备注:本研究方案经当地人类受试者审查委员会在亚琛工业大学进行了符合赫尔辛基宣言。 1，任务设计<ol><li>选择一个合适的任务，探讨感兴趣的认知/心理结构。使用可视古怪的任务（ 图1）来测量目标的探测响应和关注的目标检测的影响。这使得任务操作对fMRI数据的影响进行调查。 </li><li>使用三个版本的古怪任务。 <ol><li> 被动版本:让拍摄对象，观察视觉刺激。未检测到任何回应。 </li><li>默数版本:让拍摄对象计数靶刺激。此任务需要将注意力集中对这些刺激和鉴别的过程。 </li><li> 回应版本:让拍摄对象时看到TA按下一个按钮响应rget刺激。此任务需要注意，歧视流程，并选择/生产的响应为目标的刺激。 </li></ol></li><li>考虑所需的强有力的反应试验的适当数量。该信号在fMRI的测量噪声比是比较低的，并且需要在为了研究兴趣9的影响被平均的一些反应。这取决于所使用的任务和刺激模式。 200次试验中使用这项任务，其中40项为目标的试验足以引发强有力的反应。 </li><li>确定的定时对刺激的序列。刺激的时机是在功能磁共振成像研究审议呈现率10至关重要。考虑刺激发病和所测量的脑反应（ 图2）之间的血液动力学响应延迟。 <ol><li>维护提供足够的刺激之间的平衡在一段合理的时间，让血液动力学水库有足够的采样ponse每个刺激物，包括返回到基线。下载，安装和运行optseq软件。运行optseq最优地分布于多个基于试验中，刺激持续时间和扫描参数（重复时间和卷数）的数量的实验的试验。 </li></ol></li><li>实施刺激（预先确定的）在一个合适的程序的顺序呈现的范例给受试者。 <ol><li>指定相关的刺激，定时和响应类型方面的范例的所有信息。 注:编程细节，这里就不介绍了，因为每个模式都会有不同的要求，将不同的软件包。 </li></ol></li><li>建立该程序，将提供实验范例，这样它会开始从扫描仪的触发。这使得所获得的数据和刺激的呈现序列的同步。 </li></ol> 2，设置实验环境<ol><li>公关epare扫描仪的房间。的正确磁头线圈的底部部分连接到扫描仪床。放在扫描器床和垫子清洁保护盖。 </li><li>使用的显示装置呈现的实验范例给受试者，并记录使用的手持设备的响应。切换显示装置和"上"的手持设备。 </li><li>开始，将提供的实验范式，并提供日志文件名称的软件。日志文件包含有关由被摄体作出响应的刺激的定时和信息。利用这些信息进行分析的数据。 </li><li>注册在MR扫描仪的数据库对象。采用了独特的识别号码记录数据。不要存放对象的名称与数据，以保证私密性。 </li><li>确保MRI序列来运行设置和准备。使用以下序列:a定位扫描，以获得受试者的线圈，一个EPI序列阜内头部位置nctional成像和MPRAGE的高分辨率结构扫描。 </li></ol> 3，除交通与入口中扫描器<ol><li>筛选前的实验（ 例如 ，招募过程期间）的MRI禁忌的主题。 <ol><li>扫描前主席提供安全指示。执行对象的筛选（由经过培训的人员）。确保受试者的安全。确保他们在自己的身体没有金属，没有设备，如心脏起搏器，不符合任何其他排除标准。 </li></ol></li><li>当受测者到达检查筛选问卷，并继续之前确认其相容性。 </li><li>解释了实验过程的主体和提供机会提问。让拍摄对象签署同意和数据保护形式。 </li><li>如果实验是需要训练的复杂任务，建议的主题进行练习练习之前，克卷板机在扫描仪。 </li><li>确保主体是金属的，无任何硬币，皮带，手表和珠宝。一旦确认，让扫描仪中的房间的主题。 </li><li>让拍摄对象坐在扫描仪床上戴着耳塞。这里所用的耳塞提供保护，防止从扫描期间扫描仪的噪声，也允许研究者直接与从控制室主体进行通信。在一些设备的耳机被用于与课题交流。 </li><li>让拍摄对象躺在扫描仪床上。提供主题的坐垫下的膝盖去减轻背部疼痛。该课题的舒适性是他们的福祉和数据质量的重要。移动距离导致的不适会对引起的不适感会影响任务的性能的摄像数据和分心产生负面影响。 </li><li>将头线圈的顶部覆盖主体的头部和插上插头。定位主题217的头部适当地在头部线圈。对准头部线圈沿受试者的眉毛上的小标志。确保拍摄对象直接躺在舒适。盘管表面不应接触面（ 例如 ，按在鼻子上）。 </li><li>确保拍摄对象的头部有小软垫，在扫描过程中尽量减少头部运动。头部运动对数据的质量产生负面影响。 </li><li>放置在头部线圈的顶部上的反射镜为主体看后面显示在屏幕上的实验范式。确保受试者可以看到整个画面。根据拍摄对象的位置移动安装镜子。戴眼镜者必须穿先生兼容眼镜。大多数的MRI研究机构有兼容镜头或护目镜。在这种情况下，安装了保持镜的框架上MR兼容的镜头。确定合适的镜片强度的主题进入扫描室前。 </li><li>手头的主题紧急呼叫按钮to如果需要停止扫描。确保受知道哪里的按钮，他们可以很容易地达到目标。 </li><li>移动受到扫描仪的中心孔的入口。让拍摄对象在此过程中闭上双眼。对准光与头部线圈上的小的标记，以建立正确的位置。 </li><li>将主体插入扫描仪的孔，直到屏幕显示"0毫米"。这意味着，被检体的头部是在扫描仪的等角点。 </li><li>的议题的反应设备。 </li></ol> 4，实验方法<ol><li>检查主体可以通过对讲机与该主题是舒适，可以开始听到实验者。 </li><li>执行定位扫描，从而获得目标的头在扫描仪的位置。使用此定位的视图中的所有剩余的测量的领域中，以确定被测量的脑的部分。 </li><li>第一Perform高分辨率结构扫描。打开MPRAGE顺序/程序和放置的视野。确保在整个受验者的头部是在视野内。 MP-RAGE参数:TR / TE = 2,250 / 3.03毫秒，翻转角= 11°，176矢状切片，FOV 256×256毫米，64×64的矩阵，像素大小为1×1×1毫米）。 </li><li>让受试者知道，扫描开始，然后开始测量。 </li><li>进行功能性磁共振成像扫描。 <ol><li>打开扫描仪​​的计算机上的EPI序列和对齐的视场，以覆盖整个大脑。 EPI参数:33切片，切片厚度为3毫米，视场200 x 200毫米，64×64的矩阵，重复时间2000毫秒，回波时间30毫秒，翻转角79°。 </li><li>跑单量的测试测量。确保被检者的脑的整体（或尽可能）包含在视野内。 注:学科有不同的形状和头（和大脑）的大小。因此，最佳定位领域查看每个题目。 </li><li>复制功能磁共振成像序列，这样的观点被定位的领域保持不变，为下一次测量。输入所需的测量中，304在此情况下的卷数。 </li><li>请确保该软件呈现范式正在等待来自扫描仪的触发。该范例将不会启动，而不脱离扫描器的触发，因此它可以被加载，并设置为等待。 </li><li>告知该实验即将开始的主题。开始测量。 </li><li>检查该软件呈现范例开始在适当的时间（ 即 ，它是由扫描仪触发）。 </li><li>执行三个版本的古怪的任务。 被动 ， 计数 ，并作出回应 。 </li><li>说话之间运行，以提供保证的问题。确保其舒适性。问这个问题允许继续进行研究。指示即将到来的任务的主题。 </li><li>首先运行被动 çondition，以确保真正的被动观看没有知识的目标刺激确实靶刺激。平衡计的秩序和应对跨学科的条件，以防止负面效应。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5，结束实验<ol><li>告知该实验结束后进入扫描仪的房间的主题。 </li><li>滑动受了扫描仪。 </li><li>除去头线圈和靠垫。 </li><li>让拍摄对象慢慢地坐起来。一旦他们很舒服，这个问题可以站起来，离开了扫描仪的房间。 </li><li>管理任何问卷/文书工作，需要实验后完成</li><li>汇报对象:提供有关这项研究的目标和目的解释这个问题，如果这不是完全有可能在实验前，并提供机会提问</li></ol> 6，数据分析<ol><li>使用一个软件包，适用于analyzi吴fMRI数据。对每一主题，并分别各条件第一级的数据分析。 注:使用FMRIB软件库（FSL）的功能磁共振数据分析。 </li><li>适用标准预处理步骤来准备数据进行进一步的分析。 注:应用以下步骤:运动校正，片定时校正，结构和功能数据，空间平滑，高通时间滤波器的配准，正常化个体的成标准（ 例如 ，N1）的空间。查找的功能磁共振成像这些步骤总结教材胡特尔等人 （2008年）9 Jezzard 等人 （2001）11。在网站上，并为每个软件包的支持文件中是如何执行的预处理步骤，具体的信息。 </li><li>用于统计分析指定的所有事件的起效时间和持续时间。这些被称为解释性变量（电动车），或者回归量。 </li><li>成立了对比，以确定该电动车辆进行了比较。要确定具体的检测设置以下的对比目标刺激的BOLD激活:目标&gt;非目标刺激。 注:可以选择使用其他的对比:对基准目标刺激;非目标刺激对基线;目标刺激&gt;非目标刺激;非目标刺激&gt;目标刺激</li><li>对每一学科并单独每个条件的第一级进行统计分析。该分析的输出结果显示活性的大脑区域的每个的相应的对比度。 </li><li>比较使用的是第二个层次的三个条件，还是集团层面，分析。使用第一层次的分析的输出作为其输入为群组层级的分析。 注:在原来的纸7上的目标状态之间的差异&gt;频繁的对比使用三倍双组差设计包括以下对比:回应&gt;被动，计数&gt;被动的，回应&gt;计数。这些对比揭示了在跨越三个响应模式的认知过程的变异有关的脑活动。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们发现，操纵任务要求在不同的BOLD激活模式的视觉古怪的任务结果的数量和条件作出响应 。有些牵连的每个条件的地区会被不恰当地分配的职能作用已经从任务没有可供比较的三个版本的数据。这种含糊不清的解释数据不一定会一直在脑电图P300场里的任务有它的起源，传输实验范式从一个成像模态到另一个时，强调需要特殊考虑的情况。例如，许多认知过程（例如注意力和工作?...

