支持这项研究是由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）的美国（RO1 AI68002）。

1。重组SARS - CoV的RBD的蛋白制备<ol><li>准备磷酸钙转染试剂<ol><li> 2X哈佛商学院的缓冲液配制：16克氯化钠，0.4克的Na 2 HPO 4 7H 2 O，13.0克HEPES混合在一起。调整pH值至7.00，并带来总量1000毫升蒸馏水中。经过过滤消毒，分装解决方案，并储存在-20 ° C 提示：任何pH值的变化会影响转染结果。因此，最好是来测试几个pH值约7.00（例如，6.99，7.00，7.01），并找到最好使用下面介绍的方法转染。 </li><li> 2.5米氯化钙2准备：在终体积为200毫升添加73.5克的氯化钙2 · 2H 2 O蒸馏水。过滤器的解决方案，并储存在-20 ° C </li></ol></li><li>重组质粒转染和蛋白的纯化<ol><li>分割前汇合24 h转染293T细胞在50-70％。成长中的T - 175厘米2组织在40毫升的DMEM含10％热灭活胎牛血清和1％青霉素/链霉素（P / S）在37 ° 5％的CO 2（HI）的彗星的培养瓶中的细胞。 </li><li>应使所有的转染试剂室温染前。这些试剂包括哈佛商学院的2倍，2.5M 氯化钙 ，DIH 2 O，和rRBD质粒6。 提示：最后的重组质粒构建用于蛋白表达，应该包含一个信号肽，以确保培养上清分泌表达的重组蛋白。可能会增加6倍His标签易于纯化的表达蛋白C -末端。 </li><li>准备之一50毫升（A）和一个15毫升（b）屋宇署猎鹰管，并加试剂如表1所示的管。 A.管B管加入2X哈佛商学院的缓冲区，加2.5M 氯化钙和rRBD质粒，并带来DIH 2 O量的要求 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4"> A.一个T - 175厘米2组织培养瓶（4000μL/烧瓶）：准备rRBD表达 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> 管中 </td><td colspan="2"> 管B </td></tr><tr><td> 2X哈佛商学院</td><td> 2000微升</td><td> 2.5M氯化钙2 </td><td> 200微升</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> rRBD质粒DNA </td><td> 40微克</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> DIH 2 O来 </td><td> 2000微升 </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> B.一个100毫米的培养皿（1000μL/皿）：SARS pseudovirus生产准备</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> 管中 </td><td colspan="2"> 管B </td></tr><tr><td> 2X哈佛商学院</td><td> 500μL， </td><td> 2.5M氯化钙2 </td><td> 50微升</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> SARS - CoV的S质粒DNA </td><td> 5微克</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> HIV - 1质粒（pNL4 3.luc.RE） </td><td> 5微克</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> DIH 2 O来 </td><td> 500μL， </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1转染混合物制备和卷 在表1中列出的卷是一个转单位。如果更多的烧瓶或菜肴用于转染，卷相应的调整。 </li><li>添加到管中滴加方式一管B的DNA钙的解决方案，同时保持常数和温柔的一个旋涡混合。让混合物在室温下坐20-30分钟。磷酸钙转染成功的关键取决于形成的沉淀物的大小和形状。因此，应混合振荡不断，慢慢地满足这一要求，因此，提高转染疗效。 </li><li>在滴加甚至添加到293T细胞（4000微升/瓶）的混合物。培养细胞在37 ° C在5％CO2培养箱中培养。 </li><li>更换新鲜的无血清的OPTI - MEM我降低血清中（50毫升/瓶）8-10 h后转染培养液中。两个多天在相同条件下，继续培养细胞。 </li><li>收集上清含有表示rRBD蛋白72 h后转染。在15分钟6000转离心去除细胞碎片。添加蛋白酶抑制剂的鸡尾酒收集上清和储存在4 ° C过夜。 </li><li>第二天，从培养上清净化rRBD重组蛋白，用镍NTA Superflow以下制造商的指示。 </li><li>使用Amicon超-15浓度管浓缩纯化蛋白质。蛋白浓度后，添加PBS的浓度管和离心机再次删除咪唑洗脱缓冲液。计算蛋白浓度和纯化蛋白质在-80 ° C，直到使用的存储。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。小鼠免疫及样品采集<ol><li>预温西格玛辅助系统（SAS）40-45 ° C，符合制造商的说明。加入1每ml小瓶PBS调匀。 </li><li>根据表2中的协议，准备蛋白佐剂乳化。移液器计算为1.5毫升管rRBD蛋白质。加入同等体积的SAS辅助大力为2-3分钟，以形成乳化液管和涡。 提示：在表2中列出的卷是一个鼠标。调整卷，根据实际使用的鼠标号码。对于每个组，每一种疫苗所需的蛋白质和辅助混合在一起。疫苗接种，以确保准确性，始终准备一个额外的样品。