作者没有确认或财务披露。

确保每个病人的适用性研究性学习回顾和合适的患者必须同意参加根据当地IRB程序的研究。 1.患者选择SEEG与研究<ol><li>患者选择SEEG 注意:癫痫病人必须由多学科团队组成的癫痫病，神经心理学家和神经外科医生进行临床评估。 <ol><li>确保患者具有难治局灶性癫痫，定义为不到的抗癫痫药物至少2充分试验反应。 </li><li>确保非侵入性技术未能本地化的致痫灶。 </li><li>确认的多学科团队该患者不适合于只能与硬膜下栅极调查。 </li><li>确认与多学科的团队，有一个深刻的癫痫发作区的临床怀疑。 </li></ol></li> &lt;LI&gt;患者选择的研究课题<ol><li>确保主体是13到65岁之间。 </li><li> （如果有18岁以下的父母同意在一起）从患者获得同意或同意。 </li><li>确保受试者能够参加的任务，并与测试合作。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.准备和植入技术<ol><li>术前进行容积T2和对比度增强容积T1 MRI和图像传输到立体定向导航软件，根据制造商的协议。 <ol><li>计划基础上，MRI和扣押灶的临床怀疑深度极的目标。 注意:提供的实施例是基于博医导航软件，因而特定于该系统。然而，任何立体定向导航软件可以用来计划深度电极轨迹和位置。 </li><li>定义感兴趣的解剖区域在立体定向导航软件的"立体定向规划"功能中的目标点。 </li><li>例如，使用DACC作为感兴趣目标。要定义它的轨迹，按"新轨迹"，然后按"目标"，然后单击DACC。通过检查DACC在所有3个平面（轴向，冠状和矢状），并点击DACC在每个平面上的中间居中在DACC的中间目标。 <ol><li>限定在立体定向导航软件的"立体定向规划"函数内头皮上的入口点。 </li></ol></li><li>例如，选择上，似乎是最短路径DACC头皮的一个点。按"进入"，并选择在头皮上的点，以使该入口点。 </li><li>单击并拖动"目标"和"项"点修改定义轨迹，以避免皮层和皮层下血管结构以及任何潜在的雄辩CErebral地区。 </li><li>重复所有计划中深部电极目标（ 图1）。 </li><li>承认在手术日上午病人，带来了手术室，并在全身麻醉下26,27引起。 </li><li>附加Cosman - 罗伯茨井（CRW）立体定向井架患者的头颅骨螺钉。 </li><li>获得容积CT，在地方井架。 </li><li>通过"加载和导入"功能，装载容积CT和MRI影像到立体定向导航软件。 </li><li>点击立体定向导航软件中的"本土化"的功能。 </li><li>本地化CRW井架通过点击全部由立体定向导航软件作为包含井架，然后按下"分配航向"按钮定义的图像。 </li><li>点击立体定向导航软件中的"AC / PC本土化"功能。 </li><li> IDentify基于其解剖学位置的前部和后部连合。 </li><li>经由立体定向导航软件中的"设置AC / PC系统"功能指定的前部和后部连合。 </li><li>点击立体定向导航软件中的"图像融合"功能。 </li><li>合并的CT图像与MRI图像中的立体定向导航软件28,29。点击配对容积CT和MRI影像的"融合"选项卡下面，然后点击"自动融合"。 注:这会将立体定位框架坐标中的MRI检查。 </li><li>点击立体定向导航软件中的"立体定向计划"功能，并确认从步骤2.1.2的计划轨迹 - 2.1.6。 </li><li>选择容积CT的"立体定向功能"选项卡下的立体参考。 </li><li>点击T中的"打印"图标图标他垂直列打印的最终立体坐标为每个深度电极轨迹30,31。 </li></ol></li><li>植入技术<ol><li>返回病人到手术室以下的CT扫描。 </li><li>准备和使用常规消毒方法32,33悬垂外科领域。 </li><li>确保一荧光屏是在手术室，并沿与手术领域的其余披。 </li><li>从步骤2.1.20使用打印立体定向坐标，用于在井架第一深度电极设置的坐标。 注意:立体定向坐标在3个平面给出:横向（X），垂直（y）和前 - 后（z）表示。例如，对于在右DACC靶印刷的坐标48.2毫米的AP，6.6毫米横向和2.2毫米垂直。该井架然后设置这些坐标相应。 </li><li>延长guideblock向下到皮肤和上一次一标记毛刺孔的位置卡尔普用标记笔。固定在基础上的立体定向的坐标，因此代替guideblock，无标所必需的标记的切口。 </li><li>注入2 - 3毫升1 0.5％布比卡因的:100,000稀释肾上腺素到明显切口。 </li><li>使切口在用手术刀下到颅骨插入标记切口头皮。 </li><li>烧灼使用单极烧灼定向带有涂膜闭孔真皮和深部组织，以尽量减少船只在皮肤或皮下组织任何出血。 </li><li>利用在切口的中部一个2.1毫米捻钻头钻一个钻孔。 </li><li>打开与刚性闭孔探头硬脑膜。拧锚栓入颅。放置预先测定探针的探针通过锚定螺栓，使该电极的轨道。 </li><li>小心推进电极到预先计算的深度。拧紧地脚螺栓帽向下以固定电极。 </li><li>所有的重复此过程在深部电极。 </li><li>放置透视下方和周围的AP和侧向平面上的患者的头部，以获得荧光图像，以确保所有的电极的适当放置轨迹。 </li><li>电极连接到临床脑电图系统来验证适当阻抗。 </li><li>唤醒麻醉和转运病人恢复室，并在其后的动车组。 </li><li>在动车组，通过监控闭路监控临床发作和脑电图，通过对癫痫发作的脑电图证据的病人。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.行为任务和数据采集<ol><li>行为任务<ol><li>电脑打开软件的行为完全投入运行行为的软件。 