随着认知神经科学的方法培养，建立了实验任务用于新兴的脑成像方式。这是一个合乎逻辑的发展，因为大多数的神经心理学的概念（ 比如 ，不同的内存子组件）已经在行为领域，用于探测特定功能的相应实验任务，考察了开发和测试。随着新技术的出现证明了这些行为观察的神经基础是寻求与新的脑成像方法。虽然它可能是很有诱惑力的简单地划上充分研究行为的任务，影像学检查，几个重要的注意事项都必须考虑到。一个关键的，虽然经常被忽视的，考虑的是使用最合适的成像技术的进一步探查行为的证据。在认知神经科学和心理学方面有许多可用于增强我们的神经ACTIV了解脑成像方法潜在性利益的概念;例如脑电图（EEG），脑磁图（MEG），经颅磁刺激（TMS），功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）。所有这些方法都有各自的优点，缺点和相应的应用程​​序。在这里，与转让行为和脑电图实验悠久的历史范式到功能磁共振成像实验被认为是。脑电图已经使用了几十年，调查与感知和认知过程有关的神经反应。正因为如此，许多范例已开发了利用该​​方法的使用和随着时间而演变。功能性磁共振成像是，在认知神经科学最近出现的技术，这导致了脑电图研究开发了一些范式的fMRI被使用。要建立从脑电实验基础知识与新技术是一个合乎逻辑的步骤，但仍然一些重要的点可能在转会忽视。该技术的重新非常不同和任务需要相应地设计。这需要怎样的方法的工作原理，特别是知识的范例的潜力调制如何用来将影响而采取的措施。有关的磁共振成像实验设计的进一步信息，有兴趣的读者可以直接下面的链接<a href="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency">http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency</a> 。任务的设计将在传输的脑电图研究功能磁共振成像环境中开发范式的背景下考虑。本文的目的是:i）简要描述了功能磁共振成像，当它的使用是恰当的认知神经科学; II）来说明任务的设计是如何影响的功能磁共振成像实验中，特别是当该任务从其他成像方式借来的结果;及iii）解释执行功能磁共振成像实验中的实际问题。 功能性磁共振成像是现在广泛使用的技术部历史神游，因此在认知神经科学中使用的常用方法。为了做出决定，以该技术是否是适合于特定实验的fMRI的优点和缺点，必须在相对于其它可用的技术来考虑。该方法的缺点是，它不直接测量神经活动的，而它是在代谢反应（氧需求）的神经活动的一个相关卷积的血液动力学反应。因此，其时间分辨率较差相比，电生理，例如，在所测量的电信号更靠近底层的神经活动，而非代谢反应。脑电图在毫秒相比，在功能磁共振成像秒级的分辨率量级的时间分辨率。然而，功能磁共振成像的主要优点是该技术的空间分辨率是非常好的。此外，它是无创的，因此受试者不必摄取诸如共物质ntrast剂或暴露于辐射如将在正电子发射断层扫描（PET）的情况。因此，功能性磁振造影是一种合适的技术进行实验研究的脑区参与感知，认知和行为。 在本文中，视觉古怪的范式被作为一个完善的脑电图任务的功能性磁振造影（ 见图1说明）转移的例子。应当指出的问题的讨论，当其他范例中使用也可以影响结果和数据解释，并应在技术上所有功能磁共振成像实验的设计考虑。在古怪的范式常用于心理学和认知神经科学评估的关注和目标探测性能。该模式是在脑电图的研究开发，特别是事件相关电位（ERPs），调查所谓的P300成分1。 P300的代表目标探测和识别后，是引起一个罕见的靶刺激1。 P300的用于研究在多个认知和临床领域2 如精神分裂症患者及其亲属3，重度吸烟者4及人口老龄化5。鉴于古怪的范式（和由范例诱发的P300）是健壮的，并且还调制由不同的疾病状态，其在不同的成像方式转移是不可避免的。 的广泛激活一个古怪的fMRI测量期间出现在大脑是已知的多重认知功能的结果，如由许多fMRI研究探查其它认知概念。在激活模式的这种普遍的性质使得难以确定哪个脑区是更多（或更少）活性是由于特定任务操作或一组不同的试验者的爱好，具体地说，它是不能肯定是否在的ACTi观察到的差异VATION都与目标检测本身，以关注相关的处理，或是否涉及到其他的任务要求，例如生产相关的马达响应的持续工作记忆过程或过程。分配功能，以所测量的活性的方法，是在关注（目标检测）的认知成分测定中的古怪的任务（P300）明确脑响应脑电图域容易。然而，神经科学家倾向于解释他们的发现有利于自己的假说和实验，而不是把在努力排除其他解释。