Name: reduced-gravity environment hardware demonstrations of a prototype miniaturized flow cytometer and companion microfluidic mixing technology
Uploaded: 2014-11-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 13 min 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology at JoVE.com

硬件的发展是由美国航空航天局SBIR合同NNX09CA44C和NNX10CA97C支持。对于光学组件和样本装载机演示数据分析是由美国航空航天局的第三阶段合同NNC11CA04C支持。美国航空航天局使用协议IRB＃SA-10-008进行人体血液采集。通过美国国家仪器医疗器械助学计划提供的控制/数据采集软件。模具的微芯片在约翰斯·霍普金斯大学微细加工设备和哈佛大学纳米系统中心作了发言。奥托J.盐水灌装机和卢克贾菲（DNA医学研究所）在2010年夏季美国航空航天局飞行视频的工作人员在飞行过程中每周提供录像辅助机架装配。卡洛斯·巴里恩托斯（DNA医学研究所）提供的照片和图形的援助。特别感谢协助获得空间环境对技术2010计划，美国航天局的低重力办公室，人力适应与对策部，国家航空航天局格伦研究中心，ZIN技术，和人类的研究计划。

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尤金Y.陈康迪斯裴和朱莉娅Z.夏普的发明人对通过DNA医学研究所，一个商业实体，申请相关技术的专利。

这里所描述的方法，使主要技术组件（装样，微混合和光学检测）的有效证明在2010年快速抛物线飞行，用比较的结果，以地面试验。这里所描述的培训和SOP方法特别有效，并帮助照亮依靠实践示威不会板载了抛物线飞行工具等"拐杖"的存在。 需要改进的地方，包括遏制和布局。定制亚克力成分可能不是遏制的目的足够强大。在"手套"框被重力过渡期间遭飞行的乘客，并随后在粗糙的飞机降落土崩瓦解。油管连接到微流控芯片蓝黄色染料混合演示过程中变得脱钩，食用色素简要泄漏到机舱环境。这需要在被固定高克区间，这是特别困难的，因为在重新连接微孔管需要灵巧和稳定的用户。在布局方面，笔记本电脑在站立高度的放置变得困难，以在高g的间隔进行操作。尝试在高g阶段站立时，用户可能会头晕。一个中等水平的电脑可能是一个更好的选择，但在这里将需要原型子的位移。其他研究人员已包括座位中用于测试操作26的稳定化的抛物线飞行设置，尽管这需要额外的空间，这是稀缺的抛物线飞行。 除了 ​​提供详细的关于准备和安装一个较大的水平相比的抛物线飞行先前示范流式细胞术，此工作描述包含潜在显著"伴侣"技术（ 即 ，混合的微流控芯片用于试剂和试料dilution）旁边的流式细胞仪。样品的预处理（ 例如 ，荧光染色法，混合，孵育），如在地面上进行的，可能是困难或危险的空间，进而制造伴侣的技术，如混合芯片，必须实现降低的重力相同的功能。相较于目前的工作，可能的空间，值得流式细胞仪先前示威活动几乎集中了流式细胞仪的性能（使用样品在地球上的预加工的），不表明战略，以弥补在样品前处理的空白。所描述的"光纤为基础的"流式细胞仪，例如，用于地面装载样品盒作免疫和微珠的基于细胞因子测定，它并不明显如何对系统可适于实际飞行中的诊断。一些努力已经部分解决了这个问题，包括已经看到最近的改进41全血染色设备的发展。该NASA-流式细胞仪利用一个预先染色方法潜在可用的全血染色设备5测试流程。仍然，努力开发所需的空间准备伴随技术似乎充分地落后于发展的流式细胞仪，以保持流式细胞不切实际的，在不久的将来空间等资源有限环境中的诊断目的。更一般地，任何体外诊断外层空间开发者需要考虑完整的工作流程适应他们的技术，应始终考虑可能需要的配套技术测试，以充分利用有限的减少重力飞行的机会。 所描述的原型流式细胞仪是一个起点，一个更复杂的设计，使用更先进的流体学，光学，电子等。流体动力学流体聚焦和附加检测通道（ 例如，光散射，吸收）将改进的应用，如粒子鉴别白血细胞差别。一些组件将需要更换简单，因为它们是方便在钻机为基础的设计，但将是不切实际的实际手持设备（ 如，废液瓶，控制/采集电子部件）。更先进的电子设备将包括微电子用微型屏界面和嵌入式微处理器，消除笔记本电脑和相关的数据采集卡进行操作。

