The authors have no acknowledgements.

1.准备: <ol><li>获得桌面立体显微镜，具有可变3,5- x可45倍放大200毫米的工作距离，55至75mm可变瞳孔间距和一个配件导致环形灯。任何类似的显微镜是足够的，它可以被设置在一个小桌子，是不是非常昂贵。 </li><li>收集和编写一套显微仪器有两个显微拾音器，一个切除剪刀，一针驱动程序;这是所需要的最低限度，必须考虑到，这些都是实践手段，并且不需要高端品质仪器。 </li><li>用9/0丝微缝合所有的做法。购买市售鸡大腿或翅膀和食品着色剂在当地的超市。 </li><li>将20克血管导管用于对鸡的股动脉通畅试验。对于肱动脉，需要更薄的27G的导管。这些可以在当地药剂来获取在互联网上或与设置仪器。买市售注射器注射的食品着色剂。 </li></ol> 2.宏观解剖技术: <ol><li>该方法以股血管很简单。对于鸡大腿，执行钝器解剖技术只是内侧到股骨轴，从骨中分离股骨肌肉并暴露股动脉，静脉和神经。该神经可被进一步分解为不同类型的神经修复做法两个单独分册。 </li><li>为了纵向向上进入鸡肱动脉的鸡翅，切开皮肤用剪刀，从肩膀到机翼的尖端。观察二头肌和肱三头肌之间运行的动脉。 </li></ol> 3.推荐的培训方案: <ol><li>培训与股动脉。 注:在训练方案的第一步是用鸡股动脉练习。 </li></ol><ol><li>放置在显微镜下的片，并启动显微解剖。释放从下面的组织的股动脉;和水平划分它。执行adventicectomy。使用微皮卡和微型剪刀修剪任何adventicia覆动脉管腔。冲洗内腔与普通自来水。记下开始时间</li><li>执行端到端吻合。 <ol><li>开始对相反的操作者侧的动脉的后壁。将第一针;左侧开始，如果工作水平，在下部侧，如果工作垂直。从朝向管腔动脉的外侧通过所述针，然后从腔到动脉的外侧。 </li><li>领带针，先执行双结，然后两个单抛出交替方向。完成整个后壁与上述技术。 </li><li>开始在右手侧如果正在工作的水平或上侧，如果你是禾rking垂直，放置一个单针从外部向管腔，然后从腔到外部。喜结良缘如上所述。完成前壁重复在3.1.2.2中描述的方法。 </li><li>写下最后的时间，这将让你保持一个时间记录，这样你就可以控制你的进展。 注:笔者喜欢的一种方式了技术;但是任何类型的显微缝线可以排演。值得推荐的是学员完成约25显微外科吻合术以这种方式，才可以尝试其他的临床方案。这些措施包括静脉移植动脉间隙，端到端神经修复，并利用静脉导管的神经差距的治疗。微血管手术的重要技术，可以与该训练方法学是连续或连续缝合，以执行该技术学员收益为3.1.2.1，但施蒂希不琢，继续履行针在无3.1.2.1削减他们üNTIL你完成整个缝合并绑到原来的针在末端。 </li></ol></li></ol><ol start="2"><li>训练用肱动脉<ol><li>将在显微镜下的棋子。完成如上述的股动脉的过程。 注意:唯一的区别是大小。的肱动脉比股动脉小得多，该吻合是相当多的困难。 </li></ol></li><li>通畅试验<ol><li>通过交叉吻合平稳20或27G的血管导管，检查所造成的缝合针两种血管壁一起障碍物。 </li><li>应用与商业食品着色剂的注射器的血管性导管的末端，并灌注染入动脉来测试喷墨泄漏</li><li>打开动脉纵向以可视化的针，其并行和墙壁的量服食。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lee, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Historical+events+on+development+of+experimental+microsurgical+organ+transplantation.">Historical events on development of experimental microsurgical organ transplantation.</a> Yonsei Med J. 45 (6), 1115-1120 (2004).</li><li>Shurey, S., Akelina, Y., Legagneux, J., Malzone, G., Jiga, L., Ghanem, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rat+model+in+microsurgery+education:+classical+exercises+and+new+horizons.">The rat model in microsurgery education: classical exercises and new horizons.</a> Arch Plast Surg. 41 (3), 201-208 (2014).</li><li>Olabe, J., Olabe, J., Sancho, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cadaveric+infusi&#243;n+model+for+neurosurgical+training.">Human cadaveric infusi&#243;n model for neurosurgical training.</a> Surg Neurol. 72, 700-702 (2009).</li><li>Peled, I. J., Kaplan, H. Y., Wexler, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsilicone+anastomoses.">Microsilicone anastomoses.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 10 (4), 331-332 (1983).</li><li>Gluer, N. M., Rao, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canniesburn+&#8220;ever-ready&#8221;+model+to+practise+microsurgery.">Canniesburn &#8220;ever-ready&#8221; model to practise microsurgery.</a> Br J Plast Surg. 43 (3), 381-382 (1990).</li><li>Hino, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Training+in+microvascular+surgery+using+a+Chicken+wing+artery.">Training in microvascular surgery using a Chicken wing artery.</a> Neurosurgery. 52 (6), 1495-1498 (2003).</li><li>Marsh, D. J., Norton, S. E., Mok, J., Patel, H. D., Chen, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgical+training+the+Chicken+thigh+model.">Microsurgical training the Chicken thigh model.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 59 (3), 355-356 (2007).</li><li>Jeong, H. S., Moon, M. S., Kim, H. S., Lee, H. K., Yi, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgical+training+with+fresh+chicken+legs+and+their+histological+characteristics.">Microsurgical training with fresh chicken legs and their histological characteristics.</a> Ann Plast Surg. 70 (1), 57-61 (2013).</li><li>Couceiro, J., Ozyurekoglu, T., Sanders, S., Tien, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgical+training+regimen+with+nonliving+chicken+models.">Microsurgical training regimen with nonliving chicken models.</a> Microsurgery. 33 (3), 251-252 (2013).</li><li>Phoon, A. F., Gumley, G. J., Rtshiladze, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgical+training+using+a+pulsatile+membrane+pump+and+chicken+thigh:+A+new,+realistic,+practical,+nonliving+educational+model.">Microsurgical training using a pulsatile membrane pump and chicken thigh: A new, realistic, practical, nonliving educational model.</a> Plast Reconstr Surg. 126 (5), 278e-279e (2010).