大多数实验，但是，将无法固有解决这些重要的问题 - 扫描时间是昂贵的 - 这就是为什么我们主张全面规划和范式的试验测试。 除了这种困难在建立古怪范例的性质也大脑区域和认知成分之间的直接链接，当被转移到功能性磁振造影提出其他可能的方法问题。例如，目标刺激的检测通过按下一个按钮响应通常表示。这允许实验者记录响应的精度和速度，但这个反应也可能影响对fMRI的BOLD响应对目标的刺激。所需的刺激锁定功能磁共振成像激活按钮按下影响电机的动作因为它只有几百毫秒的目标刺激呈现后的情况。这也影响到了激活的解释，对参与准备运动反应的例子大脑区域可能会错误地假定为参与了目标刺激的检测，反之亦然。这导致了方法的修订，从而目标检测的间接措施，而不是依靠运动反应，也不能拍摄。例如，计算目标刺激已经提出6的一种方式，以确保受试者保持attenti上的任务;试验次数错过可以表明一个主题是如何不留神了。报告刺激在任务结束时计数的数目也意味着实验者可以检查是否对象正确执行的任务。第三种方法是使用一个完全被动的任务设计，其中的主题是就如何应对没有说明和目标刺激的新颖之处在于假定本身引出一个目标检测样反应。尽管这些版本使用相同类型的刺激和基本设计的任务，在任务的每个变体产生的激活模式将是不同的，因为任务的认知和运动的要求是不同的7,8。例如，将有工作涉及计数靶刺激，例如 ，拿在心里的目标刺激目前有多少记忆过程，不会在被动的观看需要。在这里，这3个版本的古怪任务的， 被动的，算一个第二响应用于显示如何小心任务的设计和实现可以说明这些变化中的任务要求，并允许结果的适当解释。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Magnetom Tim Trio 3 T MRI scanner</td><td>Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Presentation version 14.8</td><td>Neurobehavioural system, Albany, CA, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lumitouch device</td><td>Photon Control Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada</td><td></td><td>This device is no longer produced by the manufacturer. Alternative MR compatible response devices are available.</td></tr><tr><td>TFT display</td><td>Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA</td><td>30 inch cinema display</td><td>The screen was custom modified in-house to be MR compatible. However, a number of MR compatible screens are available on the market.</td></tr><tr><td>Optseq</td><td></td><td>surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/optseq</td><td>program for determining optimal stimulus timing for rapid event related designs</td></tr><tr><td>FMRIB software library (FSL)</td><td>FMRIB, Oxford</td><td>http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/</td><td>Other software tools are available for analyzing fMRI data, for example SPM, AFNI and Brain Voyager.</td></tr></tbody></table>

