Name: the double-h maze: a robust behavioral test for learning and memory in rodents
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents at JoVE.com

这项工作由斯特拉斯堡和Neurex-神经莱茵河上游网络（博士后奖学金到RP）的大学和BrainLinks-BrainTools卓越的集群由德国研究基金会资助的支持（DFG，授予数量EXC 1086）。我们感谢娜嘉马提尼专家技术援助。

1.一般注意事项此协议是经大学医院弗赖堡的动物护理和使用委员会（相同斯特拉斯堡）。视力是必要的空间学习的测试中的表现。啮齿动物受损视觉系统，因此不是合适的。此外，照明必须足​​够，以便使大鼠看位于周边壁的不同的线索。它是利用基本型（方形，圆形，三角形），但良好的对比线索（如黑漆线索在一个白色背景画）是有用的。同样，重度肌肉运动赤字排除标准，因为游泳是该测试要求和溺水可能发生。最后，超急啮齿动物可以显示一个强烈的偏见搜索行为，对性能的影响这。 2.仪器设置<ol><li>构建双-H迷宫由一张160厘米中央小巷，其相交两端和在中心的由三个160厘米并行运行臂（参见图1）。确保中央小巷及其垂直臂宽20厘米，并以35厘米高的透明有机玻璃墙包围。树脂玻璃厚度为6毫米，所有部件。 </li><li>安全使用胶水和螺丝，防水迷宫使用硅关节的所有内部角度到位的墙壁。这些接头可以容易地更换它们应该失去它们的防水性。放置排水口在拐角处的臂（或在迷宫的中间）用于排空的一个的末端。 </li><li>放置在迷宫在80厘米高的桌子，周围有足够的空间供）走动的迷宫，以及良好的对比线索B）的位置。通过它的位置， 即 ，西北（NW），北（N），东北（NE），西南（SW），南（S），以及东南（SE）指定在迷宫中的每个手臂。 </li><li>将安装在天花板上的摄像头为迷宫动物行为测试后分析上面，使用手动或AUTomatic（视频跟踪）的方法（见§5）。 </li></ol> 3.总评<ol><li>在使用之前，充满水迷宫到18厘米（200升）的近似高度。这是高到足以防止老鼠接触迷宫的底部用他们的脚，但浅足以防止逃逸。 </li><li>经过前期培训，使水不透明混合250克脱脂奶粉。更改每天的水，以防止牛奶，水变得腐臭。水温保持在21 - 23°C至提供激励老鼠寻求逃生平台。 注:由于大鼠逐渐熟悉的过程中预先培训平台的位置，它的位置是在训练期间移动到不同的手臂。 </li><li>在使用之前，浸泡一个高17厘米，直径10厘米的平台，在拐角处武器（NE，NW，SE或SW）之一的末端。确保被淹没的高度为1厘米的水表面的表面之下。训练老鼠到达在目标平台上使用的任何非自我中心或自我中心的学习策略，这是依赖于使用（见§4）模式的类型。 </li></ol> 4.基本培训协议注:大鼠通常设有预训练的初始日，这使得他们熟悉的迷宫。 <ol><li>对于预培训释放老鼠从中心臂之一（ 例如，S组）的末端，并将目标平台，在拐角处的武器之一（ 例如，NE）的末端，然后给大鼠连续4个60秒在该试验中，以达到目标平台。 </li><li>在到达逃生平台，允许大鼠等待那里15秒，以使它们可以休息，观察他们的周围环境。无论起始位置，总是阻止相反臂用透明闸刀门，从而防止条目。 注:在训练前，离开了水的透明，并调整自己的平台飞行，使得其突出1厘米水的表面上方，从而使之与大鼠可见。 </li><li>执行日常训练包括最多连续4的实验中，通过至少一个10秒间隙隔开（离散训练， 即以试验间的几分钟的间隔，是替代）。 </li><li>对于训练，移居从其预训练位置的平台，以所选择的臂（ 例如，NW）中，在第1厘米以下的水面末端淹没它。现在呈现不透明的水加入奶粉中，并执行以下培训（第4节）。 </li><li>对于老鼠没有在60秒到达目标平台，然后返回到起始位置，并轻轻地引导他们到平台的实验者。 </li><li>测量在训练和探针会话几个变量，如，远程游，延迟到目标臂/平台，时间在每个臂花费，以及初始/重复错误的次数（ 见图2）。请记住，延迟可能由电机困难的影响。如果出现的情况下，距离和错误出现认知方面的表现更可靠的变量。 </li><li>非自我中心策略培训: <ol><li>天1 - 前培训: <ol><li>不要添加奶粉这一步。放置逃生平台突出1厘米水的表面上方在一个固定的位置。列车在大鼠连续4试验，以达到平台。 </li></ol></li><li>天2 - 5 - 培训: <ol><li>加入250克脱脂奶粉到水中以使其不透明。移动台到不同臂（ 例如，从网元到西北），并添加水，使该平台为1cm水面下。发布大鼠无论从N或S手臂不可预知的顺序为每个会话，使得两个武器被用来作为两次审判开始在一个会话（4审判/天， 例如，SNNS，NSNS; 见图3）。 </li></ol></li><li>第6天 - 探测会话: <ol><li>删除平台探测试验。从不同的臂释放老鼠给那些在训练期间（ 例如，SW）使用，让他们游泳60秒。参见图4为代表的游泳轨道。在目标臂（该平台的前位置）所花费的时间的分析给出的指示对大鼠是否使用空间的策略，另一种类型的策略，不同的策略的顺序组合（见下文），或一个混乱的搜索模式。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>自我中心的策略培训: <ol><li>天1 - 前培训: <ol><li>这是一样的，在非自我中心策略训练（步骤4.1）的第一步。不要添加奶粉这一步。放置逃生平台突出1厘米水的表面上方在一个固定的位置。列车在大鼠连续4试验，以达到平台。 </li></ol></li><li>天2 - 5 - 培训: <ol><li>加入250克脱脂奶粉到水中以使其不透明。移动台到不同臂，并添加水，使该平台为1cm水面下。释放大鼠来自相同启动臂（S或N;参见图5）为每一个试验（4试验/天）。 </li></ol></li><li>第6天 - 探测会话: <ol><li>删除平台探测试验。大鼠被释放从手臂他们在那里训练过程中释放不同。让老鼠游泳60秒。挡住对面的手臂用透明的闸门。 注意:修改上述训练策略，用于根据特定的实验， 例如，测试药物作用等的要求。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>与水中每届会议结束后吸水毛巾擦干老鼠了。 </li></ol> 5.分析<ol><li>执行延迟，最初的和重复的错误，首先选择和响应类型manua测量LLY通过记录从头顶摄像头拍摄的视频这些变量。 </li><li>或者，如果可用，利用市售的视频跟踪软件和配置成自动记录这些变量。 </li><li>统计分析: 注:统计分析的具体实施取决于研究，这是发生。 <ol><li>执行的，关于初始/重复错误的两个或三路方差分析，延迟到目标臂/平台，和时间在目标臂花费;与包括在测试当天，和治疗组（多个）因素。 </li><li>如有必要，请按照下列方差分析采用事后纽曼Keuls多重比较测试。为了比较性能，使用一个参考值（ 例如，探测试验与机会水平在目标手臂花费的时间），并进行t检验。 </li><li>如果需要，使用除了非参数统计（ 例如，χ²，见下文）或替代条件时对PARAMETRIC那些不满足。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+the+Morris+water+maze+in+the+study+of+learning+and+memory.">Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory.</a> Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 36 (1), 60-90 (2001).</li></ol>