</li><li>Zhou, Y., Gu, X., Xiang, J., Qian, S., Chen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+on+suture+versus+cuff+anastomosis+in+mouse+cervical+cardiac+transplant.">A comparative study on suture versus cuff anastomosis in mouse cervical cardiac transplant.</a> Exp Clin Transplant. 8 (3), 245-249 (2010).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The clinical practice of microsurgery requires a continuous practice and a high level of expertise; it&#8217;s applications include free flaps, replantation and revascularization procedures, intracranial &#8211; extracranial anastomoses for neurosurgical procedures, peripheral nerve surgery and others. In spite of the wide variety of procedures that require microsurgical techniques, some of them are seldom performed in many centers. The surgeons therefore need sometimes to maintain their skill level rehearsing the surgeries on different practice models. 
The most widely spread training model is currently the rat 1,2; it is considered by many to be the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; in microsurgical instruction. Rats are indeed a very valuable tool in the teaching and learning of microsurgery. They provide a very similar environment to that of the clinical situation. This approach however exhibits some intrinsic limitations. The use of living animals presents an ethical dilemma; and is generally subjected to institutional review board approval. Furthermore they require anesthesia, and dedicated technicians and facilities. All These factors imply important economic costs; this restricts training on living animals to specific teaching units, experimental surgery departments and hospitals with similar resources. 
The use of nonliving animal models described in this protocol, has the advantage of not raising any ethical concerns; it does not require institutional review board approval. Economically it compares favorably to living animal training. The required equipment is limited and can be acquired over the internet for a reasonable price; the author&#8217;s tabletop stereomicroscope was bought for around 450 United States Dollars (USD) and the set of practice microsurgical instruments was purchased for around 150 USD. The author uses microsurgical sutures provided by his sponsoring institution; the price of sutures varies greatly and high quality sutures are not needed, a box of twelve sutures can be bought for around 70 USD on the internet. A microsurgical training station can be set up on a very limited area at home or at work; Jeong et al.8 Placed their microscope at the residents&#8217; office; whilst we9 used an available microscope close to the hand surgery fellows&#8217; quarters. 
The most critical point in the application of this protocol is the need for the trainee to be constant and to stay motivated with his training, it is therefore very important that he starts training with the bigger vessels first and then proceed to the smaller chicken wing vessels to avoid frustration. The limitations of training with nonliving models involve primarily the lack of bleeding and the inexistence of hemodynamic phenomena like vasospasm and clotting. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of training are summarized on Table 1. The three tests detailed in section three are aimed to help the trainee check the vessel&#8217;s patency in the absence of the earlier mentioned phenomena; they provide information on the quality of the trainee&#8217;s suture, leaking, suture misalignment, and lumen obstruction caused by stitches suturing the front and back wall together. 
The protocol can potentially be improved by the addition of a peristaltic pump10 to simulate vessel flow or by flooding the field with liquid to simulate superficial tension. It is the authors opinion that this would result in the production of an even more realistic training environment and this should be the direction of future research. 
Another possible field for development is the application of this training method to help the trainee learn more complex procedures, such as the cuff anastomosis technique11 before it&#8217;s actual application on animal research. The authors have however no experience with such techniques at present time. 
In conclusion the protocol described in the present manuscript allows a determined trainee to setup a small practice station and use it to learn, perfect and maintain microsurgical skills progressively and sustainably; without the need for special facilities and minimizing animal deaths.