目前的空间准备健康诊断的不足之处提出了一个限​​制因素，以更深入的载人太空探索。诊断需要是全面的，易于在低重力来使用，并且相对地不受发射和航天（ 例如 ，高g力，振动，辐射，温度变化，和机舱压力的变化）的压力。在护理点的检测（POCT）的发展可以通过使用更小的患者的标本（ 例如 ，一个手指刺），更简单和更小的流体学（ 即 ，微流体）转化为有效的航天溶液，并降低电功率的要求，除其他优势。 流式细胞术是有吸引力的方法为在空间的POC，因为该技术的广泛的用途，包括对细胞计数和生物标志物的定量分析，以及显著小型化的潜力。上一页空间相关的流式细胞仪，包括"核包装efficiency&#39;（NPE）的工具，用于同时进行电弧灯诱导荧光和电子音量（库尔特体积）测量1-4中 ，一个相对较小的台式流式细胞仪代表"第一代流式细胞仪中的零重力&#39;5数据的实时流，一个"无鞘微仪"能够4-和5-部分白血细胞（WBC）分类计数用预处理5微升全血样品6-9，以及"光纤为基础的"流式细胞仪最近在国际板载测试空间站10。 通常进行板载了使用近似抛物线飞行弹道模拟失重（ 例如 ，零重力，火星的重力）11的选择水平降低重力飞机的潜在空间应用评估诊断技术。评估是具有挑战性的，因为飞行的机会是有限的，repet微重力可持续的竞争短窗可以使它很难评估方法或通常需要不间断的时间超过20-40秒长的过程，并演示可能需要飞行12-15不要轻易使用额外的设备。此外，在使用或设计，减少了重力作用的体外诊断（IVD）技术先前的示威是有限的，大量的工作仍然未公布。除了 ​​上述的流式细胞仪，在文献中描述的其他空间相关的IVD-技术包括全血染色装置，用于免疫的应用程序16，一个自动化的基于照相机的流式细胞仪12，手持式的临床分析仪，用于集成电势，电流分析法，和电导12,17，一个微流体"T形感应器"装置，用于分析物的定量分析，依赖于扩散为基础的混合和分离18，和一个旋转的&#39;实验室上的CD"诊断平台19,20。初来乍到低重力测试也可能看起来不相关的体外诊断抛物线飞行表演时，试图使设备评估可能的（或搞清楚什么是可能的）。从具有证据充分的飞行准备，飞行中的战略，以及飞行测试设备等以前的医学或生物实验演示包括在表1中 15，21-35。这些可以是信息性由于包含的手册中飞行任务，使用专门的设备，并且实验遏制。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr height="17"><td height="17" style="height:17px;width:133px;"> 类别 </td><td style="width:497px;"> 示例 </td></tr><tr height="40"><td height="40" style="height:40px;width:133px;">紧急医疗</td><td style="width:497px;">气管插管（喉镜引导下，对马尼克在）21，心脏生命支持（麻醉猪）22 </td></tr><tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height:20px;width:133px;">外科护理</td><td style="width:497px;">腹腔镜手术（视频模拟23，对麻醉的猪24,25） </td></tr><tr height="41"><td height="41" style="height:41px;width:133px;">医学影像学或生理学评估</td><td style="width:497px;">超声与下体负压室26，多普勒流量计（头戴式）27，中心静脉压监测器28 </td></tr><tr height="65"><td height="65" style="height:65px;width:133px;">专业的生物设备</td><td style="width:497px;">酶标仪（和飞行中的手套箱中）29，对细胞周期的实验30，显微镜温度控制系统（明场，相位相反，和多通道荧光能力）15，毛细管电泳设备连接到视频显微镜31 </td></tr><tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height:20px;width:133px;">其他</td><td style="width:497px;">植物收割用钳子32，只包含33,34和35鱼类观察</td></tr></tbody></table> 表1.抛物线飞行有很好的描述方法/试验示范的例子 为了扩大在前面的例子中，提供更深入地了解成功的飞行演示中，我们提出了模块化和适应性强的程序结构的原型与相关的微混技术的流式细胞仪为抛物线飞行试验台的组成部分和操作。该钻机能装样，微混合和荧光粒子探测的演示，并进行了测试机上，2010年美国航空航天局方便获取的空间环境（FAST）抛物线fligHTS，飞行距离9月29日至十月一日，2010年这些示威活动从一开始，中间和结束拉，分别在指尖大小的血样被载入，稀释或者与试剂混合的潜在设备的工作流程，并通过光学分析检测。流式细胞仪缩放流入一个紧凑的单元需要创新和精心挑选的一部分。定制和现成的，现成的组件是用在这里，所选择的最后一个组件的选择最好的早期近似的，以及可能适用于其他创新的设计。下面的原型组件选择一个大纲，设置是在作为骨架钻机装配支撑结构描述。原型部件被分配的地点，固定，并伴有必要的成功实验的附加组件。注意然后转移到涉及标准操作程序（SOP）的开发，培训，物流等较为抽象的过程。最后，演示，具体程序描述。此处所描述的策略和支撑钻机部件（ 例如 ，显微镜，丙烯酸箱等 ）的选择，尽管执行此处为特定原型，说话相关测试任何血液诊断设备中减小的重力环境的一般问题和挑战。 在航班2010年2月球重力（达到约1/6地球重力）和两个微重力航班原定跨越4天，虽然最终这些被跨3天改期。示威板载了修改私人经营，窄体喷气客机36进行。每个航班提供30-40抛物线，每产生约20秒的引力（大致1.8克），随后由20-25秒的减少重力条件下。被处决的一半抛物线后，飞机停了一段平飞约5-10分钟，以使飞机调头后脑勺朝着陆点，而PErforming的抛物线的其余部分。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Micro air pump</td><td>Smart Products, Inc.</td><td>AP-2P02A</td><td>Max pressure = 6.76 psi; 1.301&amp;rdquo; x 0.394&amp;rdquo; x 0.650&amp;rdquo;, 0.28 oz (8 g); available direct from Smart Products</td></tr><tr><td>Differential pressure sensor</td><td>Honeywell International, Inc.</td><td>ASDX015D44R</td><td>Range&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp; 0-15 psi; 0.974&quot; x 0.550&quot; x 0.440&quot;, 0.09 oz (2.565 g); suppliers include Digi-Key and Mouser Electronics</td></tr><tr><td>Rigid plastic vial (small size)</td><td>Loritz &amp;amp; Associates, Inc.</td><td>55-05</td><td>Polystyrene; ID 0.81&quot; (20.6 mm), IH 2.06&quot; (52.4 mm); available direct from LA Container Inc.; similar product available from Dynalab Corp.</td></tr><tr><td>latex examination gloves</td><td>dynarex corporation</td><td>2337</td><td>Middle finger used for latex diaphragm in fluid source vial.&amp;nbsp; Other brands (&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt;, Aurelia &amp;reg;&amp;nbsp; Vibrant &amp;trade;) acceptable.</td></tr><tr><td>Optical glue</td><td>Norland Products</td><td>NOA 88</td><td>Low outgassing adhesive; available direct from Norland; Also available from Edmund Optics Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>3-way solenoid valves</td><td>The LEE Company</td><td>LHDA0531115H</td><td>Gas valves, but can function with liquid; 1.29&quot; L, 0.28&quot; D.&amp;nbsp; Discontinued product.&amp;nbsp; Similar products available from The LEE Company.</td></tr><tr><td>Volumetric water flowmeter</td><td>OMEGA Engineering inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>FLR-1602A</td><td>Non-contacting flow rate meter strongly preferred.&amp;nbsp; We recommend SENSIRION LG16 OEM Liquid Flow Sensor for flow rates from nl/min up to 5 ml/min.</td></tr><tr><td>PCD-mini photon detector&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sensl</td><td>PCDMini-00100</td><td>For fluorescence detection; available direct from Sensl</td></tr><tr><td>Accelerometer</td><td>Crossbow Technology, Inc.</td><td>CXL02LF3</td><td>3-demensional force detection.&amp;nbsp; Supplied to DMI by NASA.&amp;nbsp; Similar product available from Vernier Software &amp;amp; Technology, LLC.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>AmScope</td><td>SE305R-AZ-E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCD Camera</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>DCU223C</td><td>1,024 x 768 Resolution, Color, USB 2.0; available direct from Thorlabs</td></tr><tr><td>USB and Trigger Cable (In/Out) for CCD Camera</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CAB-DCU-T1</td><td>Available direct from Thorlabs</td></tr><tr><td>Microbore tubing</td><td>Saint-Gobain Corporation</td><td>AAD04103</td><td>Tygon&amp;reg;; ID 0.02&quot;, OD 0.06&quot;, 500 ft, 0.02&quot; wall. Suppliers: VWR, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>Hollow steel pins</td><td>New England Small Tube</td><td>(Custom)</td><td>0.025&quot; OD, 0.017&quot; ID, 0.500&amp;rdquo; L, stainless steel tube, type 304, cut, deburred, passivated; enable microbore tubing connections, chip tubing connections</td></tr><tr><td>Slide clamp</td><td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td><td>14042</td><td>Available direct from World Precision Instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Leur adaptor pieces</td><td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td><td>14011</td><td>Available direct from World Precision Instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafer</td><td>Addison Engineering, Inc.