注:该功能是基于MonkeyLogic，一个MATLAB工具箱专为演示和执行时间精确心理任务34,35的说明，因而SPecific到行为的软件平台。这个程序是运行在matlab版2010A，并要求"数据采集工具箱"。不过，任何行为的软件平台，能够呈现视觉刺激和电生理记录的数据可以使用。 </li><li>集设计，运行MSIT任务包括频率相同的所有四个试验类型条件的文件。 注意:MSIT任务包括呈现所述受试者用三个数字为0至3，其中两个数字中，"干扰物"，是相同的，一个号码的提示时，"目标"，是不同的。 <ol><li>指示受试者通过按下一个按钮框的相应按钮，以确定"目标"。如果"1"是目标，左按钮是正确的选择。如果"2"，中间按钮，并且如果"3"，右按钮。 &#39;0&#39;不对应于一个可能的按钮（ 图2）。 </li&gt; </ol></li><li>按"设置条件"按钮，并选择了前一步设置所需条件的文件。 注意:有两种类型，在决策过程中诱发的认知冲突干扰。侧翼干扰试验时发生的干扰物是可能的（1，2，或3，而不是0）按钮的选择（ 例如 ，121），而当目标数的空间位置不同于响应位置发生空间干涉试验（ 例如，200 ，其中中间的按钮是正确的响应，尽管目标数是在左位置）。有基于这两个干扰类型的存在或不存在四审类型。 </li><li>在显示框中点击"测试"测试行为显示屏。显示监视器应当显示测试视觉刺激2 - 3秒。 </li><li>受试者接口装置（按钮盒）连接到所述数据的模拟输入采集板在电脑上专门记录通过三个标准BNC电缆的电数据。 </li><li>按钮盒连接到一个电源。 </li><li>通过带状电缆分裂连接数据采集板512通道的神经信号处理器成9丝带。丝带的8连接到端口0 -在数据采集板的数字I / O部分7，而9 日色带连接到端口0上的数据采集板的数字PFI部分。 注意:色带发送的8位数字标记（端口0 - 7，数字I / O）和一个选通脉冲（端口0，数字PFI），到神经信号处理器。 </li><li>设置在神经信号处理器软件所需的采样率。 <ol><li>在本实施例中，在线设置所需的采样速率，以每秒，别名和下样品50000样本以每秒1000采样。调整采样速率以适应任务的具体目标。亚毫秒级精确计时需要非常高的采样速率。 </li></ol></li><li>放大器连接到通过光纤电缆的神经信号处理器。 </li><li>神经信号处理器连接到数据流光并通过光纤电缆的光学PCI卡在神经数据采集计算机。 </li></ol></li><li>数据采集<ol><li>使用研究钻机用于容纳用于处理和滤波数字化512信道的神经信号处理器EMU电，从深部电极预放大的电信号。 注意:虽然有512个信道进行处理，但在实践中，有从未超过15 - 20电极放置用于临床目的。因此，我们建议从尽可能多的电极记录的数据的大小和空间分辨率可行的从来都不是一个问题。 </li><li>运送钻机到患者的房间，放置在患者的前行为监视器上的便携式台和连接到所述行为控制计算机运行使用标准DVI电缆的行为的软件。 </li><li>放置后面或向患者的床，以便在侧的记录钻机保持尽可能自然。 </li><li>研究系统连接到分线盒用于分隔临床系统的研究记录。 </li><li>利用神经信号处理软件34,35控制记录参数。 注:该系统能够通过行为事件34,35亚毫秒级的控制。神经和行为数据之间的同步可以完成与无论是模拟脉冲编码任务事件或数字标记。这两个信号可以从在数据采集板的数字或模拟输出到模拟或神经信号处理器上的数字输入发送。 </li><li>递给病人主题界面设备（按钮盒），并给予任务的指令。 </li><li>单击"运行"运行任务。 </li><li>允许患者完成每个150试验2个街区。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.数据分析<ol><li>打开软件，允许电数据的可视化。 注意:下面提供的指令是特定于matlab版2010A但是，允许可视化和操控电数据，可以使用任何软件。 </li><li>包含从试验会议的原始电数据开放.edf文件。 </li><li>从会话可视化SEEG信号，以确保没有明显的神器，如癫痫样放电或运动伪影（ 图3A）。 </li><li>覆盖从行为任务的定时脉冲到原始LFP迹（ 图3B）来说明脉冲如何类似物可描绘试验结构。 </li><li>使用定时脉冲，对准SEEG跟踪以提示呈现为每个试验（ 图3C）。 </li><li>删除异常值（&gt; 4个标准差）和工件的痕迹（ 图3D）。 </li><li>保存在一个矩阵进一步分析所有排列试验（20中所示的试验堆放在图3E）。 </li><li>各试验的平均LFP活性降低噪声，伪影，或脑电图没有相关的呈现刺激活性的作用，并增加利息（ 图3F）的信号。 </li><li>创建使用多锥形光谱分析36-38原料，试验平均频谱。 注意:时频分析可以为了研究跨一或多个试验的特定频谱 - 时间动态使用。此方法使得能够神经振荡在不同的频率随时间变化的调查。 </li><li>垫从每个试验用零到2的下一个最大的电力，以避免边缘效应的信号。 </li><li>通过创建规范的信号的持续时间施加800毫秒的滑动窗口以5领先锥度和9每10ms一个时间带宽积trogram（ 图4A）。 </li><li>乘以10的频谱的对数和归一，以显示较高频率的信息。 注意:谱图可以由理论频率分布进行归一化（ 即，上升到负第二功率每个频率值）（ 图4B），一些基线活性（ 图4C）的平均频谱，或由平均分割并减去在每个频带中（ 图4D）的值的标准偏差。这个过程允许在raw和规格化形式随时间对特定的任务改变特定频带的检查。例如，高伽玛乐队活化（70 - 150赫兹），其示于图3E，被认为是反映围绕电极39,40的局部的神经元群的局部兴奋活性。 </li></ol>

