Name: relating stomatal conductance to leaf functional traits
Uploaded: 2015-10-12T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 9 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits at JoVE.com

We are indebted to Xuefei Yang, Sabine Both, Lin Chen and Kaitian Wang for coordinating the fieldwork and establishing the BEF-China experiment. We are also grateful to the whole BEF-China research group for their general support. BEF-China is mainly funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG FOR 891/1 and 2) and funding for this particular project was provided by the German Research Foundation to H.B. (DFG BR 1698/9-2). We are also thankful for the travel grants and summer schools financed by the Sino-German Centre for Research Promotion in Beijing (GZ 524, 592, 698, 699 and 785). In addition we would like to thank David Eichenberg, Michael Staab, Katja Grotius, Silvana Tornack, Lin Chen, and Shouren Zhang for their support in the field and in the lab.

1.气孔导度<ol><li>气孔导度的测量 注:利用一个简单类型的稳态气孔计（十边形SC1）的作者。该气孔计的设计，具有体积小，直观的手动操作，可靠性高的优点。当测量在外地气孔导度，确保以最小化测量个体之间的距离为一个重复测量周期是最有效的可能。 </li><li>选择根据一个重现的图案不同物种和个体的叶（相同高度，相同的曝光，在植物中相同的位置，如果可能的话只从相同的节点，并且仅来自一个类别;太阳或阴影叶等）。 <ol><li>只有度量叶子在健康的，未受损和完全发育的条件。标记上的个人（例如，使用扎带彩色带），叶子以确保重复测量是在相同的叶进行。 注:测量电气孔导度对此语句应只在叶面上，同时避免了中脉和强大的叶脉。 </li><li>开始在清晨测量日出服用九时五十五重复测量点前气孔导度值显示在中午明显下降。 注:测量每日课程将提供良好的数据分析VPD和气孔导度之间的关系。 </li></ol></li><li> VPD测量<ol><li>与每个克 S-测量，记录温度和相对湿度优选与便携式记录仪直接测量在相同的叶的位置的条件。为了计算蒸汽压赤字利用八月，罗氏马格努斯公式15。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738eq1.jpg" width="300" /> （E S）=饱和水蒸汽压力[百帕] <ol start="4"><li> G型的S - VPD响应<ol><li>现在积种明智的全部G 对阵 VPD数据，单个叶片所有的日常课程合并为每个物种一一分析。提取由搜索最大值从气孔导度数据中观察到的最大值。要缩放模型种明智的可比性，通过观察该物种（G S / G SMAX）的最大值除以观测值。 </li><li>每个物种，倒退克S的 logits（克S /克SMAX）到VPD和VPD的使用广义线性模型用二项式误差分布（a，b和c表示回归参数 ​​）的二次项: </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738eq2.jpg" width="300" /><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738fig1highres.jpg" wIDþ="700"/&gt; 图中绘制的值与拟合模型克 S- 1例- VPD气孔导度绘制成蒸气压赤字供种枫香功能。空点表示的观测值。 （A）最大气孔导度，VPD的最大气孔导度和平均气孔导度从绝对因而不可伸缩的气孔导度 （G s）的数据中提取。 （二）缩放气孔导度数据（G S / G SMAX）绘制提取相关参数（显示为实心点），20。重新打印许可20。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738fig2highres.jpg" wi嗞嗞="400"/&gt; 图2.