</td><td></td><td>6&quot; diameter; for SU-8 mold fabrication</td></tr><tr><td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer curing agent</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>3097358-1004</td><td>Supplier: Global Industrial SLP, LLC</td></tr><tr><td>Needle (23 gauge), bevel tip</td><td>Terumo Medical Corporation</td><td>NN-2338R</td><td>Ultra thin wall; 23 G x 1.5&quot;; 22 G also usable; suppliers: Careforde, Inc.,&amp;nbsp; Port City Medical</td></tr><tr><td>Dispensing needle (23 gauge), blunt tip</td><td>CML Supply</td><td>901-23-100</td><td>23 G x 1&quot;;&amp;nbsp; available from CML Supply</td></tr><tr><td>Cover glass</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>12-518-105E</td><td>Gold Seal&amp;trade; noncorrosive borosilicate glass; for PDMS chip cover; 24 x 60 mm; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td>Mountain</td><td>MTN8407</td><td>For degassing PDMS; supplier:&amp;nbsp; Ryder System, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum chamber</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>5311-0250</td><td>Nalgene&amp;trade; Transparent Polycarbonate; available from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>Plasma cleaner</td><td>Harrick Plasma</td><td>PDC-32G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hand magnifier</td><td>Mitutoyo</td><td>183-131</td><td>Use in reverse direction to enable viewing at ~15&quot;.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>CAROLINA</td><td>861283</td><td>For chip cleaning. Dilute to 70% using millipore water.</td></tr><tr><td>Water purification system</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>D11901</td><td>Available direct from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>Optomechanical translation mounts</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>K6X</td><td>6-Axis Kinematic Optic Mount; discontinued product; new product (K6XS) available direct from Thorlabs</td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td>Hewlett-Packard</td><td>VP209AV</td><td>HP Pavilion Laptop running Windows 7</td></tr><tr><td>Laptop tray (spring loaded)</td><td>National Products, INC.</td><td>RAM-234-3&amp;nbsp;</td><td>RAM Tough-Tray&amp;trade;. Can accommodate 10 to 16 inch wide laptops.</td></tr><tr><td>USB splitter</td><td>Connectland Technology Limited</td><td>3401167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>USB Data Acquisition Cards (8 analog input, 12 digital I/O)</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6008</td><td>12-Bit, 10 kS/s Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ</td></tr><tr><td>USB Data Acquisition Cards (16 analog input, 32 digital I/O)</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6216</td><td>16-Bit, 400 kS/s Isolated M Series MIO DAQ, Bus-Powered</td></tr><tr><td>Control/acquisition Software</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>LabVIEW 2009</td><td>Custom coded National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>3D Solid Modeling Software</td><td>Dassault Syst&amp;egrave;mes SolidWorks Corp.</td><td>SolidWorks 2011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2D Modeling Software</td><td>AUTODESK</td><td>AutoCAD LT 2008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vertical equipment rack</td><td>(NASA provided)</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solid aluminum optical breadboard</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MB2424</td><td>24&quot; x 24&quot; x 1/2&quot;, 1/4&quot;-20 Taps; available direct from Thorlabs</td></tr><tr><td>Industrial grade steel and hardener</td><td>The J-B Weld Company</td><td></td><td>J-B Weld Steel Reinforced Epoxy Glue</td></tr><tr><td>Micro-hematocrit capillary&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22-362-574</td><td>inner diamter 1.1 to 1.2 mm</td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringes</td><td>Henke-Sass, Wolf</td><td>4010.200V0</td><td>NORM-JECT&amp;reg;; supplier: Grainger, Inc.</td></tr><tr><td>Human red blood cells</td><td>Innovative Research</td><td>IPLA-WB3</td><td>Tested and found negative by supplier for: HBsAg, HCV, HIV-1, HIV-2, HIV-1Ag or HIV 1-NAT, ALT, and syphilis by FDA-Approved Methods.&amp;nbsp; Because no test methods can guarantee with 100% certainty the absence of an infectious agent, human derived products should be handled as suggested in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Manual on BIOSAFETY IN MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL LABORATORIES, FOR POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS HUMAN SERUM OR BLOOD SPECIMENS</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline concentrate</td><td>P5493</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>10x; diluted to 1x</td></tr><tr><td>Tween</td><td>P9416</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>TWEEN&amp;reg; 20</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>LW Scientific</td><td>STRAIGHT8-5K</td><td>Swing-Out 8-place Centrifuge.&amp;nbsp; Available through authorized dealers.&amp;nbsp; Other centrifuges available direct from LW Scientific.</td></tr><tr><td>HD video recorder</td><td>Sony</td><td>MHS-CM5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orange fluorescent nucleic acid stain</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>S-11364</td><td>SYTO&amp;reg; 83 Orange Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain.&amp;nbsp; Stored in DMSO solvent. Always wear reccommended Personal Protective Equipment. No special handling&lt;br/&gt; advice required.</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent counting beads</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>MP 36950</td><td>CountBright&amp;trade; Absolute Counting Beads.&amp;nbsp; Always wear reccommended Personal Protective Equipment. No special handling advice required.</td></tr></tbody></table>