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 集团 </td><td> 第1次疫苗 （200μL/鼠标） </td><td> 第2 次疫苗 （200μL/鼠标） </td><td> 第3 次疫苗 （200μL/鼠标） </td></tr><tr><td> rRBD蛋白</td><td> 20μg蛋白在PBS （100μL）+ 100μL的SAS </td><td> 10μg蛋白在PBS（100μL）+ 100μL的SAS </td><td> 10μg蛋白在PBS（100μL）+ 100μL的SAS </td></tr><tr><td> PBS对照</td><td> 100μL的PBS + 100μL的SAS </td><td> 100μL的PBS + 100μL的SAS </td><td> 100μL的PBS + 100μL的SAS </td></tr></tbody></table> 表2。小鼠免疫协议</li><li>皮下注射免疫总理的雌性BALB / c小鼠（4-6周龄，5只/组），并加强与rRBD和SAS两次如表2所示。 PBS作为对照组。皮下注射的网站通常选择的肩胛骨之间的皮肤松弛。此外，腹部腹面是常用的，因为它更容易注入，并可能会观察到从注射部位的任何泄漏。当使用重复剂量的疫苗，它是很容易来选择不同的注射部位，防止潜在的局部皮肤反应。 </li><li>流血通过眼窝每个接种疫苗的免疫接种后10天前与麻醉剂，并在56 ° C下30分钟热血清灭活补体小鼠。商店小鼠血清于-20 ° C，直到使用。 </li></ol> 3。中和检测，​​使用Pseudovirus中和试验<ol><li>准备非典pseudovirus <ol><li> 293T细胞分裂100毫米的组织培养培养皿（2 × 10 6细胞/皿）转染前16小时，和成长细胞如上。 </li><li>准备转染试剂，如表1所示。联合转染质粒编码SARS冠状病毒S蛋白和环境保护缺陷，质粒编码荧光素酶表达的HIV - 1的基因组（pNL4 3.luc.RE）使用磷酸钙转染试剂。 </li><li>更换新鲜DMEM培养液10毫升含10％胎牛血清和1％的P / S 8-10小时后转染介质。收集上清含有非典pseudovirus 72小时后转。 </li><li>通过0.45μm滤膜过滤pseudovirus。分装和储存在-80 ° C，直到使用。 </li></ol></li><li>非典pseudovirus中和试验<ol><li>分割293T细胞表达在SARS病毒受体ACE2的（ACE2/293T）10 4 cells/100μL/孔，96孔组织培养板16小时前感染。 </li><li>稀释2倍SARS pseudovirus ACE2/293T细胞检测病毒滴度。 </li><li>串行稀释的小鼠血清中的96孔组织培养板，加等体积滴定非典pseudovirus。在37 ° C，1小时Preinc​​ubate板</li><li>孵育后，加入100μL血清pseudovirus混合ACE2/293T细胞，并继续增长，细胞在37 ° 5％的CO 2的彗星。加入新鲜的DMEM培养24 h后。 </li><li>彻底清除板从培养上清感染后72 h。添加1X荧光素酶细胞培养裂解试剂（60μL/孔），并不断摇动板在室温下1-2 h促进细胞裂解。 </li><li>转移细胞裂解液（50μL/孔）进入光度计板（Microfluor 96孔板）。加入荧光素酶检测系统中的荧光素酶底物（50微升/孔），超384光度计检测相对荧光素酶的活性。 </li><li>非典pseudovirus中和效价和目前计算为50％的中和抗体滴度（NT 50）6 。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Pitcovski, J., Gutter, B., Gallili, G., Goldway, M., Perelman, B., Gross, G., Krispel, S., Barbakov, M., Michael, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+large-scale+use+of+recombinant+VP2+vaccine+for+the+prevention+of+infectious+bursal+disease+of+chickens.">Development and large-scale use of recombinant VP2 vaccine for the prevention of infectious bursal disease of chickens.</a> Vaccine. 21, 4736-4743 (2003).</li><li>Tait, A., Hall, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theileria+annulata:+control+measures,+diagnosis+and+the+potential+use+of+subunit+vaccines.">Theileria annulata: control measures, diagnosis and the potential use of subunit vaccines.</a> Rev. Sci. Tech. 9, 387-403 (1990).</li><li>Qi, Z., Zhou, L., Zhang, Q., Ren, L., Dai, R., Wu, B., Wang, T., Zhu, Z., Yang, Y., Cui, B., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Qiu, Y., Guo, Z., Yang, R., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+mouse,+guinea+pig+and+rabbit+models+for+evaluation+of+plague+subunit+vaccine+F1+rV270.">Comparison of mouse, guinea pig and rabbit models for evaluation of plague subunit vaccine F1+rV270.