An ample array of training models have been described for the learning and maintenance of both basic and advanced microsurgical skills. These include living animals1,2, human cadaveric specimens3, inert models4,5 and non-living animal models6-9.The Living animal models, specifically those using rats have been extensively used in the teaching of microsurgery 1,2; and they are considered the current gold standard of training. In spite of their remarkable instructive value, when an intensive or prolonged training is required; economical and ethical concerns can hinder their practical usage. 
Cadaveric models3 offer the opportunity to practice in an environment similar to that of the actual clinical situation; they are unfortunately restricted to anatomy labs and similar facilities, a microscope must be available at the lab as well; these models are therefore not widely available. Inert models such as rubber tubes, or gloves4,5 are cheap, and easily accessible, the required equipment for their application is minimal. The resemblance to a clinical situation is tenuous however; and their application is generally limited to the introductory stages of training, before the trainee starts practicing on rats. To the best of our knowledge Hino6 was the first to propose the use of non-living chicken for the development and maintenance of clinical microsurgical skills. His model is based on the extraction and subsequent usage of the chicken brachial artery from commercial chicken wings. This approach does not need institution review board approval, rodent anaesthesia, laboratory technicians or postoperative care. 
Following Hino&#180;s description of the chicken wing artery model numerous other nonliving animal models were published. The use of commercial chicken thighs was first suggested by Marsh et al.7 who reported the use of the femoral artery, vein and nerve for didactic purposes. This particular model expands the possibilities of training including structures different from the arteries; it permits the trainee to perform a variety of complex procedures such as vein grafts, nerve grafts or fascicular repairs. Jeong et al.8 Further studied Marsh&#8217; chicken thigh model and its applications to the teaching of resident doctors. The authors analysed chicken tissue samples histologically and found that it presented similarities to human tissues. The time to perform an anastomosis by the trainee was significantly reduced by practice in their study. They concluded that &#8220;the femoral neurovascular bundles of chicken are an appropriate and effective model for teaching and practicing microsurgery&#8221;. In 2013 my colleagues and I9 published a microsurgical training regimen that combined both the chicken thigh and the chicken wing models; this approach benefits from the versatility of the chicken thighs and from the limited size of the chicken wing artery which can represent more of a challenge than the femoral vessels for the more advanced trainees. 
On the current manuscript we describe step by step the process of setting up a microsurgical practice station; the materials required, how to dissect the neurovascular structures of each model and how to effectively apply the training regimen.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Amscope</td><td>SM-1BX</td><td>Microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Led light</td><td>Amscope</td><td>LED-80S-YA</td><td>illumination system</td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical instruments set</td><td>Chen hen microsurgical instruments</td><td>HC- X803-1</td><td>Microsurgical instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Microsurgical sutures</td><td>S/T microsurgical</td><td>9/0 Suture</td><td>Sutures</td></tr></tbody></table>

step by step: microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly laboratory rats. This method although extremely valuable can be economically demanding both for the surgeon and the sponsoring institution; it also requires special training facilities that may not always be available or accessible. Furthermore ethical concerns can limit the use of living animals for training purposes. Alternative training methods, such as inert tubes and gloves have not gained popularity among surgeons since they do not offer an experience similar to that of a clinical situation. Non-living animal models include the use of chicken thighs and wings; they offer a practice experience that resembles a clinical situation to a considerable extent. This type of training is relatively cheap and easily available. The microscope and instruments required can be acquired over the internet, and the chicken pieces can be bought at the local supermarket.
This approach allows a motivated trainee to rehearse different types of surgical techniques several times at a reasonable expense, helping to develop or maintain his surgical expertise if more complex facilities are not available. On the current manuscript we describe how to setup a small practice station, how to dissect the specimens, and how to practice both with the chicken thighs and with the chicken wings in a progressive fashion. This approach takes advantage on the versatility of the chicken thigh model and the small size of the chicken wing Brachial artery.