reduced-gravity environment hardware demonstrations of a prototype miniaturized flow cytometer and companion microfluidic mixing technology

直到最近，收集宇航员的血液样本中飞行，运到陆地上的航天飞机，并在地面的实验室进行分析。如果人类前往超越低地球轨道，走向太空就绪，点的护理的过渡（POC）测试是必需的。这样的测试必须是全面的，容易降低重力环境下进行，并且不会受到发射和航天的压力。无数POC设备已经被开发，以模仿实验室规模的对应，但最有窄的应用和一些具有在飞行中，减少的重力环境可证实的用途。事实上，在降低重心的生物医学诊断的示威完全限制，使得组件的选择和一些后勤方面的挑战很难寻求测试新技术的时候进场。为了帮助填补这一空白，我们提出了模块化方法的原型血液诊断设备的建设和运营及其相关的P抛物飞行试验台符合标准的飞行试验机载抛物线飞行，减少了重力飞机。该方法首先侧重于钻机装配在飞机上，减少了重力流式细胞仪的测试和同伴微流控芯片的混合。组件是适合于其他的设计和一些定制组件，比如一个微量样品装载器和所述微混合器可以是特别感兴趣的。然后该方法将焦点转移到飞行准备，通过提供指导和建议，以一个成功的飞行试验方面用户培训，标准作业程序（SOP）的发展等问题做准备。最后，在飞行中特定于我们的示范实验步骤进行了描述。