作者有没有利益冲突披露。

本文SEEG使用期间在人类决策的任务来调查DACC内的局部神经元群体的活性。以前的工作已经利用术microelectode录音14考察单个神经元的活性，在DACC并证明DACC活性通过先前活动调制。微电极研究使单个神经元的扣球活动的调查。 SEEG衡量个LFP，横跨一个人口众多的神经元都与累加突触潜力。因此SEEG允许有机会同时从几个大脑区域的人口进行调查神经元的活动。 当使用的临床技术，如SEEG探讨科学问题，它首先保证了手术和研究计划都符合是至关重要的。临床要解决的问题涉及确定患者的发作起始区和无线永远都会优先考虑。因为手术计划是由临床需要决定的，它并不总是能够调查同一研究问题每一种情况下。因此，我们已开发了一系列设计为单独的回答可适应于患者的手术计划取决于区域被询问有电极科学问题的任务。 在这项研究中，SEEG LFP数据被利用来探讨认知控制在背侧前扣带皮层目标导向的行为，深皮质结构在内侧额叶前区，是难以在人类中进行调查。 LFP数据采集可以进行许多不同的系统。要考虑的一个关键方面是采样速率，因为这必须足够高，以获得在其中研究者是感兴趣的信号。在一般情况下，采样率应该是4倍高于被检查频带最高的。例如，如果研究呃爱好看着诱发电位（&lt;50赫兹），采样速率仅需要大约200样本/秒。然而，如果科学问题包括检查高伽玛活性（60 - 200赫兹），采样率至少应为500个样本/秒。此外，该系统应能够记录足以电极作为注入和硬件过滤器中的数据采集系统中不应该排除感兴趣的频带。例如，许多系统，并没有记录直流电信号。如果研究者是兴趣研究很慢的信号，则他/她应该使用的记录系统与适当的低高通滤波器的硬件。在数据分析阶段，以除去试验具有非常大的或快速的瞬态和删除信道或试验，表现出癫痫样活动正常生理是非常困难的癫痫样活动的存在下，研究是非常重要的。 在DACC的错误预测23,41的作用</sup&gt;，处理奖励激励行动15和行为适应的竞争性需求18-21，自相矛盾的回答42和以前的活动14,22,23的背景下，是公认的。然而，统一和综合理论，通过该DACC调节认知控制的特殊神经机制仍然受到猜想由于缺乏来自人类研究同时43,44调查这些领域的经验证据。 SEEG提供了机会，探讨人类DACC神经活动，从而有助于DACC功能于一体的综合理解。 SEEG提供了机会，以调查这可能是很难与表面电极，如前额脑区底部（OFC），其参与决策的情感和奖励为基础的方面采用单一的单位已探索在研究访问其它皮层区录音猕猴周一采用弥散加权成像跟踪技术46项45和连通性的研究在人类。虽然这些研究都有助于OFC功能的理论人类决策47，有文学在人类研究OFC功能明确48匮乏。 SEEG提供了机会，以解决这方面的知识差距。此外，SEEG可以用来演示边缘系统的不同区域的功能，参与加工情绪，疼痛，恐惧和负深皮层和皮层下结构的集合影响。这样的一个SEEG研究调查边缘系统来表现面的反应已经证明，海马和杏仁核包含特定的神经元群体区分快乐从恐惧的面孔，而杏仁核神经元的人群似乎追踪这些主观情绪面孔49的判断。功能障碍在这些地区被认为在安溪受到牵连ETY疾病包括50强迫症51，和SEEG研究提供机会了解这些疾病的影响神经通路和病理生理学的更多细节。 此外，SEEG可以用于调查楔前，一个网站，常常在SEEG癫痫调查有针对性的，但很少覆盖有硬膜下格的植入物。在postero-内侧顶叶这一地区的功能知之甚少，主要是因为其解剖位置深纵裂​​内。功能成像研究表明，该楔前处于活动状态，在"默认模式"或清醒休息状态52，在自加工53-55，和在情节记忆处理，其中包括对自传存储器56,57。然而，由于这些发现是基于有限的研究在非人灵长类动物和人类中，我们对neuroco的理解这一地区的gnitive重要性仍然处于起步阶段58。随着SEEG，我们现在有调查楔前叶清醒人类，这可能提供新的洞察这一大脑区域的功能中的神经元活动的潜力。 如同任何技术，SEEG有两个收购和使用的限制。作为临床技术，它必然是由两个病人的选择和患者的癫痫的临床性质的限制。虽然研究人员可以设计一些任务，以解决这一限制，研究了解剖区域将始终由手术计划的限制。此外，如前面提到的，SEEG记录局部场电位，代表许多神经元的相加突触电位。因此，这种技术不具有的单个神经元记录技术的空间分辨率，并且不能提供关于扣球活动或动作电位的波形的数据。因此，在设计时任务investigatê科学问题，以确保LFP数据可以回答所关注的问题是很重要的。 在本文中，SEEG被用来研究深皮层和皮层下结构，这在以前是很难清醒人类受试者的研究。这些研究，以提高我们人类认知过程的理解的潜力。由于SEEG越来越合并癫痫计划的医疗设备中的工具，神经学家的机会，利用其来研究人类的大脑会显著增长潜力。