</a> Vaccine. 28, 1655-1660 (2010).</li><li>Rosser, M. P., Xia, W., Hartsell, S., McCaman, M., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Harvey, S., Bringmann, P., Cobb, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+transfection+of+CHO-K1-S+using+serum-free+medium+in+suspension:+a+rapid+mammalian+protein+expression+system.">Transient transfection of CHO-K1-S using serum-free medium in suspension: a rapid mammalian protein expression system.</a> Protein Expr. Purif. 40, 237-243 (2005).</li><li>Du, L., Zhao, G., Li, L., He, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, B. J., Jiang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigenicity+and+immunogenicity+of+SARS-CoV+S+protein+receptor-binding+domain+stably+expressed+in+CHO+cells.">Antigenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV S protein receptor-binding domain stably expressed in CHO cells.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 384, 486-490 (2009).</li><li>Du, L., Zhao, G., Chan, C. C., Sun, S., Chen, M., Liu, Z., Guo, H., He, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, B. J., Jiang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+receptor-binding+domain+of+SARS-CoV+spike+protein+expressed+in+mammalian,+insect+and+E.+coli+cells+elicits+potent+neutralizing+antibody+and+protective+immunity.">Recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein expressed in mammalian, insect and E. coli cells elicits potent neutralizing antibody and protective immunity.</a> Virology. 393, 144-150 (2009).</li><li>Ambrosino, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amino+acids+270+to+510+of+the+severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+coronavirus+spike+protein+are+required+for+interaction+with+receptor.">Amino acids 270 to 510 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein are required for interaction with receptor.</a> J. Virol. 78, 4552-4560 (2004).</li><li>Li, W., Moore, M. J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S. K., Berne, M. A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J. L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T. C., Choe, H., Farzan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin-converting+enzyme+2+is+a+functional+receptor+for+the+SARS+coronavirus.">Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus.</a> Nature. 426, 450-454 (2003).