5.16 : 行为的时间和后果

In operant conditioning, timing is crucial for reinforcement.

Studies show that animals such as rats and cats require immediate reinforcement for effective learning. For instance, a rat needs food within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to perceive it as a reward.

Conversely, humans can respond to delayed reinforcers and balance immediate small rewards with delayed larger ones, known as delay of gratification.

For example, individuals might save paychecks for months to buy a car instead of spending on smaller pleasures like weekend trips, thereby delaying gratification for a more valuable reward later.

Timing also affects human responses to punishment. For instance, not studying early in a semester can lead to poor grades later, but students can anticipate this and adjust their behavior to avoid such outcomes.

The timing of reinforcement and punishment has both positive and negative consequences on behavior.