对于微混合器示范代表性的结果显示在图7中 ，作为观看由安装在立体显微镜CCD照相机。混合可以在视觉上评价在沿着螺旋的任何点，以及在涉及两组流体实验的出口通道:血液/盐水和蓝色/黄色染料。该二维图像的定量分析可以包括确定在整个信道宽度遮阳均匀性在不同的区域，如图中的其他出版物38-40。见补充图1进一步的细节。见补充图2演示泡处理的微流控芯片。 ，结果粒子探测光学模块和样品装载示威出现在图7C和 D分别。光学块检测荧光标记的白细胞（连接gure 7C） 出现由从大约1.5克至近零克的过渡相对未受干扰，并且转换回至1.5g期间继续进行。样品装载的数据显示，已成功加载的样本（这里月球重力条件下），并达到光学组件检测（图7D）。数据读出的定量分析采用了自定义峰值计数算法，以减少对正常和高重力条件下进行比较的计数和信号 - 噪声比。见补充图3的扩展轨迹和实例分析。 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图1:射流子组件（A）考生源瓶使用配有两个O形圈沿其樱雪定制加工的铝盖rted部分。帽螺钉向下到小瓶&#39;环&#39;，保持帽，使其紧贴上部小瓶边缘。（B）中的候选废物瓶盖允许空气而不是液体通过该切口开口部在顶端。（℃）候选样本加载器各自包括加工头，中心和脚件，适宜2 guiderails。 Guiderail间距促进毛细管的定位。（D）中 ，从指尖甲收集的样品滴被装入流体管线。（E）的候选螺旋涡式微型混合器通过3旋转混合两种溶液（&#39;1&#39;，&#39;2&#39;， &#39;3&#39;），螺旋形（从1.9到0.9毫米）和涡流漏极（"V"，直径320微米）的内半径。通过微孔管到出口通道（&#39;E&#39;）的流体，然后通过。通道是200微米，宽120微米高。旋涡漏极（V）的高度为满足销前1-2毫米。（F）芯片的足迹相对比一分钱较小。 <img alt="图2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图2:光学及电子子组件。 （一）考生光学模块组件设计包括两个激光器（&#39;绿&#39;，&#39;红&#39;），加上几个分束器（"BS"），镜头和光子探测器（&#39;PD&#39;）。（B）固体建模设计（插图）被加工，阳极氧化处理，组装。阶段（S）的流动池放置位点（蓝色箭头），红色激光（红色箭头）被标记。（℃）为在飞行测试，该块被使用夹具和对准固定装置固定，它也保持光纤馈送到光子计数模块。（D）大DAQ板和手工焊接电子设备的控制之前，切实可行的解决方案/电子收购可以降低到微电子equivale<html> NTS。光学块（包括在自定义黑色亚克力箱，未标记的左侧）是照片中的可见带固定在顶端的加速度计（"命中"。）。对于微型混合器示范（E）的实施例的定制软件使设备同步控制，读出，并存储数据。 <img alt="图3" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig3highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图3:试验台布局（一）飞行环境可能取决于有多少组同时运行试验飞行拥挤（B）钻机部件组装在一个垂直的设备机架3的水平之间的分歧。腿带（红色和黄色）是在机架左右的电弧可见的。（C）的显微镜实验板板被分成4个象限为演示和电子箱的放置。 ve_content"FO:保together.within页="总是"&gt; <img alt="图4" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig4highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图4:遏制和可视化。 （A）定制亚克力制作"手套"对话框允许在飞行样本装载机的演示。内箱抱样本，毛细血管和浪费。配有定制制造微流控芯片支架（B）立体显微镜能够在飞行中的可视化微混合器示范。在显微镜被修饰具有延长颈部，使该芯片保持器，其中的两个芯片同时，可以使用配有磁铁，以保持它在两个位置中的一个一个的芯片托盘之间被快速翻转容纳空间。（C）的甲钻机操作者进行样品装载演示，同时跪在飞行。第二个操作员操作摄像机将他的左手。（D）微混合器可见的笔记本电脑。 图5:其它组件，启用示威操作通过简单的干预措施。 （A）空气压力由分流器的部分挖空，并挖掘缸到针适用。压力出口可以有选择地夹紧，以减少出口端口号。（B）的12的三通电磁阀的面板是通过串联的MOSFET电路（C）中进行控制。 <img alt="图6" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig6highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图6:在飞行中演示的三通电磁阀有一个共同的接口（白色箭头提示），它总是连接到缺省关闭PORT（红色）或端口（绿色）。开关到ON状态时触发了一枚500伏的I / O信号。（A）样品装载演示包括装载样品和驾驶样品的光学块（OB）进行检测。设置利用两个阀，一前一加载器之后。在装载过程中，两个阀都设置为OFF时，防止流体运动为装载机被利用。转动阀开开的射流路径从盐水（S）延伸的小瓶至废物（W）的小瓶中，使泵以驱动样品用于分析。（B）中从"手工"到"1-按钮&#39;干预的过渡在光学块示范允许三个不同的样品类型顺序测试 - 荧光计数珠（CB），专有的荧光凝胶微粒（NS），和荧光标记的白细胞 - ，而不需要重新配置管路连接。盐水能够冲洗样品之间的系统。 SPL。 =空气高压分离器。 <img alt="图7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51743/51743fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图7:代表性的成果。 （A）蓝黄染微重力条件下的混合。（B）血生理盐水混合月球重力条件下，在微重力飞行（C）WBC检测。用于流式细胞术数据的关键性能参数包括峰强度的变化系数，信号-噪声比，峰值计数率，并检测效率。（D）的荧光计数珠掺入加载的样品被检测到下列示范的装载机在月球重力。 补充图1:混合分析（血盐）。 （a）将图像按转换为灰度和分析，在指定的区域（入口，螺旋1-3，并退出）公式σ= &lt;（I - &lt;I&gt;）2&gt; 1/2，其中σ反映混合，I =灰度强度的0和1之间的程度，并且&lt;&gt;是在样品的平均值。该方法反映在已发表 ​​的文献38-40类似测定。对于一个完全混合的样本，σ等于零。对于一个未混合的样品，σ等于0.4至0.5。在实践中，完全混合时的西格玛值小于0.1。该方法中，虽然足以用于演示目的，是有限的，因为混合是一个三维的过程，因此需要3维的评估（通过共聚焦显微镜或其它装置），以充分地描述混合的程度。（B）中的血液，生理盐水的混合结果在飞行中获得的显示不同重力条件下。在微重力飞行，获得了"高"重力图。泵的驱动压力本身从拟合左至右增加在每个曲线图。 补充图2:泡沫处理示范 。两个泡沫，一是注射高比重，一个在微重力注入，被跟踪了通过视频观察时间。每个气泡有效地清除该微流体芯片。的性能对比与其他地面测试混合几何形状与捕集的气泡更大的趋势（数据未显示）。白色箭头表示通过芯片，这是很难从盐水区分的静态图像空气移动。 补充图3:扩展流式细胞痕迹荧光计数珠（A）和记录在3抛物线的白血细胞（B）中检测踪迹示。检出率（峰值/秒）的过程中，通过定制软件所确定的高和低重力期间显示（白色文本）。其他关键指标（ 如 coeffi峰强度，信号对噪声比）的变化cient可以被测量为洞察重力对流体学和光学检测体系结构的影响。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology at JoVE.com

Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

航天血液诊断需要创新。少数示威已经公布出在飞行中，减少了重力医疗诊断技术。这里我们提出了结构和操作一个抛物线飞行试验台上对护理点的一个原型流式细胞仪的设计，与组分和制备策略适应其它设置方法。

样机小型化流式细胞仪及配套的混合微流控技术降低重力环境硬件演示

Until recently, astronaut blood samples were collected in-flight, transported to earth on the Space Shuttle, and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories. If ...

reduced-gravity-environment-hardware-demonstrations-prototype

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.7K 次观看.  DNA Medicine Institute. 航天血液诊断需要创新。少数示威已经公布出在飞行中，减少了重力医疗诊断技术。这里我们提出了结构和操作一个抛物线飞行试验台上对护理点的一个原型流式细胞仪的设计，与组分和制备策略适应其它设置方法。 

视频: Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we present the fabrication protocol for a multilayered SAW acoustic counterflow device. The device is fabricated starting from a lithium niobate (LN) substrate onto which two interdigital transducers (IDTs) and appropriate markers are patterned. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel cast on an SU8 master mold is finally bonded on the patterned substrate. Following the fabrication procedure, we show the techniques that allow the characterization and operation of the acoustic counterflow device in order to pump fluids through the PDMS channel grid. We finally present the procedure to visualize liquid flow in the channels. The protocol is used to show on-chip fluid pumping under different flow regimes such as laminar flow and more complicated dynamics characterized by vortices and particle accumulation domains.

In this video we first describe fabrication and operation procedures of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) acoustic counterflow device. We then demonstrate an experimental setup that allows for both qualitative flow visualization and quantitative analysis of complex flows within the SAW pumping device.

制造，操作和表面声波驱动声逆流微流体流动可视化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

科研

工程学

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

荧光检测方法，为微流体液滴平台

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

生物工程

Microfluidic Chips Controlled with Elastomeric Microvalve Arrays

Miniaturized microfluidic systems provide simple and effective solutions for low-cost point-of-care diagnostics and high-throughput biomedical assays. Robust flow control and precise fluidic volumes are two critical requirements for these applications. We have developed microfluidic chips featuring elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microvalve arrays that: 1) need no extra energy source to close the fluidic path, hence the loaded device is highly portable; and 2) allow for microfabricating deep (up to 1 mm) channels with vertical sidewalls and resulting in very precise features.

The PDMS microvalves-based devices consist of three layers: a fluidic layer containing fluidic paths and microchambers of various sizes, a control layer containing the microchannels necessary to actuate the fluidic path with microvalves, and a middle thin PDMS membrane that is bound to the control layer. Fluidic layer and control layers are made by replica molding of PDMS from SU-8 photoresist masters, and the thin PDMS membrane is made by spinning PDMS at specified heights. The control layer is bonded to the thin PDMS membrane after oxygen activation of both, and then assembled with the fluidic layer. The microvalves are closed at rest and can be opened by applying negative pressure (e.g., house vacuum). Microvalve closure and opening are automated via solenoid valves controlled by computer software.

Here, we demonstrate two microvalve-based microfluidic chips for two different applications. The first chip allows for storing and mixing precise sub-nanoliter volumes of aqueous solutions at various mixing ratios. The second chip allows for computer-controlled perfusion of microfluidic cell cultures.

The devices are easy to fabricate and simple to control. Due to the biocompatibility of PDMS, these microchips could have broad applications in miniaturized diagnostic assays as well as basic cell biology studies.

We demonstrate protocols for manufacturing and automating elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microvalve arrays that need no extra energy to close and feature photolithographically defined precise volumes. A parallel subnanoliter-volume mixer and an integrated microfluidic perfusion system are presented.

微流控芯片控制，弹性微阀阵列

Miniaturized microfluidic systems provide simple and effective solutions for low-cost point-of-care diagnostics and high-throughput biomedical assays.  ...