</li><li>He, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, S., Kou, Z., Li, W., Farzan, M., Jiang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor-binding+domain+of+SARS-CoV+spike+protein+induces+highly+potent+neutralizing+antibodies:+implication+for+developing+subunit+vaccine.">Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 324, 773-781 (2004).</li><li>Batard, P., Jordan, M., Wurm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+high+copy+number+plasmid+into+mammalian+cells+by+calcium+phosphate+transfection.">Transfer of high copy number plasmid into mammalian cells by calcium phosphate transfection.</a> Gene. 270, 61-68 (2001).</li><li>Pramfalk, C., Lanner, J., Andersson, M., Danielsson, E., Kaiser, C., Renstrom, I. M., Warolen, M., James, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+receptor+activation+and+down-regulation+by+cationic+lipid+transfection+reagents.">Insulin receptor activation and down-regulation by cationic lipid transfection reagents.</a> BMC. Cell Biol. 5, 7-7 (2004).</li><li>Rosser, M. P., Xia, W., Hartsell, S., McCaman, M., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Harvey, S., Bringmann, P., Cobb, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+transfection+of+CHO-K1-S+using+serum-free+medium+in+suspension:+a+rapid+mammalian+protein+expression+system.">Transient transfection of CHO-K1-S using serum-free medium in suspension: a rapid mammalian protein expression system.</a> Protein Expr. Purif. 40, 237-243 (2005).</li><li>Jiang, M., Chen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Ca2+-phosphate+transfection+efficiency+in+low-density+neuronal+cultures.">High Ca2+-phosphate transfection efficiency in low-density neuronal cultures.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 695-700 (2006).</li><li>Jiang, M., Deng, L., Chen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Ca(2+)-phosphate+transfection+efficiency+enables+single+neuron+gene+analysis.">High Ca(2+)-phosphate transfection efficiency enables single neuron gene analysis.</a> Gene Ther. 11, 1303-1311 (2004).</li><li>Han, D. P., Kim, H. G., Kim, Y. B., Poon, L. L., Cho, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+safe+neutralization+assay+for+SARS-CoV+and+characterization+of+S-glycoprotein.">Development of a safe neutralization assay for SARS-CoV and characterization of S-glycoprotein.</a> Virology. 326, 140-149 (2004).</li><li>Toledo, J. R., Prieto, Y., Oramas, N., Sanchez, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylenimine-based+transfection+method+as+a+simple+and+effective+way+to+produce+recombinant+lentiviral+vectors.">Polyethylenimine-based transfection method as a simple and effective way to produce recombinant lentiviral vectors.</a> Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 157, 538-544 (2009).</li></ol>

