a capillary electrophoresis immunoassay for protein biomarker detection

A Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay for Protein Biomarker Detection

After collecting 100 microliters of human platelet lysates from ALS patients and healthy subjects, fill out in-house generated templates for the capillary layout and sample preparation. The sample mixture preparation table is dynamic and will automatically calculate how much volume should be removed from the source. Place all the assay reagents on ice, except the standard pack which should remain at room temperature.
To prepare the fluorescent master mix, add 40 microliters of deionized water to a clear tube of DTT, and add 20 microliters of 10X sample buffer, and 20 microliters of the prepared 400-millimolar DTT solution to the pink tube from the assay kit.
To prepare the biotinylated ladder, add 16 microliters of deionized water, 2 microliters of 10X sample buffer, and 2 microliters of the prepared 400-millimolar DTT solution to the white tube provided in the kit. After gentle mixing, transfer the ladder solution into a 200-microliter PCR tube before denaturing.
Add 1.5 microliters of 10X sample buffer and 148.5 microliters of deionized water to a 600-microliter microcentrifuge tube. and vortex to mix, before placing the tube on ice. Add the antibodies of interest directly to the diluent, as indicated in the table, and flush the pipette tip multiple times to obtain a homogeneous antibody solution.
To prepare the capillary sample mix, open all of the PCR tubes, and add 1.6 microliter aliquots of fluorescent 5X sample buffer to each tube, as indicated in the table, using a reverse pipetting technique, immediately closing each tube as the buffer is added. When all of the buffer has been added, open all of the tubes, and add a 0.1x sample buffer in volumes as indicated in the table, immediately closing each tube as the buffer is added.
Next, open all of the tubes, and add the protein samples as indicated in the table, and immediately close each tube cap. When all of the samples have been added, briefly centrifuge all of the tubes in a benchtop centrifuge. Vortex to mix, and centrifuge the samples again.
At the end of the second centrifugation, place all of the tubes into a thermocycler with a heated lid, and denature the samples under the indicated conditions. At the end of the denaturation, centrifuge, mix, and centrifuge the samples again, and place all the tubes in a tube rack on ice.
Using the figure as a guide, add 10 microliters of streptavidin horseradish peroxidase to well D1, 10 microliters of the appropriate secondary antibody to wells D2 through D5, 10 microliters of antibody diluent to each well in row B and to well C1, 10 microliters of the appropriate primary antibody to wells C2 through C25, 5 microliters of biotinylated ladder from PCR tube number 1 to well A1, 3 microliters of sample to rows A2 through A25, and 15 microliters of freshly prepared luminol peroxide to each well of row E.
Pipetting the sample mix and the reagents into the tiny well in the correct orders is critical to the success of experiment, so it should be done very carefully.
Then add 500 microliters of wash buffer to each designated wash buffer well, and spin down the plate contents by centrifugation.