所有的拟合模型的所有物种。模型图的气孔导度数据VPD回归的所有物种。常绿树种用红线20由黑色线条，落叶树种表示。经许可后20重新打印。 注意:使用logits而不是直接回归克 S-到VPD，通向该模型的最大值不超过克SMAX的点和克 S-接近0在高温VPD。 <ol start="5"><li>提取气孔调节参数的每一个物种<ol><li>计算绝对建模克SMAX值（MaxFit在图1B）。要做到这一点，从计算设定1.4.2的 ​​一阶导数为零，这给VPD gsMaxFit = -b / 2a中的VPD最大气孔导度。将VPD gsMaxFit到1.4.2的 ​​公式，提高到E，获得MaxFit的力量。计算并购每个品种的电导测量的EAN（ 见图1A）。 注:使用统计软件R（http://www.r-project.org）。 </li><li>计算的相对值，从比例模型（克S /克SMAX），提取气孔导度和VPD值以下两点:（1）气孔导度和VPD在模型的最大（MaxFit）和（2）VPD在曲线拐点的第二个点（参见图1B）。这个值乘由G 和S-MAX获得绝对克 S-值这些点。 图 2所示为单一车型分析了所有39种的完整覆盖。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.测量气孔性状<ol><li>采取样品优选从完全相同的树叶已用于气孔导度的测量结果。如果这是不可能的，应用施加到选择叶片相同的选择过程对于气孔导度的测量，优选在相同的个人。 </li><li>涂上薄薄一层无色，快速烘干指甲油（测试不同品牌，有些人比其他人更适合）到一个新的样本。如果样本不能被立即处理，将它们存储在70％的酒精。后指甲油干燥后出来，轻轻地从叶剥离的印象，并继续进行微观分析，与正常的叶样品。 注意:在叶子以高密度毛状体的情况下施加氢氧化钠或1的前一步骤:乙酸和氧气的过氧化1溶液可以导致更好的结果。 </li><li>光学显微镜分析<ol><li>一个相机连接到能够40倍之间的放大倍率为400X的光学显微镜。后相机连接到显微镜，匹配采取光学放大倍数和图像的分辨率， 例如，用一个尺度的帮助下的图像。 </li><li>采用开源​​的我像ImageJ的16法师处理软件分析这些照片。 <ol><li>绘制一个形状与来自图像的图像分析工具形状工具在一个地区，没有污垢，拇指版画，受损区域，或大叶脉。计数气孔在这方面并在总共至少50000微米2％的样品。 </li><li>测量气孔保卫细胞长度和孔长。计算每平方毫米的气孔的数量。计算气孔指数作为气孔密度的比率为表皮每mm 2的细胞数。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>叶脉性状3.评估注:有关叶脉特征的评估，修改后的袋＆Scoffoni 17的协议受聘。 <ol><li>样品制备 注:为了优化叶脉的知名度，叶先漂白，然后用番红和孔雀石绿染色。 <ol><li>漂白LEAV上课，让他们至少72小时，在50％的溶液消色剂（试验不同的品牌，又有些人可能会更好地工作）。另外，使用5％NaOH溶液，或10％的KOH溶液或25％的H 2 O 2的溶液中。 </li><li>加热溶液到30℃或从步骤3.1.1结合不同的解决方案更好的效果。水冲洗几次之后。适应漂白过程的具体种类，这取决于它们的叶特性。 注:叶片较厚，可能需要的解决方案浴或更积极的解决方案更长的时间。更薄，更嫩叶可在不到72小时的漂白到令人满意的程度。 </li><li>着色叶子将它们放置在100％的乙醇。它们上色2 - 1％番红溶液30分钟。以提高着色，只有几秒钟添加用1％孔雀绿溶液另外的处理。适应的协议，以每种时间和强度而言，以达到最佳的效果。冲洗SE水veral次之后。如果叶子是深染，在乙醇或消一段时间可能会有所帮助。 </li></ol></li><li>样品分析<ol><li>扫描叶子背光扫描仪在约 1200 dpi的分辨率。匹配带到图片， 例如的分辨率的扫描 ，带刻度的帮助下，以确保该像素长度可以追溯到绝对长度扫描的叶的措施。 </li><li>测量叶面积，周长，长度和宽度。计算几个指标， 比如，长/宽和周长2 /面积。剪下1 1厘米的矩形出来的画面的中间。测量的第一和第二顺序静脉直径（不包括主要的中央静脉）。测量的第1阶的静脉在这个样方（静脉密度）的长度。 </li></ol></li></ol>其他叶性状4.评估注:驴子典型的叶片性状，如具体的叶面积（SLA），叶干物质含量（LDMC），叶面积，元素的内容，叶习惯，叶pinnation，叶型化合物，叶缘类型等等以下建立的方案18,19。 <ol><li>观察叶片性状<ol><li>评估叶pinnation，叶型化合物，叶缘型和外蜜腺18,19通过观察在该领域中存在。 </li></ol></li><li>分析叶片性状<ol><li>收集新鲜叶样品，优选作为用于其它测量，比叶面积（SLA），叶面积，叶干物质含量（LDMC）18,19的测定相同的个体。 48小时后，在干燥炉中在80℃下，测量元素的含量和比率，优选在相同的叶子。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