癫痫，一个常见的神经系统疾病的特点是多反复发作随着时间的推移，占疾病1的全 ​​球负担1％。抗癫痫药物治疗未能在20个控制发作-患者2,3 30％。在这些药物难治的患者，癫痫手术常常表示4,5。进行手术的决定需要定位检重点，一个先决条件，制定手术方案。最初，非侵入性的技术被用来lateralize和本地化的扣押重点。脑电图（EEG），例如，措施皮层电活动记录，从放置在头皮电极，并且常常可以提供有关的发作焦点的位置的足够信息。此外，磁共振成像（MRI）可以证明离散病变，如海马硬化，经典的病理见于药物难治性癫痫是最常见的形式，近中吨emporal叶癫痫（MTLE）。 频繁，然而，非侵入性的后处理是无法识别发作焦点。在这些情况下，侵入的脑电图（ECOG）脑电极需要定位的焦点和指导进一步手术治疗6。脑电图是使用利用放置在与大脑直接接触的电极以测量电活性的神经生理技术。网格或表面带（硬膜）电极放置在脑，一个过程，需要一个开颅（除去骨瓣的）和大开口硬脑膜的表面上。这些表面电极可被放置在发作起始的推定面积（S）。电极的远端通过皮肤中的小开口隧道，并连接到在癫痫监视单元（EMU）的记录设备。在动车组，病人是通过连续的视频脑电图和监控录像，为临床癫痫发作。这种技术我S代表在相对大面积的皮质表面的收集​​长期（几天到几周）发作和发作间放电的记录有用。虽然这些颅内录音是非常宝贵的临床调查癫痫病灶和传播，他们也为我们提供了机会，调查认知功能和神经生理学的人类经历专门设计的行为任务。 脑电图使用硬膜下栅电极已被用于研究皮质功能，包括感觉和语言处理的各个方面。作为许多例子之一，查德等人证明了口服的肌肉的协调时间中形成的音节为口语在腹侧感觉运动皮层，鉴定为人类语音感觉皮层7的区域。此外，脑电图与硬膜下格栅位置也被用来研究由人类能够安泰信机制d可人群中的特定声音:所谓的"鸡尾酒会效应"8,9。脑电图记录表明，有两种不同的神经元频带动态地跟踪语音流，这两个低频相位和高伽马振幅的波动，并且有不同的加工位点 - 1&#39;调制&#39;站点跟踪两个扬声器，以及一个&#39;选择&#39;网站跟踪出席健谈5。 脑电图的另一个新兴应用与硬膜下电极放置为与脑计算机接口（景气）使用的潜力，其中"解码"神经元的活动，以驱动外部输出。该技术具有使患者有严重的脑或脊髓损伤与世界沟通和操纵假肢10,11的潜力。 而硬膜下格栅的位置一直对本港超级的理解做出了贡献ficial皮层区和在识别皮质癫痫病灶是有用的，这种技术确实需要开颅及其伴随的风险，并且通常仅限于研究大脑的外表面。立体定向脑电图（SEEG）是一种技术，使深致痫灶12的评估。在法国和意大利的使用有着悠久的历史，它也越来越多地被用于美国13。 SEEG涉及安置多个电极（通常为10 - 16）深的大脑通过小（几毫米）麻花钻颅骨钻孔的物质中。 SEEG超过硬膜网格放置优点包括其更少侵入性，易于在需要时检查双边半球，并产生发作传播的三维地图的能力。此外，这些电极使深致痫灶的标识，以前很难确定与表面电极。此过程还providES的机会，以调查在神经生理学和深皮质结构，如边缘系统中，mesoparietal皮质，mesotemporal皮层和眶额皮质，所有这些在以前是很难直接观察在人类中的功能。 本文演示SEEG如何利用在背前扣带皮层（DACC）调查的认知功能。所述DACC是一个广泛的研究大脑区域，但它也是理解最不好之一。考虑人类认知一个显著区域，则很可能该DACC是中央的决定中的由环境14施加连续变化的需求的上下文中动态神经处理。研究两种灵长类15,16和人类17表明DACC集成了给定的动作的潜在风险和回报，尤其是在多个同时相互矛盾的情况下要求18-21和米odulates在以前的行动及其结果14,22,23的情况下这些决定。 的多源干扰任务（MSIT），一个斯特鲁普状行为的任务，经常被用来调查冲突处理在DACC。该MSIT任务，招募参与处理由DACC 24,25调节多个域的神经元激活DACC。此任务特别通过测试决策，目标检测，新奇检测，错误检测，响应选择和刺激/响应的竞争特征激活DACC。此外，MSIT任务引入认知干扰，这是用于本研究，以DACC使用SEEG同步冲突的刺激神经反应的多个维度。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Trigger I/O cable</td><td>Natus Medical Inc.</td><td>5029</td><td>PS2 to BNC cable</td></tr><tr><td>BNC cables for analog pulses</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be ordered from most electronics stores.</td></tr><tr><td>Power strip with surge protection and battery backup</td><td>Tripp Lite</td><td>SMART500RT1U UPC</td><td>Power source and backup</td></tr><tr><td>National instruments multifunctional daq data acquisition box NI PCIe-6382 DAQ cards</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>PCIe-6382 w/ BNC 2090A</td><td>PCI cards for behavioral control interface</td></tr><tr><td>Custom made button box - human interface device</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any human interface device with three buttons may be used. Alternatively, 3 keyboard buttons may be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Xltek 128 channel clinical intracranial EEG monitoring system EMU128FS</td><td>Natus Medical Inc.</td><td>002047c</td><td>Clinical recording system</td></tr><tr><td>Subject monitor and associated cables for visual stimulus presentation</td><td>Dell</td><td>U2212HMc</td><td>Most Monitors are adequate here.