细胞密度是一个重要因素，影响磷酸钙为基础的转的疗效。根据我们的经验，低于70％的细胞汇合带来最好的结果。因此，为了提高转染效率，建议保持在约50-70％汇合，细胞密度。磷酸钙转染法一般被认为与其他转染方法，如脂质转染16相比，效率较低。然而，在这个协议中，我们使用一个修改过的磷酸钙转染法，即常数和慢转的解决方案中的一个旋涡混合确保适当的大小和形状形成沉淀，从而提高转染效率。

<table><tbody><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;*7H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S2429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;*2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>12430</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HI FBS</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10438</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OPTI-MEM I Medium</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>31985</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td><td>Roche Group</td><td>11836170001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ni-NTA Superflow</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>30450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sigma adjuvant system</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S6322</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luciferase assay system</td><td>Promega Corp.</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Luciferase cell culture lysis reagent (5X)</td><td>Promega Corp.</td><td>E1531</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amicon Ultra - 15</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>UFC901024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microfluor 96-well plates</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>7905</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra 384 luminometer</td><td>Tecan Group Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

protocol for recombinant rbd-based sars vaccines: protein preparation, animal vaccination and neutralization detection

基于其安全性和诱导抗感染的免疫反应的能力，亚单位疫苗已被用来作为候选人为多种病原体 1-3 。由于哺乳动物细胞系统的能力，从而形成正确折叠和糖基化蛋白质翻译后修饰，在哺乳动物细胞中表达的重组蛋白都表现出了极大的潜力，以保持较高的抗原性和免疫原性4-6。 自2004年以来，虽然没有发现新病例的SARS疫情的是一个恒定的威胁，因此，对SARS冠状病毒疫苗的发展是一个审慎的预防的步骤，并应进行。 RBD的SARS - CoV的S蛋白在受体结合，诱导特异性中和抗体对病毒感染7-9扮演重要的角色。因此，在这个协议中，我们描述发展RBD的亚单位疫苗，对SARS的新方法。简单地说，RBD的重组蛋白（rRBD）在培养的哺乳动物293T细胞培养上清表示，获得正确的构型和高免疫原性6正确折叠的蛋白质。的RBD的重组质粒转染的细胞，然后使用一些修改一个磷酸钙转染法6,10。 11,12与脂质转染法相比，这个修改过的磷酸钙转染法是更便宜，更容易处理，有可能达到疗效高，一旦形成一个合适的大小和形状的转复杂13,14。最后，在协议中引入综合症pseudovirus中和试验，用于检测rRBD蛋白免疫小鼠血清中和活性。此实验是比较安全的，不涉及传染性的SARS冠状病毒，并可以不执行了一个生物安全实验室 15的要求。 这里所描述的协议也可以用来设计和研究I类融合蛋白的重组亚单位疫苗，对其他病毒，例如，艾滋病毒，呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV），埃博拉病毒，流感病毒，以及尼帕和Handra病毒。此外，产生pseudovirus和随后建立pseudovirus中和试验方法可以适用于所有这些病毒。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection at JoVE.com

Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection

这一协议描述为抗击非典研究重组受体结合域（RBD）为基础的亚单位疫苗的一般程序。它包括RBD的蛋白在293T细胞中，免疫与RBD的小鼠，检测小鼠血清中和使用建立非典pseudovirus中和试验活动的转染和表达方法。

协议RBD - SARS疫苗的重组蛋白的制备，动物疫苗接种和中检测

Based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide ...

protocol-for-recombinant-rbd-based-sars-vaccines-protein-preparation

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

42.6K 次观看.  New York Blood Center.  中文 

视频: Protocol for Recombinant RBD-based SARS Vaccines: Protein Preparation, Animal Vaccination and Neutralization Detection

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate abortion and fetal malformation in ruminants1, has been classified as a HHS/USDA overlap select agent and a risk group 3 pathogen. It belongs to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae and is one of the most virulent members of this family. Several reverse genetics systems for the RVFV MP-12 vaccine strain2,3 as well as wild-type RVFV strains 4-6, including ZH548 and ZH501, have been developed since 2006. The MP-12 strain (which is a risk group 2 pathogen and a non-select agent) is highly attenuated by several mutations in its M- and L-segments, but still carries virulent S-segment RNA3, which encodes a functional virulence factor, NSs. The rMP12-C13type (C13type) carrying 69% in-frame deletion of NSs ORF lacks all the known NSs functions, while it replicates as efficient as does MP-12 in VeroE6 cells lacking type-I IFN. NSs induces a shut-off of host transcription including interferon (IFN)-beta mRNA7,8 and promotes degradation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) at the post-translational level.9,10 IFN-beta is transcriptionally upregulated by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), NF-kB and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and the binding of IFN-beta to IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) stimulates the transcription of IFN-alpha genes or other interferon stimulated genes (ISGs)11, which induces host antiviral activities, whereas host transcription suppression including IFN-beta gene by NSs prevents the gene upregulations of those ISGs in response to viral replication although IRF-3, NF-kB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) can be activated by RVFV7. . Thus, NSs is an excellent target to further attenuate MP-12, and to enhance host innate immune responses by abolishing the IFN-beta suppression function. Here, we describe a protocol for generating a recombinant MP-12 encoding mutated NSs, and provide an example of a screening method to identify NSs mutants lacking the function to suppress IFN-beta mRNA synthesis. In addition to its essential role in innate immunity, type-I IFN is important for the maturation of dendritic cells and the induction of an adaptive immune response12-14. Thus, NSs mutants inducing type-I IFN are further attenuated, but at the same time are more efficient at stimulating host immune responses than wild-type MP-12, which makes them ideal candidates for vaccination approaches.