生物学

Microfluidic Mixers for Studying Protein Folding

The process by which a protein folds into its native conformation is highly relevant to biology and human health yet still poorly understood. One reason for this is that folding takes place over a wide range of timescales, from nanoseconds to seconds or longer, depending on the protein1. Conventional stopped-flow mixers have allowed measurement of folding kinetics starting at about 1 ms. We have recently developed a microfluidic mixer that dilutes denaturant ~100-fold in ~8 &mu;s2. Unlike a stopped-flow mixer, this mixer operates in the laminar flow regime in which turbulence does not occur. The absence of turbulence allows precise numeric simulation of all flows within the mixer with excellent agreement to experiment3-4.
Laminar flow is achieved for Reynolds numbers Re &le;100. For aqueous solutions, this requires micron scale geometries. We use a hard substrate, such as silicon or fused silica, to make channels 5-10 &mu;m wide and 10 &mu;m deep (See Figure 1). The smallest dimensions, at the entrance to the mixing region, are on the order of 1 &mu;m in size. The chip is sealed with a thin glass or fused silica coverslip for optical access. Typical total linear flow rates are ~1 m/s, yielding Re~10, but the protein consumption is only ~0.5 nL/s or 1.8 &mu;L/hr. Protein concentration depends on the detection method: For tryptophan fluorescence the typical concentration is 100 &mu;M (for 1 Trp/protein) and for FRET the typical concentration is ~100 nM.
The folding process is initiated by rapid dilution of denaturant from 6 M to 0.06 M guanidine hydrochloride. The protein in high denaturant flows down a central channel and is met on either side at the mixing region by buffer without denaturant moving ~100 times faster (see Figure 2). This geometry causes rapid constriction of the protein flow into a narrow jet ~100 nm wide. Diffusion of the light denaturant molecules is very rapid, while diffusion of the heavy protein molecules is much slower, diffusing less than 1 &mu;m in 1 ms. The difference in diffusion constant of the denaturant and the protein results in rapid dilution of the denaturant from the protein stream, reducing the effective concentration of the denaturant around the protein. The protein jet flows at a constant rate down the observation channel and fluorescence of the protein during folding can be observed using a scanning confocal microscope5.

In this work we explain the fabrication and use of a microfluidic mixer capable of mixing two solutions in ~8 &mu;s. We also demonstrate the use of these mixers with spectroscopic detection using UV fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).

研究蛋白质折叠的微流体混合器

The process by which a protein folds into its native conformation is highly relevant to biology and human health yet still poorly understood. One reason ...

Capillary-based Centrifugal Microfluidic Device for Size-controllable Formation of Monodisperse Microdroplets

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. W/O microdroplets have recently been used in powerful methods that enable miniaturized chemical experiments. Therefore, developing a versatile method to yield monodisperse W/O microdroplets is needed. We have developed a method for generating monodisperse W/O microdroplets based on a capillary-based centrifugal axisymmetric co-flowing microfluidic device. We succeeded in controlling the size of microdroplets by adjusting the capillary orifice. Our method requires equipment that is easier-to-use than with other microfluidic techniques, requires only a small volume (0.1-1 &#181;l) of sample solution for encapsulation, and enables the production of hundreds of thousands number of W/O microdroplets per second. We expect this method will assist biological studies that require precious biological samples by conserving the volume of the samples for rapid quantitative analysis biochemical and biological studies.

Here, we demonstrate a simple production method for size-controllable, monodisperse, water-in-oil (W/O) microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal microfluidic device. This method requires only a small sample volume and enables high-yield production. We expect this method will be useful for rapid biochemical and cellular analyses.

基于毛细管的离心微流体装置单分散微滴的大小可控的形成

Here, we demonstrate a simple method for the rapid production of size-controllable, monodisperse, W/O microdroplets using a capillary-based centrifugal ...

A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaics (PVs). Among this material group, inorganic/organic perovskites have demonstrated significant improvement and potential towards high-efficiency, low-cost PV fabrication due to their high charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes. Despite the opportunities for perovskite QDs in large-scale PV and LED applications, the lack of fundamental and comprehensive understanding of their growth pathways has inhibited their adaptation within continuous nanomanufacturing strategies. Traditional flask-based screening approaches are generally expensive, labor-intensive, and imprecise for effectively characterizing the broad parameter space and synthesis variety relevant to colloidal QD reactions. In this work, a fully autonomous microfluidic platform is developed to systematically study the large parameter space associated with the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals in a continuous flow format. Through the application of a novel translating three-port flow cell and modular reactor extension units, the system may rapidly collect fluorescence and absorption spectra across reactor lengths ranging 3 - 196 cm. The adjustable reactor length not only decouples the residence time from the velocity-dependent mass transfer, it also substantially improves the sampling rates and chemical consumption due to the characterization of 40 unique spectra within a single equilibrated system. Sample rates may reach up to 30,000 unique spectra per day, and the conditions cover 4 orders of magnitude in residence times ranging 100 ms - 17 min. Further applications of this system would substantially improve the rate and precision of the material discovery and screening in future studies. Detailed within this report are the system materials and assembly protocols with a general description of the automated sampling software and offline data processing.

Detailed herein are the operation and assembly protocols of a modular microfluidic screening platform for the systematic characterization of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal syntheses. Through fully adjustable system arrangements, highly efficient spectra collection may be carried out across 4 orders of magnitude reaction time scales within a mass transfer-controlled sampling space.

胶体半导体纳米晶系统研究的模块化微流控技术

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), are a rapidly growing class of materials in commercial electronics, such as light ...

Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of microscale schlieren technique relies on detecting light deflection caused by variation of refractive index1-3. The deflected light either escapes or is obstructed by the knife-edge to produce a bright or a dark band, respectively. If the refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with its composition, the local change in light intensity in the image plane is proportional to the concentration gradient normal to the optical axis. The micro-schlieren image gives a two-dimensional projection of the disturbed light produced by three-dimensional inhomogeneity.
To accomplish quantitative analysis, we describe a calibration procedure that mixes two fluids in a T-microchannel. We carry out a numerical simulation to obtain the concentration gradient in the T-microchannel that correlates closely with the corresponding micro-schlieren image. By comparison, a relationship between the grayscale readouts of the micro-schlieren image and the concentration gradients presented in a microfluidic device is established. Using this relationship, we are able to analyze the mixing inhomogeneity from associate micro-schlieren image and demonstrate the capability of microscale schlieren technique with measurements in a microfluidic oscillator4. For optically transparent fluids, microscale schlieren technique is an attractive diagnostic tool to provide instantaneous full-field information that retains the three-dimensional features of the mixing process.

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

由微型条纹分析技术在微流控设备混合不均匀

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren ...

A Microfluidic Platform for Precision Small-volume Sample Processing and Its Use to Size Separate Biological Particles with an Acoustic Microdevice

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. However, to achieve robust sample manipulation it is necessary to address device integration with the macroscale environment. To realize repeatable, sensitive particle separation with microfluidic devices, this protocol presents a complete automated and integrated microfluidic platform that enables precise processing of 0.15&#8211;1.5 ml samples using microfluidic devices. Important aspects of this system include modular device layout and robust fixtures resulting in reliable and flexible world to chip connections, and fully-automated fluid handling which accomplishes closed-loop sample collection, system cleaning and priming steps to ensure repeatable operation. Different microfluidic devices can be used interchangeably with this architecture. Here we incorporate an acoustofluidic device, detail its characterization, performance optimization, and demonstrate its use for size-separation of biological samples. By using real-time feedback during separation experiments, sample collection is optimized to conserve and concentrate sample. Although requiring the integration of multiple pieces of equipment, advantages of this architecture include the ability to process unknown samples with no additional system optimization, ease of device replacement, and precise, robust sample processing.

This protocol describes a system architecture for performing automated small volume (0.15&#8211;1.5 ml) particle separations using a microfluidic device, and discusses methods to optimize acoustofluidic device performance and operation.

微流体平台精密小批量来样加工及它的使用尺寸分离生物颗粒的声微型

A major advantage of microfluidic devices is the ability to manipulate small sample volumes, thus reducing reagent waste and preserving precious sample. ...

Microfluidic Buffer Exchange for Interference-free Micro/Nanoparticle Cell Engineering

Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming an increasingly popular method to enhance native therapeutic properties, enable bio imaging and control cell phenotype. A critical yet inadequately addressed issue is the significant number of particles that remain unbound after cell labeling which cannot be readily removed by conventional centrifugation. This leads to an increase in bio imaging background noise and can impart transformative effects onto neighboring non-target cells. In this protocol, we present an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy termed as Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF) to efficiently separate labeled cells from free NPs in a high throughput manner. The developed spiral microdevice facilitates continuous collection (&#62;90% cell recovery) of purified cells (THP-1 and MSCs) suspended in new buffer solution, while achieving &#62;95% depletion of unbound fluorescent dye or dye-loaded NPs (silica or PLGA). This single-step, size-based cell purification strategy enables high cell processing throughput (106 cells/min) and is highly useful for large-volume cell purification of micro/nanoparticle engineered cells to achieve interference-free clinical application.

This protocol describes the use of an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy to purify micro/nanoparticle engineered cells with efficient depletion of unbound particles.

微流控缓冲液更换为无干扰微/纳米颗粒细胞工程

Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming an increasingly popular method to enhance native therapeutic ...

Window on a Microworld: Simple Microfluidic Systems for Studying Microbial Transport in Porous Media

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in the environment, as well as directly for the transmission of pathogens to drinking water supplies. Natural porous media is composed of an intricate physical topology, varied surface chemistries, dynamic gradients of nutrients and electron acceptors, and a patchy distribution of microbes. These features vary substantially over a length scale of microns, making the results of macro-scale investigations of microbial transport difficult to interpret, and the validation of mechanistic models challenging. Here we demonstrate how simple microfluidic devices can be used to visualize microbial interactions with micro-structured habitats, to identify key processes influencing the observed phenomena, and to systematically validate predictive models. Simple, easy-to-use flow cells were constructed out of the transparent, biocompatible and oxygen-permeable material poly(dimethyl siloxane). Standard methods of photolithography were used to make micro-structured masters, and replica molding was used to cast micro-structured flow cells from the masters. The physical design of the flow cell chamber is adaptable to the experimental requirements: microchannels can vary from simple linear connections to complex topologies with feature sizes as small as 2 &mu;m. Our modular EcoChip flow cell array features dozens of identical chambers and flow control by a gravity-driven flow module. We demonstrate that through use of EcoChip devices, physical structures and pressure heads can be held constant or varied systematically while the influence of surface chemistry, fluid properties, or the characteristics of the microbial population is investigated. Through transport experiments using a non-pathogenic, green fluorescent protein-expressing Vibrio bacterial strain, we illustrate the importance of habitat structure, flow conditions, and inoculums size on fundamental transport phenomena, and with real-time particle-scale observations, demonstrate that microfluidics offer a compelling view of a hidden world.

Microfluidic devices can be used to visualize complex natural processes in real time and at the appropriate physical scales. We have developed a simple microfluidic device that mimics key features of natural porous media for studying growth and transport of bacteria in the subsurface.

窗口上的一个微观世界：简单的微流体系统为研究多孔介质中的微生物运输

Microbial growth and transport in porous media have important implications for the quality of groundwater and surface water, the recycling of nutrients in ...