</td></tr><tr><td>Personal comptuer running behavioral software with DAQ cards installed</td><td>Superlogics</td><td>SL-2U-PD-Q87SLQ-BA</td><td>Computer for recording neural data</td></tr><tr><td>Mains cable for monitor</td><td></td><td></td><td>Usually comes with the monitor, can be purchased at any electronics store.</td></tr><tr><td>Monkey Logic software which runs on Matlab 2010A</td><td></td><td></td><td>Free from MonkeyLogic website</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB 2010a software with data acquisition toolbox</td><td>Mathworks</td><td></td><td>Matlab software</td></tr><tr><td>sEEG electrodes AD TECH or PMT</td><td>AD TECH</td><td>2102-##-101</td><td>Platinum tip, diameter (0.89 mm, 1 mm, 1.1 mm), uninsulated length 2.3 mm; The ## in the catalog number indicates the number of contacts on the electrode (08, 10, 12, or 16)</td></tr><tr><td>Cabrio connectors</td><td>PMT</td><td>2125-##-01</td><td>The ## in the catalog number indicates the number of contacts on the electrode (08, 10, 12, or 16)</td></tr><tr><td>Tucker Davis Technologies Amplifier</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td>PZ5</td><td>preamplifier for neural data</td></tr><tr><td>Tucker Davis Technologies processor</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td>RZ2</td><td>Neural signal processor for neural data</td></tr><tr><td>TuckerDavis Technologies data streamer</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td>RS4</td><td>Data streamer and storage</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber optics cables to connect TDT systems</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td>F05</td><td>Fiber optic cables for connecting Tucker Davis Technologies&#039; prodcuts.</td></tr><tr><td>ribbon cable and snap serial connector for digital markers</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be ordered from ost electronics stores.</td></tr><tr><td>personal computer fro running TDT RPvdsEx and OpenEx software</td><td>Superlogics</td><td>SL-2U-PD-Q87SLQ-BA</td><td>computer for behavioral control</td></tr><tr><td>middle atlantics server cabinet with casters</td><td>Middle Atlantic Products</td><td>PTRK-21</td><td>Server case to house all of the research items</td></tr><tr><td>Tucker Davis Technologies splitter box to split clinical and research recrodings</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td></td><td>This splitter box is a semi-custom device. Researchers should consult the attending neurologists about splitting the research and clinical recordings in a way that doesn&#039;t interfere with clinical care.</td></tr><tr><td>Researcher monitor with requisite cables</td><td>Dell</td><td>U2212HMc</td><td>Most Monitors are adequate here.</td></tr><tr><td>button box power source - 5 volts, 2 amperes</td><td></td><td></td><td>Can be purchased at any electronics store.</td></tr><tr><td>TDT optical interface PCI card</td><td>Tucker Davs Technologies</td><td>P05</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