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在研究设计和分析评论因为它的概念，在双-H迷宫已被用于若干行为实验大鼠，它们共同被设计来研究自我中心和/或非自我中心响应大鼠在正常24,25和改变26-29大脑状态。后者研究包括纹状体深脑刺激（DBS）26，神经障碍27,28的动物模型，以及使用蝇蕈29各种皮质海马脑区域的双边停用。许多研究使用描述要么是allocentric-或自我中心的学习?...

在动物中，学习主要由这hippocampal-和纹状体基于存储器系统1,2，...，从而起到对于占位和程序存储器内的中央角色分别介导的。这两个系统之间的关系是复杂的，并且已知它们彼此合作或竞争的方式1,3相互作用。此外，研究表明，无论是在动物行为这些存储器系统中的影响可以提高以下的情况下，或在其他系统4-7的损坏。这两种系统都连接到通过丘脑前额叶皮层。 许多神经系统疾病和神经退行性疾病可以影响人类中，依赖于程序性和陈述性记忆系统之间的相互作用空间认知。实例包括帕金森氏病（PD），亨廷顿病（HD）8-10，阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）11-14，以及肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）15。动物模型，这是相关的这些疾病可以通过各种药物治疗可阻断某些受体16，以及通过有针对性的病变引起。当这样的动物一起使用空间记忆任务，一个有价值的见解可以得到成与这些病症，以及对各种治疗方案的基本机制。 有许多不同类型的空间记忆任务在啮齿类动物中，其共同的目的是评估学习和记忆的特定方面，以及潜在的治疗效果为各种疾病17,18。这些任务可以通过目标和途径，在解决的任务，存储持续时间或延迟，以及策略解决任务中使用的选择行为灵活性的程度的数目来区分。在此基础上可用于定向外部线索或地标可以获取良好的性能朝着目标动物（非自我中心的或地方的策略）。可替代地，一种啮齿动物可能发展的策略是基于身体方向和线索与问候的方向移动至在（自我中心或程序的策略）， 例如，如果一个鼠都知道，目标是左转弯后跟一个右转，那么还有一点需要一个非自我中心或地方战略。迷宫任务往往有所不同的基础上提供给啮齿动物在解决这些灵活程度。例如，在Morris水迷宫中，干版后者（ 例如，19）或巴恩斯迷宫（ 例如，20），也有可能是无限的路由大鼠可以达到的目标。在Morris水迷宫，例如，目标的位置可以基于外部界标或线索（非自我中心策略）获悉，或通过简单地游泳界朝向中心直到平台被找到（自我中心策略）21。某些任务有多重目标和的高度灵活性，如锥场任务22或Olton的径向迷宫23。在天平的另一端是任务，它提供有限的灵活性在达到目标， 例如，石迷宫，或T型迷宫的交替版本。这些任务只提供一个正确到达目标的方式，并促进了由纹状体基于程序存储器系统主要支配认知惯例的出现。 的双-H迷宫是一种新颖的空间记忆测试装置，其被设计为允许实验者直接受啮齿动物在解决任务24了解到策略的类型。包括由一垂直中央小巷相交三个平行运行臂，所述双-H迷宫是水逃逸任务，其中啮齿动物学习到达该被浸入的迷宫位置之一逃逸平台。在培训过程中，程序上的策略可维持T开发他相同的开始和目标地点遍及。可替代地，一个非自我中心策略可能通过交替的开始位置以随机的顺序，因此要求大鼠学习隐藏平台的基于环境信号的位置，因为它必须做在水迷宫来开发。这克服障碍物存在于许多不同的迷宫任务，其中的实验者否则几乎无法控制策略，啮齿动物利用的类型。当考虑到某些认知增强药物候选物的影响依赖海马基于布局存储器系统上，从而认知例程或程序的出现可能混淆的行为观察的解释，这是重要的，当动物，例如从非自我中心开关到的训练过程中的程序存储器。类似地，可能期望以评估药物和程序记忆处理的效果，没有非自我中心地方基于存储器的影响。最后，该装置可以用来研究这些存储器系统之间的合作或竞争性的相互作用，以及在其下的啮齿动物可从一个系统切换到另一个的条件。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Rats or Mice</td><td>Charles River</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Towels for drying</td><td>University Hospital</td><td></td><td>1 / animal</td></tr><tr><td>Water</td><td></td><td></td><td>~200 L / day</td></tr><tr><td>Skim milk powder</td><td>Grocery store</td><td></td><td>250 g / 200 L water</td></tr><tr><td>Garden Hose</td><td>Hardware store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drying rack for towels</td><td>Hardware store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kinect camera</td><td>Kinect</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PC computer</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Double H Maze, (plexiglass)&lt;/strong&gt; (Custom-Built)</td></tr><tr><td>External lateral walls, 1600 &amp;times; 350 &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Internal lateral walls, 706 &amp;times; 350 &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Central corridor panels, 500 &amp;times; 350 &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Arm extremities, 188 &amp;times; 350 &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Guillotine doors, 187 &amp;times; 350 &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Extremity covers, 200 &amp;times; 250 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Crossbars, 200 &amp;times; 40 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">[header]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Double-H Maze Platform (to be ballasted)&lt;/strong&gt; (Custom-Built)</td></tr><tr><td>Metal platform, 100 mm diameter &amp;times; 150 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Platform cover, 100 mm diameter &amp;times; 6 mm</td><td></td><td></td><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>