a-capillary-electrophoresis-immunoassay-for-protein-biomarker

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Antibody-Based Technologies

Characterization and Functional Analysis

EoE Sub Articles

eoe sub articles

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Preparation of buffers and reagents
NOTE: Prepare all samples as per the manufacturer&#39;s guidelines. During this procedure, wear personal protection equipment (lab coats, gloves, and goggles).
<ol>
	<li>Prepare citrate wash buffer by combining 0.941 g of sucrose (11 mM final concentration), 6.4 mL of 5 M sodium chloride (NaCl, 128 mM final), 5.4 mL of 0.2 M monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4, 4.3 mM final), 9.4 mL of 0.2 M disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4, 7.5 mM final), 0.352 g of sodium citrate (4.8 mM final), and 0.115 g of citric acid (2.4 mM final). Adjust the total volume to 250 mL with ddH2O. Filter through a 0.45 &#181;m filter disk and adjust the pH to 6.5. Store up to 1 year at 4 &#730;C. Bring the solution to room temperature (RT) before use.</li>
	<li>Prepare the rupture buffer by combining 250 mM sucrose, 1 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 10 mM Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-Cl, pH 7.4) in a 100 mL final volume. Store up to 1 year at 4 &#730;C. Add 2 &#181;L of phosphatase inhibitors cocktail (1:1000 final) and 1 &#181;L of protease inhibitors cocktail (1:2000 final) into 2 mL of rupture buffer. Keep on ice until use. Discard the unused rupture buffer.</li>
</ol>
2. Platelet isolation
<ol>
	<li>Collect 8&#8211;10 mL of human blood in a yellow-cap blood collection tube containing acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution (75 mM trisodium citrate, 124 mM dextrose, and 38 mM citric acid, pH = 7.4; ACD: blood = 1:9). Gently mix the tube content 5x&#8211;6x inverting by hand.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the tubes at 200&#160;x g&#160;in a swinging bucket rotor for 20 min at RT.</li>
	<li>Collect platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (~3&#8211;4 mL) into a 15 mL conical bottom tube and leave approximately 0.5 mL of the PRP from the buffy coat (hazy-looking fraction) to avoid contamination. If any red blood cell contamination occurs, repeat this step.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the PRP samples at 1,200&#160;x g&#160;for 15 min at RT.</li>
	<li>Wash the platelet pellets (P1) by gentle resuspension in 1 mL of citrate wash buffer and pellet by centrifugation at 1,200&#160;x g&#160;for 15 min at RT.</li>
	<li>Save the pure platelet pellet. Discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the platelet pellets in 600 &#956;L of the rupture buffer containing inhibitor cocktails.</li>
	<li>Sonicate the platelet suspension using a sonicator. Place the sample in a mini ice bucket. Set the sonicator at setting 3 for 20 s in continuous mode. 
	NOTE: Clean the probe with 10% bleach followed by distilled water.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the sonicated samples at 20,000&#160;x g&#160;for 30 min at 4 &#176;C to remove membranous fractions. Aliquot supernatants in 60 &#956;L and store at -80 &#730;C. Avoid repeated thawing/freezing cycles for the platelet cytosolic fractions.</li>
</ol>
3. Preparation for capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEI)
NOTE: 100 &#181;L of human platelet lysate was combined from ALS patients (n = 8&#8211;10), and healthy subjects (n = 8&#8211;10) were separately pooled and used for the assay optimization.
<ol>
	<li>Fill out in-house generated templates for the CEI layout (Table 1) and sample preparation (Table 2). The sample mixture preparation table is dynamic and will automatically calculate how much volume needs to be removed from the source. 
	NOTE: When the required source volume is entered in dynamic Table 2, 0.1 X sample buffer volume will be automatically calculated.</li>
	<li>Pre-label 25 0.2 mL PCR tubes with capillaries #1&#8211;#25 and place them in a PCR rack. Set on ice.</li>
	<li>Pre-label 0.6 mL microcentrifuge tubes: one for each primary antibody and dilution (if needed) to be used, one for the 0.1x sample buffer, one for the luminol-S/peroxide, and one for each sample to be diluted (if required). Place them on ice in a tube rack.</li>
	<li>Take out the sample buffer, wash buffer, one plate, and a cartridge provided in the CEI separation 12&#8211;230 kDa master kit separation module.</li>
	<li>From the 4 &#176;C refrigerator, take out the antibody dilution buffer, primary antibodies, secondary antibodies, luminol, hydrogen peroxide, and standard pack. Place all reagents on ice except the standard pack, which remains at RT. 
	NOTE: The reagents from the standard packs are lyophilized and sealed with a foil cover. To reduce product loss, these should be spun down briefly using a mini centrifuge before opening. To open, the reagent tubes can be pierced by a pipette tip or pulled back from the corner.</li>
	<li>To prepare the 400 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), add 40 &#181;L of deionized water to the clear tube containing the DTT.</li>
	<li>To prepare 40 &#181;L of fluorescent 5x master mix, add 20 &#181;L of the 10x sample buffer and 20 &#181;L of the prepared 400 mM DTT solution to the pink tube provided in the kit.</li>
	<li>To prepare the biotinylated ladder, add 16 &#181;L of deionized water, 2 &#181;L of 10x sample buffer, and 2 &#181;L of the prepared 400 mM DTT solution to the white tube provided in the kit. Mix gently and transfer into a 0.2 mL polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tube for denaturing.</li>
	<li>Prepare 0.1x sample buffer by adding 1.5 &#181;L of 10x sample buffer and 148.5 &#181;L of deionized water to a 0.6 mL micro-centrifuge tube. Vortex to mix and place on ice.</li>
	<li>Prepare the desired antibody dilutions. Add antibody diluent in volumes designated to each pre-labeled micro-centrifuge tube. If volumes are identical, use the reverse pipetting technique; if not, pre-rinse the pipette tip before dispensing. 
	NOTE: A-TDP-43 pan antibody and a-p(S409/410-2) TDP-43 antibody were used in this assay. Anti-ERK antibody was used for internal control to ensure assay components were working.</li>
	<li>Perform the reverse pipetting for antibody dilution as described below. Alternatively, additional information can be found in the literature. 
	NOTE: Reverse pipetting is preferred when dispensing small sequential volumes of solutions. This technique offers some advantages: (i) providing a precise volume, (ii) eliminating the reagent foaming in the tip orifice, and (iii) ideal for small volume (&#60;5 &#181;L) reagents, viscous solutions, surfactant solutions, and solutions with high vapor pressure.
	<ol>
		<li>Put a proper tip in a pipette and press the plunger down to the second stop (Step 2). Immerse the pipet tip a few millimeters into the solution. Slowly release the plunger to fill the pipet tip with the solution while the tip is still immersed. Remove the tip from the solution and gently touch against the edge of the reagent reservoir so that excess liquid remaining on the outside of the tip is removed.</li>
		<li>Dispense the solution by pressing the plunger to the first stop (Step 1). Do not dispense the remaining solution in the tip.</li>
		<li>Empty the remaining solution in the tip to the reagent reservoir by pressing the plunger to the second stop (Step 2). Release the plunger to the ready position for the next pipetting step.</li>
		<li>Add the required antibody in volumes designated to each pre-labeled microcentrifuge tube (Table 1). Do not pre-rinse the pipet tip: add it directly to the diluent and flush the tip multiple times to remove the antibody. Place the tubes on ice.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>To prepare the CEI sample mix, perform the steps listed below for PCR tubes labeled cap#2 through cap#25: This is in the same order as in&#160;Table 1.
	<ol>
		<li>Open all tubes, add 1.6 &#181;L aliquots of fluorescent 5x sample buffer to each tube using a reverse pipetting technique, then close each PCR tube upon the addition of the 5x buffer to minimize sample loss.</li>
		<li>Open all tubes, add 0.1x sample buffer in volumes designated in&#160;Table 2&#160;to each tube, and then close immediately afterward. If volumes are identical, use a reverse pipetting technique. If not, pre-rinse the pipet tip before dispensing 0.1x sample buffer.</li>
		<li>Open all tubes, add protein sample in volumes designated in&#160;Table 2&#160;to each tube, then close immediately afterward. If volumes are identical, use the reverse pipetting technique. If not, pre-rinse the pipet tip before dispensing 0.1x sample buffer.</li>
		<li>Briefly centrifuge all PCR tubes in a benchtop centrifuge (13,000&#160;x g&#160;for 30 s), flick/vortex PCR tubes to mix, then repeat the centrifugation.</li>
		<li>Transfer all PCR tubes into a thermocycler with a heated lid. Denature samples at defined temperature and duration (i.e., 95 &#730;C for 5 min; 70 &#730;C for 10 min).&#160;&#160; 
		NOTE: The denaturation temperature and duration must be optimized for the target protein.</li>
		<li>Repeat step 3.12.4.</li>
		<li>Return all PCR tubes to the tube rack and place them on ice.</li>
		<li>During the denaturing step, prepare the development solution (1:1 luminol-S: peroxide solution), then add 200 &#181;L of luminol-S and 200 &#181;L of peroxide. Place on ice.</li>
		<li>To load a CEI pre-filled plate with the sample prepared above, dispense reagents and samples into the assay plate shown in the assay layout (Figure 1). Avoid introducing air bubbles.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 
		NOTE: If volumes and solution are identical, use a reverse pipetting technique. If not, pre-rinse the pipet tip before dispensing, and do not expel the remainder into the plate well using the second tab stop on the pipette. A 12&#8211;230 kDa separation module may contain a color-coded plate-loading guide. Place this guide under the plate while adding reagents and samples to the well, which visually helps when sample loading. The plate-loading guide can be downloaded from the company website, as well.
		<ol>
			<li>add 15 &#181;L of luminol: peroxide mix to each well in row E.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 
			NOTE: Ideally, prepare this reagent just before use and add it to each well. If this is inconvenient, this mixture may be prepared no more than 30 minutes before plate loading.</li>
			<li>In row D, to well D1, add 10 &#181;L of streptavidin-HRP.</li>
			<li>In row D, to wells D2&#8211;D25, add 10 &#181;L of designated secondary antibody.</li>
			<li>In row B, add 10 &#181;L of antibody diluent to each well.</li>
			<li>In row C, to well C1, add 10 &#181;L of antibody diluent.</li>
			<li>In row C, to wells C2&#8211;C25, add 10 &#181;L of designated primary antibody.</li>
			<li>In row A, to well A1, add 5 &#181;L of biotinylated ladder from PCR tube #1.</li>
			<li>In row A, to wells A2&#8211;A25, add 3 &#181;L of the sample, PCR tubes #2&#8211;#25 into corresponding wells #2&#8211;#25.</li>
			<li>Add 500 &#181;L of wash buffer to each designated wash buffer well.</li>
			<li>Centrifuge the plate for 5 min at 1,000&#160;x g&#160;at RT.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
Table 1: CEI assay plate loading template.&#160;
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/22134/22134table1a.jpg" />
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/22134/22134table1b.jpg" />
Table 2: Interactive sample mixture preparation template. After entering the stock protein concentration from unknown samples, interactive cells will automatically calculate how much volume must be used to prepare the sample mix.&#160;
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/22134/22134table2.jpg" />