transferring cognitive tasks between brain imaging modalities: implications for task design and results interpretation in fmri studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

刺激与分析方法引起与视觉古怪的任务相关的脑区BOLD激活。目标&gt;非目标对比度显示没有激活的被动状态，但确实表明活化在两个计数和响应（ 图3）。在图3中给出的数据是计数的定性比较和应对情况，并说明了如何激活模式会看，如果孤立地进行每一个版本的任务。 主要感兴趣的比较是那些条件之间。所以，在这种大脑区域确实当任务需求改变?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies at JoVE.com

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

transferring-cognitive-tasks-between-brain-imaging-modalities

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.1K 次观看.  Research Centre Jülich GmbH. Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

视频: Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, participants switch from sorting cards one way, such as shape, to sorting them a different way, such as color. Adjusting behavior in this way exacts a small performance cost, or switch cost, such that responses are typically slower and more error-prone on switch trials in which the sorting rule changes as compared to repeat trials in which the sorting rule remains the same. The ability to flexibly adjust behavior is often said to develop gradually, in part because behavioral costs such as switch costs typically decrease with increasing age. Why aspects of higher-order cognition, such as behavioral flexibility, develop so gradually remains an open question. One hypothesis is that these changes occur in association with functional changes in broad-scale cognitive control networks. On this view, complex mental operations, such as switching, involve rapid interactions between several distributed brain regions, including those that update and maintain task rules, re-orient attention, and select behaviors. With development, functional connections between these regions strengthen, leading to faster and more efficient switching operations. The current video describes a method of testing this hypothesis through the collection and multivariate analysis of fMRI data from participants of different ages.

This video presents a method of examining age-related changes in functional connectivity of cognitive control networks engaged by targeted tasks/processes. The technique is based on multi-variate analysis of fMRI data.

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

科研

行为学

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which makes it highly suitable for conducting naturalistic studies of brain function and for use with developmental and clinical populations. Both fNIRS and fMRI methodologies detect changes in cerebral blood oxygenation during functional brain activation, and prior studies have shown high spatial and temporal correspondence between the two signals. There is, however, no quantitative comparison of the two signals collected simultaneously from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. This comparison is necessary to comprehensively validate area-level activations and functional connectivity against the fMRI gold standard, which in turn has the potential to facilitate comparisons of the two signals across the lifespan. We address this gap by describing a protocol for simultaneous data collection of fMRI&#160;and fNIRS signals that: i) provides whole-head fNIRS coverage; ii) includes short-distance measurements for regression of the non-cortical, systemic physiological signal; and iii) implements two different methods for optode-to-scalp co-registration of fNIRS measurements. fMRI and fNIRS data from three subjects are presented, and recommendations for adapting the protocol to test developmental and clinical populations are discussed. The current setup with adults allows scanning sessions for an average of approximately 40 min, which includes both functional and structural scans. The protocol outlines the steps required to adapt the fNIRS equipment for use in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment, provides recommendations for both data recording and optode-to-scalp co-registration, and discusses potential modifications of the protocol to fit the specifics of the available MR-safe fNIRS system. Representative subject-specific responses from a flashing-checkerboard task illustrate the feasibility of the protocol to measure whole-head fNIRS signals in the MR environment. This protocol will be particularly relevant for researchers interested in validating fNIRS signals against fMRI across the lifespan.

We present a method for simultaneously collecting fMRI and fNIRS signals from the same subjects with whole-head fNIRS coverage. The protocol has been tested with three young adults and can be adapted for data collection for developmental studies and clinical populations.

使用全头光电阵列和短距离通道同时收集 fMRI 和 fNIRS 测量数据

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging methodology, more robust to motion and more cost-effective than functional ...

