些成功。例如，广场等 13发现，同时演示过程中，没有逃脱灭绝是有效地增加食物的接受3 4的参与者和顺序介绍是无效的2人参加。相比之下，皮佐和他的同事14成功用于治疗由包介绍顺序和食欲操纵，以增加食物的接受一个16岁的男孩与ASD。而在何种程度上这些演示程序成功不加逃生灭绝不清;一些研究表明，这些程序可以是一种有效的前因操作对于一些儿童。更多resear通道必须确定的两个在治疗产品的连续和同时的程序不包括一个转义消光成分的效用。 在对谁从事食品选择性儿童设计的治疗套餐，考虑谁吃的食物数量有限的孩子和那些谁搞总拒食，因为这可能会影响反应干预之间的差异是很重要的。对于谁搞食品选择性的孩子，父母和医生可能不太愿意实施侵入逃生灭绝程序，因为他们可能无法查看孩子的行为是严重的，足以保证这些干预措施。 Tarbox，希夫和Najdowski 15表明轶事报告表明，逃逸灭绝过程可能是困难的家长接受。这组作者提出，这可能是评价其他行为治疗程序的有效性，可能是​​较少干扰的情况下非常有用在这里逃脱灭绝可能由父母来不被接受。 从结果评价的研究提供的证据表明，先行操作是治疗包食物选择的重要和强大的组件。先行操作可采取多种形式（ 例如 ，高-对序列和顺序和同时食品介绍），它是重要的研究主要集中在其上的组件可在治疗产品的结合，以有效地提高食品的接受不加入逃逸灭绝;因为这些措施可能会提供较少干扰的替代品时，逃生灭绝程序是没有必要的。这份手稿描述了一个处理包，结合整形，顺序和同步演示程序。当与其它先行操作相组合，但以前没有被组合在治疗包，这些程序已经有效地提高食品的接受。目前原COL通过包括他们在一个处理包，可作为治疗的第一线，可以由家长，教师，医生和有限的培训寻求更多的强化治疗前实施一个整形过程的延伸，并连续同时呈现手续文献。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small table</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr><tr><td>small chairs</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr><tr><td>paper plates</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr><tr><td>plastic silverware</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr><tr><td>toys</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr><tr><td>placemat</td><td></td><td></td><td>We have these at our site</td></tr></tbody></table>

a treatment package without escape extinction to address food selectivity

喂养困难，进食障碍是年幼的孩子，发育迟缓包括自闭症儿童特别普遍发生的问题。行为分析干预的喂养困难的治疗常常包括逃避灭绝作为治疗的主要成分。使用逃脱灭绝的，而有效的，可能是有问题的，因为它也与挑战性的行为（ 例如 ，消光突发）的出现有关。这种具有挑战性的行为可能是在治疗情况下，喂养问题是严重的和慢性的（ 例如 ，生长迟滞）可接受的副作用。然而，在更急性情况下（ 例如 ，选择性的饮食），负的副作用可以是无端的和不希望的。更近的行为治疗食物选择性的研究已经开始，以评估治疗用于供给不包括逃逸灭绝的困难（ 例如 ，需求衰落，行为momentuM），取得了一些成功。然而，研究至今显露对这样的处理在反应的个体差异并没有明确的治疗最好已经出现。这份手稿描述了一个多组分的治疗包，包括整形，连续介绍和演示的同时，对粮食选择性的四个年幼的孩子发育迟缓的治疗。这种治疗包扩展在行为治疗食物选择性文献，并提供了多组分的治疗方案，可能是在一系列的治疗方案，并设置临床应用。

<html>整形和顺序呈现所述可导致初始遵守与进食行为的过程（ 例如 ，触摸食物），可以通过使用加强和成形的加强。通过加强逐次逼近（整形步骤）的行为，可以慢慢成形，直至达到进食的目标行为。结果示于图1表明，成形的技术能够增加符合食品的接受并在这最终会导致饮食的协议的步骤的。结果还表明，同时呈现过程可以是在增加符合有效时成形技术是无效的。这些结?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity at JoVE.com

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

a-treatment-package-without-escape-extinction-to-address-food

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.5K 次观看.  Florida International University. Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

视频: A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain&#160;to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