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>12-230 kDa Separation kit</td>
			<td>ProteinSimple</td>
			<td>SM-W004</td>
			<td>Contains pre-filled assay plate and 25-channel capillary cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3000G Thermocycler</td>
			<td>Techne</td>
			<td>FTC3G/02</td>
			<td>We used this thermocylcer for heating the sample mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse detection kit</td>
			<td>ProteinSimple</td>
			<td>042-205</td>
			<td>Includes HRP-conjugated secondary antibody, buffer, luminol reagent, molecular weight marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-P(S409-410) TDP-43 antibody</td>
			<td>ProteinTech</td>
			<td>22309-1-AP</td>
			<td>Primary antibody that recognizes phosphorylated TDP-43</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-P(S409-412) TDP-43 antibody</td>
			<td>CosmoBio-USA</td>
			<td>TIP-PTD-P02</td>
			<td>Primary antibody that recognizes phosphorylated TDP-43</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Rabbit detection kit</td>
			<td>ProteinSimple</td>
			<td>DM-001</td>
			<td>Includes HRP-conjugated secondary antibody, buffer, luminol reagent, molecular weight marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TDP-43 (pan) antibody</td>
			<td>ProteinTech</td>
			<td>10782-2-AP</td>
			<td>Primary antibody that recognizes whole TDP-43 protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonic Dismembrator; Model100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sonicator. Used to rupture the cell membrane. This model is discontinued (Model XL2000-350)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table top centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22625004</td>
			<td>Model# 5810 with swinging plate bucket</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wes&#160;analyzer</td>
			<td>ProteinSimple</td>
			<td>55892-WS-2203</td>
			<td>Performs the capillary gel electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compass for SimpleWestern (SW)&#160;</td>
			<td>ProteinSimple&#160;</td>
			<td>Ver.4.0.0.</td>
			<td>Compass for SW is the control and data analysis application for SimpleWestern instruments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