作者们chronometered其次，本训练方法，并且已经看见它显著降低吻合次为一股动脉在第三周结束。受训者可以通过检查他的时候，他的通畅百分比和他的线圈的对准控制上他的技术的改进。在这个手稿中描述的系统在图1中被描述，它包括一个桌面显微镜和一组显微仪器。宏观解剖示于图2和3股动脉显微吻合的一个例子示于图4中。图5示出了肱动脉显微吻合。图6示出一个股动脉修复用静脉移植物。通畅试验示于图7。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig1.jpg" /> 图1:科尔esponding作者自己的显微做法站。它包括一个桌面显微镜和一组训练显微仪器。它可以设置在办公室或在家里的空间十分有限。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig2.jpg" /> 图2答:鸡大腿的宏观解剖，股血管神经和坐骨神经可容易暴露运行手指刚内侧的股骨干。水平箭头标志着股骨头。解剖平面被标记由垂直箭头正好平行于股骨轴B:将股动脉（一）静脉（v）和坐骨神经（n）的在这里被详细示出。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig3.jpg" /> 图3 A和B:鸡翅膀的宏观解剖。肱一<html> rtery肱二头肌和肱三头肌之间运行。动脉标有两个照片还是比较肤浅的做法是简单的箭头;它可以与商业烹饪剪刀来实现。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig4.jpg" /> 图4:股动脉端的显微图像以结束缝合，进行这里一个单程向上技术与单针。任何其他类型的缝线可以在见习的自由裁量权来实现。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig5.jpg" /> 图5:端到端鸡肱动脉的缝合。此动脉比股骨那些小得多并且过程更加技术上苛求。 加载/ 52625 / 52625fig6.jpg"/&gt; 图6:股动脉修复与从股静脉采集静脉移植物。鸡大腿模型是非常通用的，允许对不同类型的实践练习。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52625/52625fig7.jpg" /> 图7:该通畅试验答:一个血管性导管的适当直径的通过吻合交叉检查造成拆线缝合两容器的壁的障碍物B:染料通过吻合灌注测试对于泄漏Ç :本吻合打开纵向形象化缝合材料对齐。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models at JoVE.com

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models

一步一步:显微外科培训方法相结合的两个无生命的动物模型

Here we describe how to set up a small microsurgical practice station and a simple and inexpensive method for the training of microsurgery with non-living animal models.

The learning of microsurgical techniques and the maintenance of microsurgical skills have been traditionally based on the use of living animals, mainly ...

step-step-microsurgical-training-method-combining-two-nonliving

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.2K 次观看.  POVISA Hospital. Here we describe how to set up a small microsurgical practice station and a simple and inexpensive method for the training of microsurgery with non-living animal models. 

视频: Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

一种新的显微模型异位，整块胸壁，胸腺，和心脏移植小鼠

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

科研

医学

Preparation of Murine Submandibular Salivary Gland for Upright Intravital Microscopy

The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) is one of the three major salivary glands, and is of interest for many different fields of biological research, including cell biology, oncology, dentistry, and immunology. The SMG is an exocrine gland comprised of secretory epithelial cells, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, nerves, and extracellular matrix. Dynamic cellular processes in the rat and mouse SMG have previously been imaged, mostly using inverted multi-photon microscope systems. Here, we describe a straightforward protocol for the surgical preparation and stabilization of the murine SMG in anesthetized mice for in vivo imaging with upright multi-photon microscope systems. We present representative intravital image sets of endogenous and adoptively transferred fluorescent cells, including the labeling of blood vessels or salivary ducts and second harmonic generation to visualize fibrillar collagen. In sum, our protocol allows for surgical preparation of mouse salivary glands in upright microscopy systems, which are commonly used for intravital imaging in the field of immunology.

We describe a protocol to surgically expose and stabilize the murine submandibular salivary gland for intravital imaging using upright intravital microscopy. This protocol is easily adaptable to other exocrine glands of the head and neck region of mice and other small rodents.