气孔调节通过本文介绍的方法提取的参数强调气孔性状，如气孔密度，气孔指数的重要性。这些新的关系证明联从生理模型参数的形态，解剖和化学叶片性状20的潜力。与其它方法相比，本方法带有捕获在哪些气孔导被下调到一半的建模克的最大的一个独特的和明确的VPD值的优点。 在协议中所概述的所有步骤中最关键的是气孔导度的测量结果。由于气孔导度的环境气候条件下的多因素调控对克 S-强大的影响力。气孔导度测量在相对 ​​湿度高和低光照强度可能是不可靠21-23。对于形态和ANATomical性状，该协议应当始终适于包括在研究中的目标物种。特别是在静脉密度分析，漂白和叶的染色的持续时间应该改变，这取决于叶片结构和韧性。该方法的潜在限制包括物种，其中气孔导度的测量是不可能的或复杂的，容易出现由于非凡的叶子形式的错误。这可能包括针叶树和草很窄叶片。 我们的结果部分地确认气孔导度参数和叶经济学谱（LES），它对应于几个其他研究的叶性状之间的链路的第一个假设。例如，Poorter和Bongers（2006）24日报道 克 S-并由LES， 如代表性状之间的密切联系，与增加叶片寿命克 S-下降。因此，舒尔茨等人（1994）1 demonst叶氮含量和G SMAX之间的额定明确的联系。同样，Juhrbandt 等人 （2004）25发现摹SMAX和叶面积和叶片含氮量之间显著的关系。 我们的第二个明显的区别就叶习惯的假设都没有得到证实。高变化中的常绿和落叶习惯测量参数和特征表明，叶的习惯不是LES的一个很好的描述。布罗德里布和霍尔布鲁克（2005）26探讨了叶习性和叶片生理策略并不一定必然连接，因为广泛的性状变化是在所有类型的叶习惯普遍。 该方法可以扩展到性状等于叶，例如，有关木质部液压性状的植物的器官，如特定木质部水力传导率和显微镜木材性状27的生理特性。同样，其他类型为来源于显微镜，如栅栏组织结构和epicuticular蜡层结构叶片性状可列入28。 总之，这项研究证实了LES和气孔调节之间的密切联系。此外，这里介绍的方法，揭示了那些不相关的LES气孔调节模式方面。尤其是比叶性状，如气孔的大小，密度及指数，以及静脉长度未来值得关注的功能性植物的研究。

以超前的功能的理解植物叶片，最近的许多研究都试图关系形态，解剖和化学叶性状的生理反应，如叶片气孔导度（G S）1-4。此外，叶性状，气孔导度的强烈影响的环境条件，如光合活性光子通量密度，空气温度和VPD 5。各种方式已经提出了模型的gs -这主要是基于GS的上VPD 6线性回归VPD曲线6-8。与此相反，在本研究中提出的模型倒退相对气孔导度（即，克S与最大气孔导克SMAX的比值）上VPD，并通过添加VPD作为二次回归术语占非线性的logits。 相比其他车型，新车型可以用于获得描述参数在其中g S的下缺水下调的VPD。类似地，获得了VPD在哪些克S是最大的。因此生理参数可以预期紧密相连碳同化9,10所反映的LES这些模型参数和关键叶片性状养分和资源分配之间的密切联系，应该预计3,11。结果，有也应该是气孔调节与LES性状战略之间的紧密关系。这样的关系，预计特别是用于叶片习惯（常绿对落叶），为叶习惯上都相关的LES和与水分利用效率12,13。常绿树种一般增长较慢，但在环境较差的营养物质14更有效。因此，叶的习惯应该翻译成不同的气孔调节模式，以较为保守的用水战略比落叶树种。 比较aring大集阔叶树种在花园里常见的情况，以下假设进行了测试:1）给G S模型的参数- VPD模型连接到相关的叶经济学频谱叶片性状。 2）常绿植物具有较低的平均克 S-和G SMAX比落叶树种值。