Source: Sage, J. M., et al. <a href="https://app-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/v/60638">Use of Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay to Search for Potential Biomarkers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Human Platelets.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160;(2020)
This video demonstrates a capillary electrophoresis immunoassay protocol for detecting a protein biomarker associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) from human blood platelets. Confirmation of the presence of the ALS biomarker protein is achieved through size-based separation of the platelet proteins followed by chemiluminescent detection.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22134/22134_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Assay layout.&#160;Both primary antibody and target protein sample optimization can be performed in one assay. Capillaries 2&#8211;7, 8&#8211;13, 14&#8211;19, and 20&#8211;24 represent various protein concentrations and primary antibody ranges. Capillary 25 represents positive control. Anti-ERK antibody was used; however, any appropriate positive control can be included.&#160;

All procedures involving sample collection have been performed in accordance with the institute&#39;s IRB guidelines.
1. Preparation of buffers and ...

To detect a disease-associated protein biomarker, take an immunoassay plate.
The plate contains pre-filled separation and stacking matrices required for size-based protein separation.
Load the proteins and immunoassay reagents into distinct plate wells.
Initiate the run inside a CEI analyzer. The capillary cartridge in the analyzer aspirates the matrices to form a gel within each capillary.
The capillary then aspirates the proteins. During electrophoresis, the proteins migrate and separate based on their molecular weights.
The analyzer introduces UV light, immobilizing the proteins in the capillary.
The wash buffer removes the matrices and unbound proteins. The blocking buffer then flows in, blocking non-specific interaction sites.
The analyzer introduces primary antibodies that bind to the biomarker, followed by peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies interacting with the primary antibodies.
Wash and then add the chemiluminescence substrate. Peroxidase oxidizes the substrate, emitting luminescence.
Measure the luminescence intensity and compare it against the protein standard for biomarker detection.