直立活体显微术制备小鼠颌下腺涎腺

The submandibular salivary gland (SMG) is one of the three major salivary glands, and is of interest for many different fields of biological research, ...

免疫与感染

Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

This protocol describes a procedure to assist surgeons in training for the implantation of microelectrode arrays into the neocortex of the human brain. Recent technological progress has enabled the fabrication of microelectrode arrays that allow recording the activity of multiple individual neurons in the neocortex of the human brain. These arrays have the potential to bring unique insight onto the neuronal correlates of cerebral function in health and disease. Furthermore, the identification and decoding of volitional neuronal activity opens the possibility to establish brain-computer interfaces, and thus might help restore lost neurological functions. The implantation of neocortical microelectrode arrays is an invasive procedure requiring a supra-centimetric craniotomy and the exposure of the cortical surface; thus, the procedure must be performed by an adequately trained neurosurgeon. In order to provide an opportunity for surgical training, we designed a procedure based on a human cadaver model. The use of a formaldehyde-fixed human cadaver bypasses the practical, ethical and financial difficulties of surgical practice on animals (especially non-human primates) while preserving the macroscopic structure of the head, skull, meninges and cerebral surface and allowing realistic, operating room-like positioning and instrumentation. Furthermore, the use of a human cadaver is closer to clinical daily practice than any non-human model. The major drawbacks of the cadaveric simulation are the absence of cerebral pulsation and of blood and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. We suggest that a formaldehyde-fixed human cadaver model is an adequate, practical and cost-effective approach to ensure proper surgical training before implanting microelectrode arrays in the living human neocortex.

We designed a procedure in which a formaldehyde-fixed human cadaver is used to assist neurosurgeons in training for the implantation of microelectrode arrays into the neocortex of the human brain.

应用甲醛固定人尸体模型植入皮层微电极阵列的外科训练

This protocol describes a procedure to assist surgeons in training for the implantation of microelectrode arrays into the neocortex of the human brain. ...

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes have been available for years in many surgical fields. We used the female (because they are easy to handle for the procedure) Yorkshire pigs for the head and neck reconstruction by harvesting the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator or the superior epigastric artery perforator flap. The anastomosis site (neck skin defect or tracheal wall defect) was prepared via the dissection of the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein, in which 3.5&#215; loupe magnification was used for anastomosis as we use on human cases in real life. This procedure demonstrates a new training method using a reliable learning model and provides a detailed anatomy in a live scenario. We focused on the ischemia time, harvesting, vessel anastomosis, and designing the flap to fit the defect site. This model improves tissue handling and with the use of proper instruments can be repeated many times so that the surgeon is fully confident before starting the surgery on humans.

Here we present a protocol for the use of the pig superior epigastric artery perforator flap as a learning module for head and neck microvascular reconstruction.

猪作为头颈部微血管重建训练模块

Live models that resemble surgical conditions of humans are needed for training free-flap harvesting and anastomosis. Animal models for training purposes ...

Learning Modern Laryngeal Surgery in a Dissection Laboratory

Surgery for laryngeal malignancies requires millimetric accuracy from the different endoscopic and open techniques available. Practice of this surgery is almost completely reserved to a few referral centers that deal with a large proportion of this pathology. Practice on human specimens is not always possible for ethical, economic, or availability reasons. The aim of this study is to provide a reproducible method for the organization of a laryngeal laboratory on ex vivo animal models where it is possible to approach, learn, and refine laryngeal techniques. Porcine and ovine larynges are ideal, affordable, models to simulate laryngeal surgery given their similarity to the human larynx in their anatomical layout and tissue composition. Herein, the surgical steps of transoral laser surgery, open partial horizontal laryngectomy, and total laryngectomy are reported. The merging of endoscopic and exoscopic views guarantees an inside-out perspective, which is vital for the comprehension of the complex laryngeal anatomy. The method was successfully adopted during three sessions of a dissection course &#34;Lary-Gym&#34;. Further perspectives on robotic surgical training are described.

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how to organize a reproducible laboratory for laryngeal surgery on affordable and closely similar animal laryngeal models in order to improve anatomical and surgical knowledge and skills.

在解剖实验室学习现代喉外科

Surgery for laryngeal malignancies requires millimetric accuracy from the different endoscopic and open techniques available. Practice of this surgery is ...