<table><tbody><tr><td>SC 1 Porometer</td><td>Decagon</td><td></td><td>Any other porometer is suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Cable ties to mark leaves</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic sample bags</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paper sample bags</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hygrometer</td><td>Trotec</td><td></td><td>Any other is suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Nail polish</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Axioskop 2 plus</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Any other is suitable</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bleach</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5% NaOH</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10% KOH</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25% H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Malachite green</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Safranine</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

relating stomatal conductance to leaf functional traits

叶功能性状是重要的，因为它们反映生理功能，如蒸腾和碳同化。尤其是，叶形态特征有总结植物战略的水分利用效率，增长方式的转变和养分利用方面的潜力。叶经济学谱（LES）是在功能性植物生态学一个公认的框架，并反映增加比叶面积（SLA），叶氮，磷和阳离子含量，降低叶干物质含量（LDMC）和碳氮比率的梯度（ CN）。在LES描述了不同的策略，从那个短命叶，每叶重较高的光合能力，长寿命的叶子与低质量为基础的碳同化率。但是，不包括在LES的性状可以提供关于该物种的生理学的其他信息，如那些与气孔控制。协议提出了广泛的叶函数的对最终的性状，包括LES的特质，同时也特质，独立于LES的。特别是，一种新的方法介绍，涉及气孔导蒸汽压赤字植物的监管行为。气孔调节由此产生的参数就可以比LES和其他植物功能性状。研究结果表明，LES的功能叶性状也有效预测的气孔调节的参数。例如，叶碳浓度呈正相关，蒸气压亏缺（VPD）的拐点和电导VPD曲线的最大值。但是，不包括在LES的性状添加的信息在解释气孔控制的参数:VPD在电导VPD曲线的拐点较低的物种具有更高气孔密度和较高的气孔指数。总体而言，气孔和静脉性状更强大的预测解释气孔T法令在LES使用汉特质。

气孔导度和气孔调节许多参数，发现可能与形态学，解剖学和化学叶片性状。在下文中，重点将是链接到VPD的拐点，这降低与气孔密度（P = 0.04）和气孔指数（P = 0.03），并随叶片的碳含量（P = 0.02， 参见图3）。研究结果表明，在拐点下降VPD有气孔密度和气孔指数的下降。与此相反，气孔导度没有参数表现出明显的关系，叶的习惯。在两组叶习惯的高差异表明，不同的监管机制小组常绿落叶习惯中同时存在。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738fig3highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图3.结果图为日水汽压亏缺（VPD）的气孔导度调节和叶性状模式之间E连接在克 S-的拐点- VPD曲线（VpdPoi）为（A）气孔密度，（B）气孔指数函数， （ 三）叶碳含量20。重新打印许可20。 <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/52738/52738fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits at JoVE.com

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

揭开怎样的生理和形态链接可以提高设备的机械运作有了更深的认识离开。我们提出这两个程序从气孔导度的测量和相关性与传统的功能叶片性状得到气孔调节的参数。

与气孔导度，以叶功能性状

Leaf functional traits are important because they reflect physiological functions, such as transpiration and carbon assimilation. In particular, ...

relating-stomatal-conductance-to-leaf-functional-traits

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.0K 次观看.  Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. 揭开怎样的生理和形态链接可以提高设备的机械运作有了更深的认识离开。我们提出这两个程序从气孔导度的测量和相关性与传统的功能叶片性状得到气孔调节的参数。 

视频: Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Stomata are natural openings in the plant epidermis responsible for gas exchange between plant interior and environment. They are formed by a pair of guard cells, which are able to close the stomatal pore in response to a number of external factors including light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and relative humidity (RH). The stomatal pore is also the main route for pathogen entry into leaves, a crucial step for disease development. Recent studies have unveiled that closure of the pore is effective in minimizing bacterial disease development in Arabidopsis plants; an integral part of plant innate immunity. Previously, we have used epidermal peels to assess stomatal response to live bacteria (Melotto et al. 2006); however maintaining favorable environmental conditions for both plant epidermal peels and bacterial cells has been challenging. Leaf epidermis can be kept alive and healthy with MES buffer (10 mM KCl, 25 mM MES-KOH, pH 6.15) for electrophysiological experiments of guard cells. However, this buffer is not appropriate for obtaining bacterial suspension. On the other hand, bacterial cells can be kept alive in water which is not proper to maintain epidermal peels for long period of times. When an epidermal peel floats on water, the cells in the peel that are exposed to air dry within 4 hours limiting the timing to conduct the experiment. An ideal method for assessing the effect of a particular stimulus on guard cells should present minimal interference to stomatal physiology and to the natural environment of the plant as much as possible. We, therefore, developed a new method to assess stomatal response to live bacteria in which leaf wounding and manipulation is greatly minimized aiming to provide an easily reproducible and reliable stomatal assay. The protocol is based on staining of intact leaf with propidium iodide (PI), incubation of staining leaf with bacterial suspension, and observation of leaves under laser scanning confocal microscope. Finally, this method allows for the observation of the same live leaf sample over extended periods of time using conditions that closely mimic the natural conditions under which plants are attacked by pathogens.