The reverse genetics system for the Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine strain is a useful tool for creating additional MP-12 mutants with increased attenuation and immunogenicity. We describe the protocol to generate and characterize NSs mutant strains.

利用反向遗传学操作的裂谷热病毒MP - 12菌株，以提高疫苗的安全性和有效性的NSS基因

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate abortion and fetal ...

科研

免疫与感染

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

Self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) function as repetitive antigen displays and can be used to develop a wide range of vaccines for different infectious diseases. In this article we demonstrate a method to produce a SAPN core containing a six-helix bundle (SHB) assembly that is capable of presenting antigens in a trimeric conformation. We describe the expression of the SHB-SAPN in an E. coli system, as well as the necessary protein purification steps. We included an isopropanol wash step to reduce the residual bacterial lipopolysaccharide. As an indication of the protein identity and purity, the protein reacted with known monoclonal antibodies in Western blot analyses. After refolding, the size of the particles fell in the expected range (20 to 100 nm), which was confirmed by dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The methodology described here is optimized for the SHB-SAPN, however, with only slight modifications it can be applied to other SAPN constructs. This method is also easily transferable to large scale production for GMP manufacturing for human vaccines.

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation

A detailed method is provided here describing the purification, refolding, and characterization of self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) for use in vaccine development.

大肠杆菌-表达自组装蛋白纳米颗粒的生产，用于需要三聚体异体的疫苗

Self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SAPNs) function as repetitive antigen displays and can be used to develop a wide range of vaccines for different ...

生物工程

In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy for the Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of the laboratory animal testing. The development of in vitro approaches is recommended at the WHO and European levels as alternatives to the NIH test for evaluating the rabies vaccine potency. At the surface of the rabies virus (RABV) particle, trimers of glycoprotein constitute the major immunogen to induce Viral Neutralizing Antibodies (VNAbs). An ELISA test, where Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb-D1) recognize the trimeric form of the glycoprotein, has been developed to determine the contents of the native folded trimeric glycoprotein along with the production of the vaccine batches. This in vitro potency test demonstrated a good concordance with the NIH test and has been found suitable in collaborative trials by RABV vaccine manufacturers and OMCLs. Avoidance of animal use is an achievable objective in the near future.
The method presented is based on an indirect ELISA sandwich immunocapture using the mAb-D1 which recognizes the antigenic sites III (aa 330 to 338) of the trimeric RABV glycoprotein, i.e., the immunogenic RABV antigen. mAb-D1 is used for both coating and detection of glycoprotein trimers present in the vaccine batch. Since the epitope is recognized because of its conformational properties, the potentially denatured glycoprotein (less immunogenic) cannot be captured and detected by the mAb-D1. The vaccine to be tested is incubated in a plate sensitized with the mAb-D1. Bound trimeric RABV glycoproteins are identified by adding the mAb-D1 again, labeled with peroxidase and then revealed in the presence of substrate and chromogen. Comparison of the absorbance measured for the tested vaccine and the reference vaccine allows for the determination of the immunogenic glycoprotein content.

Here we describe an indirect ELISA sandwich immunocapture to determine the immunogenic glycoprotein contents in rabies vaccines. This test uses a neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody (mAb-D1) recognizing glycoprotein trimers. It is an alternative to the in vivo NIH test to follow the consistency of vaccine potency during production.

体外ELISA测试评估狂犬病疫苗效力

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy ...