在注意定势转移任务:测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

科研

行为学

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

如何创建条件性味觉厌恶放牧在地面木本作物与小反刍动物封面

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

环境科学

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

信号衰减为强迫症的大鼠模型

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

评估大鼠蔗糖渴求育成的一个通用方法

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

神经科学

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

食品偏好行为的社会传播评价

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

Progressive-ratio Responding for Palatable High-fat and High-sugar Food in Mice

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can produce a rewarding effect that strengthens action-outcome associations and reinforces future behavior directed at obtaining these foods. Increasing evidence that the rewarding effects of energy-dense foods play a profound role in overeating and the development of obesity has heightened interest in studying the genes, molecules and neural circuitry that modulate food reward1,2. The rewarding impact of different stimuli can be studied by measuring the willingness to work to obtain them, such as in operant conditioning tasks3. Operant models of food reward measure acquired and voluntary behavioral responses that are directed at obtaining food. A commonly used measure of reward strength is an operant procedure known as the progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement.4,5 In the PR task, the subject is required to make an increasing number of operant responses for each successive reward. The pioneering study of Hodos (1961) demonstrated that the number of responses made to obtain the last reward, termed the breakpoint, serves as an index of reward strength4. While operant procedures that measure changes in response rate alone cannot separate changes in reward strength from alterations in performance capacity, the breakpoint derived from the PR schedule is a well-validated measure of the rewarding effects of food. The PR task has been used extensively to assess the rewarding impact of drugs of abuse and food in rats (e.g.,6-8), but to a lesser extent in mice9. The increased use of genetically engineered mice and diet-induced obese mouse models has heightened demands for behavioral measures of food reward in mice. In the present article we detail the materials and procedures used to train mice to respond (lever-press) for a high-fat and high-sugar food pellets on a PR schedule of reinforcement. We show that breakpoint response thresholds increase following acute food deprivation and decrease with peripheral administration of the anorectic hormone leptin and thereby validate the use of this food-operant paradigm in mice.

The present report details the protocol employed to measure the rewarding effects of high-fat food in mice using a progressive ratio operant conditioning task.

累进比率响应小鼠可口的高脂肪和高糖食品

Foods that are rich in fat and sugar significantly contribute to over-eating and escalating rates of obesity. The consumption of palatable foods can ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

灭绝培训在彭兰霞窗口无法还原的恐惧

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

小鼠模型应激易感性或恢复力的威胁安全性测试

Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes

Social stress is a major cause of the development of mental disorders. To enhance the translational value of preclinical studies, social stress experience and its behavioral impact on mice should be comparable to humans. Chronic social defeat (CSD) utilizes a type of social stress involving physical attacks and sensory threats to induce mental dysfunctions resembling human affective disorders. To strengthen the psychosocial component of CSD, a 10-day CSD protocol was applied in which daily physical attacks are standardized to three 10 s episodes followed by a 24 h sensory phase. After the 10th sensory phase, the CSD protocol is followed by a refined behavioral assay called the social threat-safety test (STST). Post-stress behavioral assays need to determine how and to what extent the social stressor has influenced behavior. The STST allows chronically socially defeated male mice to interact with 2 novel male individuals (social targets): one social target from the attacking strain encountered during the CSD days and the other from a novel strain. Both are presented simultaneously in different compartments of a three-chambered test arena. The test enables a simultaneous assessment of social avoidance development to measure successful aversive conditioned learning and social threat-safety discrimination ability. The development of social avoidance towards both strains reflects a generalized aversive response and thus, a measurement of stress susceptibility. Meanwhile, the development of social avoidance towards only the attacking strain reflects threat-safety discrimination and thus, a measurement of stress resilience. Finally, the absence of social avoidance towards the attacking strain reflects impaired aversive conditioned learning. The protocol aims to refine the currently used mouse models of stress susceptibility/resilience by including translational criteria, specifically threat-safety discrimination and aversive response generalization, to categorize a single group of chronically socially defeated animals into resilient and susceptible subgroups, eventually advancing future translational approaches.

作者聚焦:揭示压力恢复力的机制 - 重要发现、进展和未来研究

The social threat-safety test allows a simultaneous assessment of social avoidance development as a measurement of aversive conditioned learning and social threat-safety discrimination ability, both utilized to identify stress-susceptible and stress-resilient individuals within a single group of chronically socially defeated male mice.

社会威胁安全测试揭示了与社会心理压力相关的表型

Social stress is a major cause of the development of mental disorders. To enhance the translational value of preclinical studies, social stress experience ...