the double-h maze: a robust behavioral test for learning and memory in rodents

空间认知研究在啮齿类动物中通常使用的使用迷宫任务，其属性变化从一个迷宫到下一个。这些任务变化通过行为灵活性和所需存储器的持续时间，目标和通路的数目，并也整体任务的复杂性。在许多这些任务混杂的特征是缺乏控制权的雇用啮齿动物要达到的目标， 例如，非自我中心（声明-等）或以自我为中心（程序）为基础的战略策略。双-H迷宫，解决这个问题，通过让实验者指导策略培训期间学到的一类新型水逃逸记忆任务。的双-H迷宫是一个透明的器件，它包括一个中央小巷与三个臂突出的两侧，沿着与浸没在这些臂中的一个的末端的逃逸平台。 老鼠可以使用非自我中心的策略是交替的ST接受培训在以不可预测的方式迷宫领域位置（见方案1;§4.7），因此需要他们学习平台基于可用allothetic线索的位置。另外，一个以自我为中心的学习策略（2协议;§4.8）可以通过每个试验过程中释放从相同位置的老鼠使用的，直到他们学会达成目标所需的程序模式。此任务已被证明，以允许稳定的记忆痕迹的形成。 内存可以按照一个误导性的探测试验训练期间，被探测其中的老鼠交替的起始位置。下面的自我中心学习范例，通常只采取一种非自我中心为基础的战略，但只有当它们对额外的迷宫线索的初步看法明显不同于原来的位置。这个任务是非常适合探索对非自我中心/自我中心的内存性能药物/扰动的影响，以及日之间的相互作用ESE两个内存系统。

自我中心的学习策略一项研究进行了以确定是否根据外部环境的线索他们的观点的改 ​​变老鼠的变化，下面一个以自我为中心，学习范式25所选择的存储战略。老鼠被训练4天（4审判/天）到达目标臂位于NE，并使用误导性的探测试验，其中起始臂被移动60公分至左的第五天随后测试（ 即，NE开始的训练过程中从N臂释放的动物; SW开始从S组驯兽），或旋转180°。在?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents at JoVE.com

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

双-H迷宫:一个强大的行为测试学习和记忆的鼠害

Spatial cognition research in rodents typically employs the use of maze tasks, whose attributes vary from one maze to the next. These tasks vary by their ...

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Behavior

12.5K 次观看.  University Hospital Freiburg. The goal of this protocol is to investigate spatial cognition in rodents. The double-H water maze is a novel test, which is particularly useful to elucidate the different components of learning, consolidation and memory, as well as the interplay of memory systems.

视频: The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Low-stress Route Learning Using the Lashley III Maze in Mice

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other aversive stimuli to motivate task acquisition. As animals age, sensory modalities deteriorate. For example, many strains of mice develop hearing deficits or cataracts. Changes in the sensory systems required to guide mice during task acquisition present potential confounds in interpreting learning changes in aging animals. Moreover, the use of aversive stimuli to motivate animals to learn tasks is potentially confounding when comparing mice with differential sensitivities to stress. To minimize these types of confounding effects, we have implemented a modified version of the Lashley III maze. This maze relies on route learning, whereby mice learn to navigate a maze via repeated exposure under low stress conditions, e.g. dark phase, no food/water deprivation, until they navigate a path from the start location to a pseudo-home cage with 0 or 1 error(s) on two consecutive trials. We classify this as a low-stress behavior test because it does not rely on aversive stimuli to encourage exploration of the maze and learning of the task. The apparatus consists of a modular start box, a 4-arm maze body, and a goal box. At the end of the goal box is a pseudo-home cage that contains bedding similar to that found in the animal&#x2019;s home cage and is specific to each animal for the duration of maze testing. It has been demonstrated previously that this pseudo-home cage provides sufficient reward to motivate mice to learn to navigate the maze1. Here, we present the visualization of the Lashley III maze procedure in the context of evaluating age-related differences in learning and memory in mice along with a comparison of learning behavior in two different background strains of mice. We hope that other investigators interested in evaluating the effects of aging or stress vulnerability in mice will consider this maze an attractive alternative to behavioral tests that involve more stressful learning tasks and/or visual cues.

The Lashley III maze is a route-learning task that does not rely on aversive stimuli or visual cues. It is thus a highly attractive option for evaluating learning and memory, especially in aging mice or otherwise where stress is a consideration.

低应力路线学习，在老鼠身上使用拉什利三迷宫

Many behavior tests designed to assess learning and memory in rodents, particularly mice, rely on visual cues, food and/or water deprivation, or other ...

科研

神经科学

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

行为学

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in rodents. In our laboratory, we evaluated the two types of memory in more than 30 strains of genetically engineered mice using the automated version of this apparatus. Here, we present the modified T-maze apparatus operated by a computer with a video-tracking system and our protocols in a movie format. The T-maze apparatus consists of runways partitioned off by sliding doors that can automatically open downward, each with a start box, a T-shaped alley, two boxes with automatic pellet dispensers at one side of the box, and two L-shaped alleys. Each L-shaped alley is connected to the start box so that mice can return to the start box, which excludes the effects of experimenter handling on mouse behavior. This apparatus also has an advantage that in vivo microdialysis, in vivo electrophysiology, and optogenetics techniques can be performed during T-maze performance because the doors are designed to go down into the floor. In this movie article, we describe T-maze tasks using the automated apparatus and the T-maze performance of &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice, which are reported to show working memory deficits in the eight-arm radial maze task. Our data indicated that &alpha;-CaMKII+/- mice showed a working memory deficit, but no impairment of reference memory, and are consistent with previous findings using the eight-arm radial maze task, which supports the validity of our protocol. In addition, our data indicate that mutants tended to exhibit reversal learning deficits, suggesting that &alpha;-CaMKII deficiency causes reduced behavioral flexibility. Thus, the T-maze test using the modified automatic apparatus is useful for assessing working and reference memory and behavioral flexibility in mice.