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视频: 用于蛋白质生物标志物检测的毛细管电泳免疫测定 - 实验

Detection of Cell-Free DNA in Blood Plasma Samples of Cancer Patients

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis as well as for the treatment selection and its response in cancer patients. The current gold standard method for detecting tumor mutations involves a genetic test of tumor DNA by means of tumor biopsies. However, this invasive method is difficult to be performed repeatedly as a follow-up test of the tumor mutational repertoire. Liquid biopsy is a new and emerging technique for detecting tumor mutations as an easy-to-use and non-invasive biopsy approach.
Cancer cells multiply rapidly. In parallel, numerous cancer cells undergo apoptosis. Debris from these cells are released into a patient&#8217;s circulatory system, together with finely fragmented DNA pieces, called cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, which carry tumor DNA mutations. Therefore, for identifying cfDNA based biomarkers using liquid biopsy technique, blood samples are collected from the cancer patients, followed by the separation of plasma and buffy coat. Next, plasma is processed for the isolation of cfDNA, and the respective buffy coat is processed for the isolation of a patient&#39;s genomic DNA. Both nucleic acid samples are then checked for their quantity and quality; and analyzed for mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
In this manuscript, we present a detailed protocol for liquid biopsy, including blood collection, plasma, and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

In this paper we present a detailed protocol for non-invasive liquid biopsy technique, including blood collection, plasma and buffy coat separation, cfDNA and germline DNA extraction, quantification of cfDNA or germline DNA, and cfDNA fragment enrichment analysis.

癌症患者血浆样本中无细胞DNA检测

Identifying mutations in tumors of cancer patients is a very important step in disease management. These mutations serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis ...

科研

JoVE Journal

癌症研究

Real-Time Fluorescent Measurement of Synaptic Functions in Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) is dysfunction of communication between neurons and motor neurons and muscle. The underlying process of synaptic transmission involves membrane depolarization-dependent synaptic vesicle fusion and the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. This process occurs through localized calcium influx into the presynaptic terminals where synaptic vesicles reside. Here, the protocol describes fluorescence-based live-imaging methodologies that reliably report depolarization-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis and presynaptic terminal calcium influx dynamics in cultured neurons.
Using a styryl dye that is incorporated into synaptic vesicle membranes, the synaptic vesicle release is elucidated. On the other hand, to study calcium entry, Gcamp6m is used, a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter. We employ high potassium chloride-mediated depolarization to mimic neuronal activity. To quantify synaptic vesicle exocytosis unambiguously, we measure the loss of normalized styryl dye fluorescence as a function of time. Under similar stimulation conditions, in the case of calcium influx, Gcamp6m fluorescence increases. Normalization and quantification of this fluorescence change are performed in a similar manner to the styryl dye protocol. These methods can be multiplexed with transfection-based overexpression of fluorescently tagged mutant proteins. These protocols have been extensively used to study synaptic dysfunction in models of FUS-ALS and C9ORF72-ALS, utilizing primary rodent cortical and motor neurons. These protocols easily allow for rapid screening of compounds that may improve neuronal communication. As such, these methods are valuable not only for the study of ALS but for all areas of neurodegenerative and developmental neuroscience research.

Two related methods are described to visualize subcellular events required for synaptic transmission. These protocols enable the real-time monitoring of the dynamics of presynaptic calcium influx and synaptic vesicle membrane fusion using live-cell imaging of in vitro cultured neurons.

肌萎缩性侧索硬化症模型中突触功能的实时荧光测量

Before neuronal degeneration, the cause of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and/or frontotemporal lobe ...

神经科学

Procedure and Key Optimization Strategies for an Automated Capillary Electrophoretic-based Immunoassay Method

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. However, similar to other antibody-based protein assays, optimization of capillary-based immunoassay parameters, such as protein concentration, antibody dilution, and exposure time is an important prerequisite to the generation of meaningful and reliable data. Measurements must fall within the linear range of the assay where changes in signal are directly proportional to changes in lysate concentration. The process of choosing appropriate lysate concentrations, antibody dilutions, and exposure times in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, is demonstrated here. Assay linearity is shown over a range of whole cell extract protein concentrations with p53 and &#945;-tubulin antibodies. An example of signal burnout is seen at the highest concentrations with long exposure times, and an &#945;-tubulin antibody dilution curve is shown demonstrating saturation. In addition, example experimental results are reported for doxorubicin-treated cells using optimized parameters.

A capillary-based immunoassay using a commercial platform to measure target proteins from total protein preparations is demonstrated. In addition, assay parameters of exposure time, protein concentration, and antibody dilution are optimized for a cell culture model system.

全自动毛细 Electrophoretic-based 免疫分析方法的程序和关键优化策略

New technologies that utilize capillary-based immunoassays promise faster and more quantitative protein assessment compared to traditional immunoassays. ...

A Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay for Protein Biomarker Detection

成績單

A Capillary Electrophoresis Immunoassay for Protein Biomarker Detection