A "Plug-And-Display" Nanoparticle Vaccine Platform Based on Outer Membrane Vesicles Displaying SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain

Biomimetic nanoparticles obtained from bacteria or viruses have attracted substantial interest in vaccine research and development. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are mainly secreted by gram-negative bacteria during average growth, with a nano-sized diameter and self-adjuvant activity, which may be ideal for vaccine delivery. OMVs have functioned as a multifaceted delivery system for proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. To take full advantage of the biological characteristics of OMVs, bioengineered Escherichia coli-derived&#160;OMVs were utilized as a carrier and SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) as an antigen to construct a &#34;Plug-and-Display&#34; vaccine platform. The SpyCatcher (SC) and SpyTag (ST) domains in Streptococcus pyogenes were applied to conjugate OMVs and RBD. The Cytolysin A (ClyA) gene was translated with the SC gene as a fusion protein after plasmid transfection, leaving a reactive site on the surface of the OMVs. After mixing RBD-ST in a conventional buffer system overnight, covalent binding was formed between the OMVs and RBD. Thus, a multivalent-displaying OMV vaccine was achieved. By replacing with diverse antigens, the OMVs vaccine platform can efficiently display a variety of heterogeneous antigens, thereby potentially rapidly preventing infectious disease epidemics. This protocol describes a precise method for constructing the OMV vaccine platform, including production, purification, bioconjugation, and characterization.

The present protocol describes the bioengineering of outer membrane vesicles to be a "Plug-and-Display" vaccine platform, including production, purification, bioconjugation, and characterization.

基于外膜囊泡显示SARS-CoV-2受体结合域的"即插即用"纳米颗粒疫苗平台

Biomimetic nanoparticles obtained from bacteria or viruses have attracted substantial interest in vaccine research and development. Outer membrane ...

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

As the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, it has become evident that the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the virus may provide protection against future infection. Thus, as the creation and translation of effective COVID-19 vaccines continues at an unprecedented speed, the development of fast and effective methods to measure neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will become increasingly important to determine long-term protection against infection for both previously infected and immunized individuals. This paper describes a high-throughput protocol using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to measure the presence of neutralizing antibodies in convalescent serum from patients who have recently recovered from COVID-19. The use of a replicating pseudotyped virus eliminates the necessity for a containment level 3 facility required for SARS-CoV-2 handling, making this protocol accessible to virtually any containment level 2 lab. The use of a 96-well format allows for many samples to be run at the same time with a short turnaround time of 24 h.

The protocol described here outlines a fast and effective method for measuring neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by evaluating the ability of convalescent serum samples to inhibit infection by an enhanced green fluorescent protein-labeled vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with spike glycoprotein.

使用假病毒感染的高通量荧光成像检测SARS-CoV-2中和抗体

As the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, it has become evident that the ...

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Antibody using a HiBiT-Based Bioreporter

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for better serological detection methods to determine the epidemiologic impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections raises the need for better antibody detection assays. Current antibody detection methods compromise sensitivity for speed or are sensitive but time-consuming. A large proportion of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies target the receptor-binding domain (RBD), one of the primary immunogenic compartments of SARS-CoV-2. We have recently designed and developed a highly sensitive, bioluminescent-tagged RBD (NanoLuc HiBiT-RBD) to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The following text describes the procedure to produce the HiBiT-RBD complex and a fast assay to evaluate the presence of RBD-targeting antibodies using this tool. Due to the durability of the HiBiT-RBD protein product over a wide range of temperatures and the shorter experimental procedure that can be completed within 1 h, the protocol can be considered as a more efficient alternative to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patient serum samples.

The outlined protocol describes the procedure for producing the HiBiT-receptor-binding domain protein complex and its application for fast and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

使用基于HiBiT的生物报告器检测SARS-CoV-2受体结合域抗体

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for better serological detection methods to determine the epidemiologic impact of severe ...