investigating the function of deep cortical and subcortical structures using stereotactic electroencephalography: lessons from the anterior cingulate cortex

立体定向脑电图（SEEG）是用于本地化的癫痫患者病灶与药物难治性癫痫的技术。此过程涉及多个深部电极的慢性放置到大脑硬膜下通过栅电极放置通常无法进入的地区。 SEEG从而提供了一个独特的机会，研究脑功能。在本文中，我们展示SEEG如何被用于研究背侧前扣带皮层（DACC）的认知控制的作用。我们包括SEEG过程的描述，显示了电极的外科手术位置。我们描述了从科目同意的，而他们从事的工作行为记录局部场电位（LFP）数据所需的组件和程序。在提供的例子中，受试者中发挥认知干扰任务，我们证明信号如何从电极在背侧前扣带皮层，区域intim记录和分析ately参与决策。我们的结论与方法，使此方法可用于研究人类认知过程的进一步建议。

一旦患者被选择用于SEEG电极放置，他/她经历体积的T2和T1对比增强MRI。 SEEG电极轨迹然后使用体积MRI序列的立体定向导航（ 图1）的计划。该技术允许对从结构内皮层深局部场电位如背侧前扣带皮层（浅橙色的轨迹， 图1），这将是不可能的，典型的表面电极放置的收集。手术后的动车，病人进行多源干扰任务（ 图2），旨在激活DACC神经元。试验的足够数量之后，从在所述DACC SEEG电极的局部场电位的数据进行预处理，以便对齐LFP数据提示呈现为后续有意义的分析（ 图3）。此外，一旦对齐，所述LFP数据可被平均以检查茶NGES试类型（ 图3F）之间的平均电响应。随后，多锥度谱图由调查随时间的变化的频带（ 图4）。作为头皮脑电图的研究已经在见于DACC活性牵连不同频带，时间 - 频率分析是有行为链接在DACC电生理变化的重要方法。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig1.jpg" /> 图1.使用的容积T1对比增强MRI。左上面板立体定向导航计划SEEG电极轨迹 。俯视图的三维重建的脸叠加计划SEEG电极轨迹。右上，左下和右下面板。轴向，叠加到患者的MRI计划SEEG电极轨迹的矢状面和冠状意见。橙电极轨迹代表了植入前扣带皮层双侧。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig2.jpg" /> 图2.多源干扰任务。最初，受试者注视在事先于提示的屏幕的中间的横被示出。提示被随后介绍和主题必须确定"目标"号码，这是由提出的其他两个数字的一​​个数字不同。标的指示选择一个按钮推:左按钮，如果目标是"1"，中间如果"2"和右如果"3"。在此例中，如果对象按压中间按钮时，他/她显示的绿色数字"2"，表示他/她发正确的选择。如果他/她选择的任一其他按钮，"2"被显示为红色，表示了不正确的选择。科目也经历中，他们没有收到他们的选择valenced的反馈，在这种情况下，"2"显示为蓝色，无论是否选择正确与否的试验。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig3.jpg" /> 图3.预处理SEEG数据。（A）从DACC单通道记录的所有数据。 （B）由前扣带皮质覆盖定时脉冲的行为任务的一分钟长的录音。 （C）的数据对每个试验的提示呈现一致。 （D）中的数据的每个审判排列在提示呈现与离群值，神器痕迹去除。 （E）LFP从20次试验的提示呈现对齐和堆叠。 F.场均LFP对齐提示呈现从内侧前额叶电极。虚线代表注视点的发作。虚线表示的提示发作。点划线代表平均响应时间。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig4.jpg" /> 图4.频谱分析。（A）原试验平均多锥度频谱对齐提示。 （B）在1 / f 2的相同的谱图中的归一化。 （C）由500毫秒的平均频谱江前同样的频谱在规范化Ë提示。 （D）同样的谱图中（A）在频段归。 （E）平均高gammaband功率标准化和非标准化的光谱。在所有的地块，虚线表示注视点的开始，虚线表示提示发作，和点划线代表平均响应时间。彩色条表示的（E）采用了高伽玛波段。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52773/52773fig4highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex a

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

立体定向脑电图（SEEG）是一种手术技术在癫痫手术用于帮助本地化癫痫病灶。它也提供了一个独特的机会来调查大脑功能。这里，我们描述SEEG如何可以被用来研究在人受试者认知过程。