A Revised Method for Inducing Secondary Lymphedema in the Hindlimb of Mice

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore potential treatment options. This mouse model allows researchers to induce significant lymphedema lasting at least 8 weeks. Lymphedema is induced using a combination of fractioned radiotherapy and surgical ablation of lymphatics. This model requires that the mice get a dose of 10 Gray (Gy) radiation before and after surgery. The surgical part of the model involves ligation of three lymph vessels and extraction of two lymph nodes from the mouse hindlimb. Having access to microsurgical tools and a microscope is essential, due to the small anatomical structures of mice. The advantage of this model is that it results in statistically significant lymphedema, which provides a good basis for evaluating different treatment options. It is also a great and easily available option for microsurgical training. The limitation of this model is that the procedure can be time consuming, especially if not practiced in advance. The model results in objectively quantifiable lymphedema in mice, without causing severe morbidity and has been tested in three separate projects.

This animal model enables researchers to induce statistically significant secondary lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice, lasting at least 8 weeks. The model can be used to study the pathophysiology of lymphedema and to investigate novel treatment options.

小鼠下肢诱导继发性淋巴水肿的修订方法

Animal models are of paramount importance in the research of lymphedema in order to understand the pathophysiology of the disease but also to explore ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Focal Cortical Lesions by Photothrombosis

Stroke is a leading cause of death and acquired adult disability in developed countries. Despite extensive investigation for novel therapeutic strategies, there remain limited therapeutic options for stroke patients. Therefore, more research is needed for pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity, and regeneration. Given the inability of in vitro models to reproduce the complexity of the brain, experimental stroke models are essential for the analysis and subsequent evaluation of novel drug targets for these mechanisms. In addition, detailed standardized models for all procedures are urgently needed to overcome the so-called replication crisis. As an effort within the ImmunoStroke research consortium, a standardized photothrombotic mouse model using an intraperitoneal injection of Rose Bengal and the illumination of the intact skull with a 561 nm laser is described. This model allows the performance of stroke in mice with allocation to any cortical region of the brain without invasive surgery; thus, enabling the study of stroke in various areas of the brain. In this video, the surgical methods of stroke induction in the photothrombotic model along with&#160;histological analysis are demonstrated.

Described here is the photothrombotic stroke model, where a stroke is produced through the intact skull by inducing permanent microvascular occlusion using laser illumination after administration of a photosensitive dye.

小鼠模型中风:光血栓形成的焦皮质病变

Stroke is a leading cause of death and acquired adult disability in developed countries. Despite extensive investigation for novel therapeutic strategies, ...

神经科学

Generating Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction: A Surgical Procedure for Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mouse Model

Source: Lugrin, J. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/59591" target="_blank">Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we describe a surgical procedure to generate a mouse model of myocardial infarction by permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery.

生成心肌梗死小鼠模型:小鼠模型中左冠状动脉前降支永久结扎的外科手术

Source: Lugrin, J. et al. Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

生物学

Rodent Models

Adult

Fluorescence-guided Tumor Resection and MSC-seeded Scaffold Implantation in Murine Model: A Surgical Procedure to Deliver Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Brain Tumor Resection Cavity in Mouse Model

Source: Sheets, K. T. et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/video/57452" target="_blank">Image-Guided Resection of Glioblastoma and Intracranial Implantation of Therapeutic Stem Cell-seeded Scaffolds.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2018)
This video presents the surgical procedure for image-guided tumor resection and implantation of a bio-scaffold seeded with genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or TRAIL. These therapeutic MSCs have the potential in treatment of brain tumors.

小鼠模型中荧光引导的肿瘤切除和 MSC 种子支架植入:将治疗性间充质干细胞输送到小鼠模型中脑肿瘤切除腔的外科手术

Source: Sheets, K. T. et al. Image-Guided Resection of Glioblastoma and Intracranial Implantation of Therapeutic Stem Cell-seeded Scaffolds.&#160;J. Vis. ...

癌症研究

Cancers of the Nervous System

In vivo studies

Filament Insertion-based Transient Stroke Model: A Surgical Procedure to Perform Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Murine Brain

Source: Llovera, G., et al. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/62573">Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery.</a> J. Vis. Exp (2021).
This video describes the procedure to develop transient stroke in a murine model using silicon-coated filament-based occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.&#160;The developed model mimics human stroke, thus helping to investigate novel therapeutic strategies for treating stroke.

基于细丝插入的短暂性卒中模型:一种在小鼠脑中进行大脑中动脉闭塞的外科手术

Source: Llovera, G., et al. Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery. J. Vis. Exp (2021).
This ...