We have developed a simple and reproducible protocol to access stomatal response to live bacteria. This method minimizes wounding and manipulation of the leaf as compared to the use of epidermal peels reported previously.

评估气孔反应活细菌细胞，采用全叶成像

Stomata are natural openings in the plant epidermis responsible for gas exchange between plant interior and environment. They are formed by a pair of ...

科研

免疫与感染

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

环境科学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于古气候和古生态重建的数字叶面学

Reconstructing Terrestrial Paleoclimate and Paleoecology with Fossil Leaves Using Digital Leaf Physiognomy and Leaf Mass Per Area

Climate and environment strongly influence the size, shape, and toothiness (physiognomy) of plants&#39; leaves. These relationships, particularly in woody non-monocotyledonous angiosperms, have been used to develop leaf-based proxies for paleoclimate and paleoecology that have been applied to reconstruct ancient terrestrial ecosystems for the last ~120 million years of Earth&#39;s history. Additionally, given that these relationships have been documented in living plants, they are important for understanding aspects of plant evolution and how plants respond to climatic and environmental changes. To conduct these types of analyses on modern and fossil plants, leaf physiognomy must be measured accurately using a reproducible methodology. This protocol describes a computer-based method for measuring and analyzing a variety of leaf physiognomic variables in modern and fossil leaves. This method allows for the measurement of leaf physiognomic traits, in particular variables related to leaf serrations, leaf area, leaf dissection, and linearity that are used in the digital leaf physiognomy proxy for reconstructing paleoclimate, as well as petiole width and leaf area, which are used for reconstructing leaf mass per area, a paleoecological proxy. Because this digital leaf trait measurement method can be applied to fossil and living plants, it is not limited to applications related to reconstructing paleoclimate and paleoecology. It can also be used to explore leaf traits that may be informative for understanding the function of leaf morphology, leaf development, phylogenetic relationships of leaf traits, and plant evolution.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：用于现代和古代植物群落气候和生态重建的叶性状分析

The protocol presented shows digital measurement and analysis of continuous leaf physiognomic traits on fossil leaves to reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoecology using the digital leaf physiognomy and leaf mass per area reconstruction methods.

使用数字叶面学和单位面积的叶质量用化石叶重建陆地古气候和古生态学

Climate and environment strongly influence the size, shape, and toothiness (physiognomy) of plants&#39; leaves. These relationships, particularly in woody ...

Measurement of Leaf Hydraulic Conductance and Stomatal Conductance and Their Responses to Irradiance and Dehydration Using the Evaporative Flux Method (EFM)

Water is a key resource, and the plant water transport system sets limits on maximum growth and drought tolerance. When plants open their stomata to achieve a high stomatal conductance (gs) to capture CO2 for photosynthesis, water is lost by transpiration1,2. Water evaporating from the airspaces is replaced from cell walls, in turn drawing water from the xylem of leaf veins, in turn drawing from xylem in the stems and roots. As water is pulled through the system, it experiences hydraulic resistance, creating tension throughout the system and a low leaf water potential (&Psi;leaf). The leaf itself is a critical bottleneck in the whole plant system, accounting for on average 30% of the plant hydraulic resistance3. Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf = 1/ leaf hydraulic resistance) is the ratio of the water flow rate to the water potential gradient across the leaf, and summarizes the behavior of a complex system: water moves through the petiole and through several orders of veins, exits into the bundle sheath and passes through or around mesophyll cells before evaporating into the airspace and being transpired from the stomata. Kleaf is of strong interest as an important physiological trait to compare species, quantifying the effectiveness of the leaf structure and physiology for water transport, and a key variable to investigate for its relationship to variation in structure (e.g., in leaf venation architecture) and its impacts on photosynthetic gas exchange. Further, Kleaf responds strongly to the internal and external leaf environment3. Kleaf can increase dramatically with irradiance apparently due to changes in the expression and activation of aquaporins, the proteins involved in water transport through membranes4, and Kleaf declines strongly during drought, due to cavitation and/or collapse of xylem conduits, and/or loss of permeability in the extra-xylem tissues due to mesophyll and bundle sheath cell shrinkage or aquaporin deactivation5-10. Because Kleaf can constrain gs and photosynthetic rate across species in well watered conditions and during drought, and thus limit whole-plant performance they may possibly determine species distributions especially as droughts increase in frequency and severity11-14.
We present a simple method for simultaneous determination of Kleaf and gs on excised leaves. A transpiring leaf is connected by its petiole to tubing running to a water source on a balance. The loss of water from the balance is recorded to calculate the flow rate through the leaf. When steady state transpiration (E, mmol &bull; m-2 &bull; s-1) is reached, gs is determined by dividing by vapor pressure deficit, and Kleaf by dividing by the water potential driving force determined using a pressure chamber (Kleaf= E /- &Delta;&psi;leaf, MPa)15.
This method can be used to assess Kleaf responses to different irradiances and the vulnerability of Kleaf to dehydration14,16,17.