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

investigating-function-deep-cortical-subcortical-structures-using

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.2K 次观看.  Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital. 立体定向脑电图（SEEG）是一种手术技术在癫痫手术用于帮助本地化癫痫病灶。它也提供了一个独特的机会来调查大脑功能。这里，我们描述SEEG如何可以被用来研究在人受试者认知过程。 

视频: Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

科研

行为学

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

神经科学

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

The SEEG methodology has gained favor in North America over the last decade as a means of localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) prior to epilepsy surgery. Recently, the application of a robotic stereotactic guidance system for implantation of SEEG electrodes has become more popular in many epilepsy centers. The technique for the use of the robot requires extreme precision in the pre-surgical planning phase and then the technique is streamlined during the operative portion of the methodology, as the robot and surgeon work in concert to implant the electrodes. Herein is detailed precise operative methodology of using the robot to guide implantation of SEEG electrodes. A major limitation of the procedure, namely its heavy reliance on the ability to register the patient to a preoperative volumetric magnetic resonance image (MRI), is also discussed. Overall, this procedure has been shown to have a low morbidity rate and an extremely low mortality rate. The use of a robotic stereotactic guidance system for the implantation of SEEG electrodes is an efficient, fast, safe, and accurate alternative to conventional manual implantation strategies.

Operative Technique and Nuances for the Stereoelectroencephalographic SEEG Methodology Utilizing a Robotic Stereotactic Guidance System

The SEEG methodology is simplified and made faster with a stereotactic robot. Careful attention must be paid to the registration of the preoperative volumetric MRI to the patient prior to use of the robot in the OR. The robot streamlines the procedure, leading to decreased operative times and accurate implantations.

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

The SEEG methodology has gained favor in North America over the last decade as a means of localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) prior to epilepsy ...

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients who are deemed appropriate candidates for invasive recordings, the decision to monitor is made between the subdural grids versus SEEG. Invasive neuromonitoring for epilepsy is pursued in patients with complex, medically refractory epilepsy. The goal of invasive monitoring is to offer resective surgery with the hope of allowing seizure freedom. SEEG&#39;s advantages include access to deep cortical structures, an ability to localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ) when subdural grids have failed to do so, and in patients with non-lesional extra-temporal epilepsies. In this manuscript, we present a succinct historical overview of the SEEG and report on our experience with frameless stereotaxy under robotic. An imperative step of SEEG insertion is planning the electrode trajectories. In order to most effectively record ictal activity via SEEG trajectories should be planned based upon a hypothesis of where the seizure activity originates the presumed epileptogenic zone (EZ). The EZ hypothesis is based on a standardized preoperative workup including video-EEG monitoring, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography), ictal SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography), and neuropsychological assessment. Using a suspected EZ, SEEG electrodes can be placed minimally invasively yet maintain accuracy and precision. Clinical results showed the ability to localize the EZ in 78% of difficult to localize epileptic patients.1

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) aids in localization of epileptogenic zones, however, remains relatively underutilized in the United States. The goal of this abstract is to provide a brief introduction to the technique of SEEG and further a detailed technique of using robotic assistance in the placement of SEEG electrodes.

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients ...

医学

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases as well as epilepsies. This powerful technique does not only provide valuable insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, i.e., the etiopathogenesis of CNS related diseases, it also facilitates the development of new translational, i.e., therapeutic approaches. Whereas competing techniques that make use of recorder systems used in jackets or tethered systems suffer from their unphysiological restraining to semi-restraining character, radiotelemetric EEG recordings overcome these disadvantages. Technically, implantable EEG radiotelemetry allows for precise and highly sensitive measurement of epidural and deep, intracerebral EEGs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. First, we present a detailed protocol of a straight forward, successful, quick and efficient technique for epidural (surface) EEG recordings resulting in high-quality electrocorticograms. Second, we demonstrate how to implant deep, intracerebral EEG electrodes, e.g., in the hippocampus (electrohippocampogram). For both approaches, a computerized 3D stereotaxic electrode implantation system is used. The radiofrequency transmitter itself is implanted into a subcutaneous pouch in both mice and rats. Special attention also has to be paid to pre-, peri- and postoperative treatment of the experimental animals. Preoperative preparation of mice and rats, suitable anesthesia as well as postoperative treatment and pain management are described in detail.

Non-restraining EEG radiotelemetry is a valuable methodological approach to record in vivo long-term electroencephalograms from freely moving rodents. This detailed protocol describes stereotaxic epidural and deep intracerebral electrode placement in different brain regions in order to obtain reliable recordings of CNS rhythmicity and CNS related behavioral stages.