Concurrent EEG and Functional MRI Recording and Integration Analysis for Dynamic Cortical Activity Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain activity. Multimodal methods have sought to combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the spatial precision of fMRI, but the complexity of this approach is currently in need of improvement. The protocol presented here describes the recently developed spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, which seeks to rectify source biases and improve EEG-fMRI source localization through the dynamic recruitment of fMRI sub-regions. The process begins with the collection of multimodal data from concurrent EEG and fMRI scans, the generation of 3D cortical models, and independent EEG and fMRI processing. The processed fMRI activation maps are then split into multiple priors, according to their location and surrounding area. These are taken as priors in a two-level hierarchical Bayesian algorithm for EEG source localization. For each window of interest (defined by the operator), specific segments of the fMRI activation map will be identified as active to optimize a parameter known as model evidence. These will be used as soft constraints on the identified cortical activity, increasing the specificity of the multimodal imaging method by reducing cross-talk and avoiding erroneous activity in other conditionally active fMRI regions. The method generates cortical maps of activity and time-courses, which may be taken as final results, or used as a basis for further analyses (analyses of correlation, causation, etc.) While the method is somewhat limited by its modalities (it will not find EEG-invisible sources), it is broadly compatible with most major processing software, and is suitable for most neuroimaging studies.

An EEG-fMRI multimodal imaging method, known as the spatiotemporal fMRI-constrained EEG source imaging method, is described here. The presented method employs conditionally-active fMRI sub-maps, or priors, to guide EEG source localization in a manner that improves spatial specificity and limits erroneous results.

动态皮层活动影像的并发脑电图与功能 MRI 记录及积分分析

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are two of the fundamental noninvasive methods for identifying brain ...

生物学

Motor Maps

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
One principle of brain organization is the topographic mapping of information. Especially in sensory and motor cortices, adjacent regions of the brain tend to represent information from adjacent parts of the body, resulting in maps of the body expressed on the surface of the brain. The primary sensory and motor maps in the brain surround a prominent sulcus known as the central sulcus. The cortex anterior to the central sulcus is known as the precentral gyrus and contains the primary motor cortex, while the cortex posterior to the central sulcus is known as the postcentral gyrus and contains the primary sensory cortex (Figure 1).
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10175/10175fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Sensory and motor maps around the central sulcus. The primary motor cortex, which contains a motor map of the body&#39;s effectors, is anterior to the central sulcus, in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The primary somesthetic (sensory) cortex, which receives touch, pain, and temperature information from the external parts of the body, is located posterior to the central sulcus, in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
In this experiment, functional neuroimaging is used to demonstrate the motor map in the precentral gyrus. This map is often called the motor homunculus, which is Latin for &#34;little man,&#34; because it is as if there is a little version of one&#39;s self represented in this part of a person&#39;s brain. One interesting property of this map is that more cortical space is devoted to body parts requiring finer control, such as the hands and mouth, which results in disproportionate representation of those appendages in the cortex. Also, because of the anatomy of the motor system, the neurons that control the right side of the body are in the left primary motor cortex, and vice versa. Therefore, when a participant in the experiment is asked to move their right hand or foot, an increased activation on their left precentral gyrus is expected.
In this experiment, participants are asked to alternately move their hands and feet, on the left and right sides, while their brain activity is measured with fMRI. Since the fMRI signal relies on changes in blood oxygenation, which are slow in comparison to the movements the participants make, the periods of movement are separated with periods of stillness to ensure that the various conditions can be distinguished from each other and from the resting baseline. To achieve precise timing of the movements, participants are instructed on when to begin and end each movement with a visual cue. The methods in this video are similar to those used by several fMRI studies that have demonstrated somatotopy in primary motor cortex.1,2

Studying Brain Activation and Motor Maps Using fMRI

电机的地图

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
One principle of brain organization is the topographic ...

教育

JoVE Science Education

心理学

神经心理学

An Introduction to Cognition

Cognition encompasses mental processes such as memory, perception, decision-making reasoning and language. Cognitive scientists are using a combination of behavioral and neuropsychological techniques to investigate the underlying neural substrates of cognition. They are interested in understanding how information is perceived, processed and how does it affect the final execution of behaviors. With this knowledge, researchers hope to develop new treatments for individuals with cognitive impairments.
JoVE's introduction to cognition reviews several components of this phenomenon, such as perception, attention, language comprehension, etc. Key questions in the field of cognition will be discussed along with specific methods currently being used to answer these questions. Finally, specific studies that investigate different aspects of cognition using tools like functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) or Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) will be explained.

Cognitive Processes and Techniques to Study Cognition

认知（心理学）的简介

Cognition encompasses mental processes such as memory, perception, decision-making reasoning and language. Cognitive scientists are using a combination of ...