Measurement of Leaf Hydraulic Conductance and Stomatal Conductance and Their Responses to Irradiance and Dehydration Using the Evaporative Flux Method EFM

We describe a relatively rapid (30 min) and realistic method for simultaneously measurement of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and stomatal conductance (gs) for transpiring excised leaves. The method can be modified to measure the light and dehydration responses of Kleaf and gs.

测量叶片导水率和气孔导度和他们的反应，辐射和脱水蒸发通量法（EFM）

Water is a key resource, and the plant water transport system sets limits on maximum growth and drought tolerance. When plants open their stomata to ...

生物学

拟南芥中细菌入侵的气孔反应自动测量

Direct Observation and Automated Measurement of Stomatal Responses to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the plant leaf epidermis. Regulation of stomatal aperture is pivotal not only for balancing carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthesis and transpirational water loss but also for restricting bacterial invasion. While plants close stomata upon recognition of microbes, pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto), reopen the closed stomata to gain access into the leaf interior. In conventional assays for assessing stomatal responses to bacterial invasion, leaf epidermal peels, leaf discs, or detached leaves are floated on bacterial suspension, and then stomata are observed under a microscope followed by manual measurement of stomatal aperture. However, these assays are cumbersome and may not reflect stomatal responses to natural bacterial invasion in a leaf attached to the plant. Recently, a portable imaging device was developed that can observe stomata by pinching a leaf without detaching it from the plant, together with a deep learning-based image analysis pipeline designed to automatically measure stomatal aperture from leaf images captured by the device. Here, building on these technical advances, a new method to assess stomatal responses to bacterial invasion in Arabidopsis thaliana is introduced. This method consists of three simple steps: spray inoculation of Pto mimicking natural infection processes, direct observation of stomata on a leaf of the Pto-inoculated plant using the portable imaging device, and automated measurement of stomatal aperture by the image analysis pipeline. This method was successfully used to demonstrate stomatal closure and reopening during Pto invasion under conditions that closely mimic the natural plant-bacteria interaction.

作者聚焦：通过自动孔径测量推进气孔研究

Here, we present a simple method for direct observation and automated measurement of stomatal responses to bacterial invasion in Arabidopsis thaliana. This method leverages a portable stomatal imaging device, together with an image analysis pipeline designed for leaf images captured by the device.

直接观察和自动测量对丁香假单胞菌 pv 的气孔反应。番茄拟南芥中的DC3000

Stomata are microscopic pores found in the plant leaf epidermis. Regulation of stomatal aperture is pivotal not only for balancing carbon dioxide uptake ...

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Quantifying cell division and expansion is of crucial importance to the understanding of whole-plant growth. Here, we present a protocol to calculate cellular parameters determining maize leaf growth rates and highlight the use of these data for investigating molecular growth regulatory mechanisms by directing developmental stage-specific sampling strategies.

细胞分裂和扩张的运动学分析:量化增长和采样产业开发区的细胞学基础<em&gt;玉米</em&gt;叶

Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of ...

与气孔导度，以叶功能性状

摘要

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此视频中的章节

评估气孔反应活细菌细胞，采用全叶成像

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

使用数字叶面学和单位面积的叶质量用化石叶重建陆地古气候和古生态学

使用数字叶面学和单位面积的叶质量用化石叶重建陆地古气候和古生态学

使用数字叶面学和单位面积的叶质量用化石叶重建陆地古气候和古生态学

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