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography (ECoG) Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Neurological impairments and diseases can be diagnosed or treated using electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. In drug-resistant epilepsy, these help delineate the epileptic region to resect. In long-term applications such as brain-computer interfaces, these epicortical electrodes are used to record the movement intention of the brain, to control the robotic limbs of paralyzed patients. However, current stiff electrode grids do not answer the need for high-resolution brain recordings and long-term biointegration. Recently, conformable electrode arrays have been proposed to achieve long-term implant stability with high performance. However, preclinical studies for these new implant technologies are needed to validate their long-term functionality and safety profile for their translation to human patients. In this context, porcine models are routinely employed in developing medical devices due to their large organ sizes and easy animal handling. However, only a few brain applications are described in the literature, mostly due to surgery limitations and integration of the implant system on a living animal.
Here, we report the method for long-term implantation (6 months) and evaluation of soft ECoG arrays in the minipig model. The study first presents the implant system, consisting of a soft microfabricated electrode array integrated with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible polymeric transdermal port that houses instrumentation connectors for electrophysiology recordings. Then, the study describes the surgical procedure, from subdural implantation to animal recovery. We focus on the auditory cortex as an example target area where evoked potentials are induced by acoustic stimulation. We finally describe a data acquisition sequence that includes MRI of the whole brain, implant electrochemical characterization, intraoperative and freely moving electrophysiology, and immunohistochemistry staining of the extracted brains.
This model can be used to investigate the safety and function of novel design of cortical prostheses; mandatory preclinical study to envision translation to human patients.

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs

Here, we present a method for the long-term performance and safety assessment of soft subdural electrode arrays in a minipig model, describing surgical method and tools, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, electrophysiology of the auditory cortex, electrochemical properties of the implant, and postmortem immunochemistry.

硬膜下软皮质电图 （ECoG） 阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

Neurological impairments and diseases can be diagnosed or treated using electrocorticography (ECoG) arrays. In drug-resistant epilepsy, these help ...

生物工程

Statistical Modelling of Cortical Connectivity Using Non-invasive Electroencephalograms

Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings are useful for the evaluation of nervous system function. These techniques are inexpensive, fast, replicable, and less resource-intensive than imaging. Further, the functional data produced have excellent temporal resolution, which is not achievable with structural imaging.
Current applications of electroencephalograms (EEG) are limited by data processing methods. Standard analysis techniques using raw time series data at individual channels are very limited methods of interrogating nervous system activity. More detailed information about cortical function can be achieved by examining relationships between channels and deriving statistical models of how areas are interacting, allowing visualization of connectivity between networks.
This manuscript describes a method for deriving statistical models of cortical network activity by recording EEG in a standard manner, then examining the interelectrode coherence measures to assess relationships between the recorded areas. Higher order interactions can be further examined by assessing the covariance between the coherence pairs, producing high-dimensional &#34;maps&#34; of network interactions. These data constructs can be examined to assess cortical network function and its relationship to pathology in ways not achievable with traditional techniques.
This approach offers greater sensitivity to network level interactions than is achievable with raw time series analysis. It is, however, limited by the complexity of drawing specific mechanistic conclusions about the underlying neural populations and the high volumes of data generated, requiring more advanced statistical techniques for evaluation, including dimensionality reduction and classifier-based approaches.

Standard EEG analysis techniques offer limited insight into nervous system function. Deriving statistical models of cortical connectivity offers far greater ability to investigate underlying network dynamics. Improved functional assessment opens new possibilities for diagnosis, prognostication, and outcome prediction in nervous system diseases.

使用非侵入性脑电图的皮质连通性统计建模

Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings are useful for the evaluation of nervous system function. These techniques are inexpensive, fast, replicable, ...

Electro-encephalography (EEG)

EEG is a non-invasive technique that can measure brain activity. The neural activity generates electrical signals that are recorded by EEG electrodes placed on the scalp. When an individual is engaged in performing a cognitive task, brain activity changes and these changes can be recorded on the EEG graph. Therefore, it is a powerful tool for cognitive scientist aiming to better understand the neural correlates associated with different aspects of cognition, which will ultimately help them devise improved treatments for patients with cognitive deficits.
Here, JoVE presents a brief overview of EEG and its applications in cognitive research. First, we discuss where and how EEG signals are generated. Then, we explain the use of EEG in studying cognition along with a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform an EEG experiment. Lastly, the video reviews some specific cognitive experiments that use EEG in combination with other techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

EEG: EEG Signal Origin, Even Related Potentials &amp; Cognition

脑电图扫描（EEG）

EEG is a non-invasive technique that can measure brain activity.  The neural activity generates electrical signals that are recorded by EEG electrodes ...

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

摘要

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此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

使用非侵入性脑电图的皮质连通性统计建模

脑电图扫描（EEG）

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

利用机器人立体定向引导系统的立体脑电图（SEEG）方法的操作技术和细微差别

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助:技术说明

非约束脑电遥测:硬膜外和脑深部脑电立体定位放置电极

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

硬膜下软皮质电图 （ECoG） 阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录

使用非侵入性脑电图的皮质连通性统计建模

脑电图扫描（EEG）

调查深皮层的功能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图:由前扣带皮层的经验教训

硬膜下软皮质电图（ECoG）阵列植入和小型猪的长期皮质记录