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

Respiratory syncytial virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (RSV NAbs) are an important marker of protection against RSV. A number of different assay formats are currently in use worldwide so there is a need for an accurate and high-throughput method for measuring RSV NAbs. We describe here an imaging-based micro-neutralization assay that has been tested on RSV subgroup A and can also be adapted for RSV subgroup B and different sample types. This method is highly reproducible, with inter-assay variations for the reference antiserum being less than 10%. We believe this assay can be readily established in many laboratories worldwide at relatively low cost. Development of an improved, high-throughput assay that measures RSV NAbs represents a significant step forward for the standardization of this method internationally as well as being critical for the evaluation of novel RSV vaccine candidates in the future.

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus RSV Micro-neutralization Assay

This study describes a high throughput, imaging-based micro-neutralization assay to determine the titer of neutralizing antibodies specific for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This assay format has been tested on different sample types.

一种改进的高通量呼吸道合胞病毒 (rsv) 微中和检测方法

Respiratory syncytial virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (RSV NAbs) are an important marker of protection against RSV. A number of different assay ...

医学

评估假型病毒对 SARS-CoV-2 的血清中和

Pseudotyped Viruses As a Molecular Tool to Monitor Humoral Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Via Neutralization Assay

Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) are molecular tools that can be used to study host-virus interactions and to test the neutralizing ability of serum samples, in addition to their better-known use in gene therapy for the delivery of a gene of interest. PVs are replication defective because the viral genome is divided into different plasmids that are not incorporated into the PVs. This safe and versatile system allows the use of PVs in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Here, we present a general methodology to produce lentiviral PVs based on three plasmids as mentioned here: (1) the backbone plasmid carrying the reporter gene needed to monitor the infection; (2) the packaging plasmid carrying the genes for all the structural proteins needed to generate the PVs; (3) the envelope surface glycoprotein expression plasmid that determines virus tropism and mediates viral entry into the host cell. In this work, SARS-CoV-2 Spike is the envelope glycoprotein used for the production of non-replicative SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped lentiviruses.
Briefly, packaging cells (HEK293T) were co-transfected with the three different plasmids using standard methods. After 48 h, the supernatant containing the PVs was harvested, filtered, and stored at -80 &#176;C. The infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 PVs was tested by studying the expression of the reporter gene (luciferase) in a target cell line 48 h after infection. The higher the value for relative luminescence units (RLUs), the higher the infection/transduction rate. Furthermore, the infectious PVs were added to the serially diluted serum samples to study the neutralization process of pseudoviruses' entry into target cells, measured as the reduction in RLU intensity: lower values corresponding to high neutralizing activity.

作者聚焦：研究宿主-病毒与假型病毒的相互作用 

Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) are replication-defective virions that are used to study host-virus interactions under safer conditions than handling authentic viruses. Presented here is a detailed protocol that shows how SARS-CoV-2 PVs can be used to test the neutralizing ability of patients' serum after COVID-19 vaccination.

假型病毒作为通过中和测定监测针对 SARS-CoV-2 的体液免疫反应的分子工具

Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) are molecular tools that can be used to study host-virus interactions and to test the neutralizing ability of serum samples, in ...

协议RBD - SARS疫苗的重组蛋白的制备，动物疫苗接种和中检测

副本

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

利用反向遗传学操作的裂谷热病毒MP - 12菌株，以提高疫苗的安全性和有效性的NSS基因

大肠杆菌-表达自组装蛋白纳米颗粒的生产，用于需要三聚体异体的疫苗

体外ELISA测试评估狂犬病疫苗效力

基于外膜囊泡显示SARS-CoV-2受体结合域的"即插即用"纳米颗粒疫苗平台

使用假病毒感染的高通量荧光成像检测SARS-CoV-2中和抗体

使用基于HiBiT的生物报告器检测SARS-CoV-2受体结合域抗体

一种改进的高通量呼吸道合胞病毒 (rsv) 微中和检测方法

假型病毒作为通过中和测定监测针对 SARS-CoV-2 的体液免疫反应的分子工具

假型病毒作为通过中和测定监测针对 SARS-CoV-2 的体液免疫反应的分子工具

假型病毒作为通过中和测定监测针对 SARS-CoV-2 的体液免疫反应的分子工具