This article presents the protocol of T-maze tests using a modified automated apparatus for assessing the learning and memory functions in mice.

T-迷宫强迫交替和评估工作，并参考在小鼠记忆的左，右的歧视任务

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. The Barnes maze can also assess other mouse behaviors, such as general motivation to escape from the maze platform and exploratory behavior. The Barnes maze can measure whether a genetic mutation or environmental variable can impact the acquisition and retention of spatial memories, as well as provide information about the search strategy employed by the mice. Here we use the Barnes maze to detect a memory deficit in adult mice following a single developmental ethanol exposure event. The newly described Damsel-in-Distress paradigm exposes a male mouse to a female mouse trapped in a chamber in the open center field of the arena. It provides an opportunity for the mouse to socially respond to the trapped female and exhibit prosocial behavior. The Damsel-in-Distress paradigm can also be used to examine mouse behavior in a novel arena and measure locomotor activity. Both the Barnes Maze and the Damsel-in-Distress protocols require minimal financial investment and most aspects of the tests can be constructed from common lab supplies. These flexible and accessible tools can also be used to detect behavioral changes over the course of development.

This protocol measures spatial learning and memory using the Barnes maze. A novel Damsel-in-Distress paradigm is used to assess locomotor activity and prosocial behavior in mice.

利用巴恩斯迷宫和困境中的破坏范式分析小鼠的空间学习和社会行为

The Barnes maze is a reliable measure of spatial learning and memory that does not require food restriction or exposure to extremely stressful stimuli. ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

一种用于小鼠运动技能、情绪和认知重复评估的行为测试电池

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

利用可重构的迷宫系统提高啮齿动物空间导航测试的可重复性

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...

Spatial Memory Testing Using Mazes

Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember important details associated with our environment. Scientists test this phenomenon in rodents using different types of mazes like Morris water maze, Radial water maze, and Barnes maze. By investigating spatial memory in rodents, neurobehavioral scientists can gain valuable understanding of how these processes are altered following brain damage in humans.
Here, the neurobiology behind spatial memory is briefly reviewed and some general principles behind maze tests are discussed. Then, the video explains generalized protocols on how to conduct trials with specific types of mazes. Lastly, it will explain how behavioral researchers are using these tools to conduct some specific experiments.

Spatial Memory Tests Using Morris Water, Radial Water &amp; Barnes Mazes

空间记忆测试中使用的迷宫

Spatial learning and memory are neurological functions that allow us to remember important details associated with our environment. Scientists test this ...

教育

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心理学

行为科学

The Morris Water Maze

The Morris water maze is one of the most widely used behavioral tests for studying spatial learning and memory. In the initial phases of this task, rodents must swim to a platform to escape from a pool of water. The platform is then hidden under the water&#8217;s surface, so that the animal is required to remember it&#8217;s location in order to escape.This simple yet powerful maze design can be used to assay cognitive function, study animal models of neurodegenerative disease, and test potential drug therapies.
This video provides an introduction to the Morris water maze and the principles surrounding its use, including a discussion of the different types of memory tested in the maze, important points to consider when designing and conducting this experiment, and the procedures for setup and running of the test. Several applications of the maze are examined, such as investigating how radiation treatment may lead to memory impairment. Finally, other types of water mazes, such as the 8-arm radial maze, are introduced to show how this paradigm can be adapted to engage different types of memory.

Morris水迷宫

The Morris water maze is one of the most widely used behavioral tests for studying spatial learning and memory. In the initial phases of this task, ...

高级生物学

神经科学的基本知识

Barnes Maze: A Method For Assessing Spacial Learning and Memory in Lab Animals

Source: Ingersoll, J. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/58008/analyzing-spatial-learning-prosocial-behavior-mice-using-barnes-maze">Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).
This video shows how to use the Barnes Maze with a mouse. The Barnes Maze testing procedure is used by researchers to assess spatial learning and memory in laboratory animals following repeated trials.

巴恩斯迷宫:一种评估实验动物空间学习和记忆的方法

Source: Ingersoll, J. et al. Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms. J. Vis. ...