Name: measurement of quantum interference in a silicon ring resonator photon source
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T10:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 19 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source at JoVE.com

تم تنفيذ هذا العمل في جزء في جامعة كورنيل النانومترية الحجم العلوم والتكنولوجيا مرفق، وهو عضو في شبكة تقنية النانو البنية التحتية الوطنية، وهو مدعوم من قبل مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية (جرانت ECCS-1542081). ونحن نعترف الدعم لهذا العمل من مختبر أبحاث سلاح الجو (أي إف آر إل). وتستند هذه المواد على العمل دعما جزئيا من قبل مؤسسة العلوم الوطنية تحت رقم جائزة ECCS14052481.

<ol>
	<li>Silverstone, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-chip+quantum+interference+between+silicon+photon-pair+sources.">On-chip quantum interference between silicon photon-pair sources.</a> Nat. Photon. 8 (2), 104-108 (2014).</li><li>Harris, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+Source+of+Spectrally+Filtered+Correlated+Photons+for+Large-Scale+Quantum+Photonic+Systems.">Integrated Source of Spectrally Filtered Correlated Photons for Large-Scale Quantum Photonic Systems.</a> Phys. Rev. X. 041047, 1-10 (2014).</li><li>Grassani, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micrometer-scale+integrated+silicon+source+of+time-energy+entangled+photons.">Micrometer-scale integrated silicon source of time-energy entangled photons.</a> Optica. 2 (2), 88 (2015).</li><li>Najafi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+Integration+of+Single-Photon+Detectors.">Scalable Integration of Single-Photon Detectors.</a> Nat. Commun. 6, 1-8 (2015).</li><li>Dutt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-Chip+Optical+Squeezing.">On-Chip Optical Squeezing.</a> Phys. Rev. Appl. 3 (4), 1-7 (2015).</li><li>Azzini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-low+power+generation+of+twin+photons+in+a+compact+silicon+ring+resonator.">Ultra-low power generation of twin photons in a compact silicon ring resonator.</a> Opt. Express. 20 (21), 23100-23107 (2012).</li><li>Clemmen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+wave+photon+pair+generation+in+silicon-on-insulator+waveguides+and+ring+resonators+erratum.">Continuous wave photon pair generation in silicon-on-insulator waveguides and ring resonators erratum.</a> Opt. Express. 17 (19), 16558 (2009).</li><li>Engin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photon+pair+generation+in+a+silicon+micro-ring+resonator+with+reverse+bias+enhancement.">Photon pair generation in a silicon micro-ring resonator with reverse bias enhancement.</a> Opt. Express. 21 (23), 27826-27834 (2013).</li><li>Steidle, J. a., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+spectral+purity+silicon+ring+resonator+photon-pair+source.">High spectral purity silicon ring resonator photon-pair source.</a> Proc. of SPIE. 9500, 950015 (2015).</li><li>Preble, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-Chip+Quantum+Interference+from+a+Single+Silicon+Ring-Resonator+Source.">On-Chip Quantum Interference from a Single Silicon Ring-Resonator Source.</a> Phys. Rev. Appl. 4, 021001 (2015).</li><li>Cao, L., Aboketaf, A. A., Preble, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CMOS+compatible+micro-oven+heater+for+efficient+thermal+control+of+silicon+photonic+devices.">CMOS compatible micro-oven heater for efficient thermal control of silicon photonic devices.</a> Opt. Commun. 305, 66-70 (2013).</li><li>Chrostowski, L., Hochberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Silicon Photonics Design. , (2013).</li></ol>

ليس لدينا شيء في الكشف عنها.

هناك تحديات متعددة لمجال الضوئيات متكاملة لالتغلب عليها من أجل لأنظمة معقدة وقابلة للتطوير الأجهزة الضوئية مجدية. وتشمل هذه، ولكنها لا تقتصر على: التحمل تلفيق ضيقة، بمعزل عن عدم الاستقرار البيئية، والتقليل من جميع أشكال الخسارة. هناك خطوات حاسمة في البروتوكول أعلا?...

السيليكون تبدو واعدة كبيرة بوصفه منصة الضوئيات لمعالجة المعلومات الكمومية 1، 2، 3، 4، 5. واحدة من المكونات الحيوية الدوائر الضوئية الكم هو المصدر الفوتون. وقد وضعت مصادر الفوتون الزوج من السيليكون في شكل المرنانات الدائري الصغير مصنوع عن طريق ثالث ترتيب عملية غير الخطية، عفوية أربع موجة خلط (SFWM) 6 و 7 و 8. هذه المصادر هي قادرة على انتاج أزواج من الفوتونات لا يمكن تمييزها، والتي تعتبر مثالية لإجراء التجارب التي تنطوي على الفوتون التورط 9. ومن المهم أن نلاحظ أن عصابة يمكن لمصادر مرنان تعمل مع كل من عقارب الساعة ونشر عكس اتجاه عقارب الساعة، واثنين من الاتجاهات المختلفة انتشار الجينحشد مستقلة عن بعضها البعض. وهذا يسمح حلقة واحدة لكنواتين المصادر. عندما ضخ بصريا من كلا الاتجاهين، هذه المصادر تولد الدولة المتشابكة التالية: <img alt="المعادلة 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55257/55257eq1.jpg" /> أين <img alt="المعادلة 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55257/55257eq2.jpg" /> و <img alt="المعادلة 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55257/55257eq3.jpg" /> هي مشغلي خلق مستقلة للالفوتونات ثنائية clockwise- ونشر عكس اتجاه عقارب الساعة، على التوالي. هذا هو شكل من المرغوب فيه جدا من الدولة المتشابكة المعروفة باسم دولة N00N (N = 2) (10). تمر هذه الدولة من خلال ماخ زيندر تداخل على رقاقة (MZI) ينتج في الدولة: <img alt="المعادلة 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/55257/55257eq4.jpg" /> تتأرجح هذه الدولة بين أقصى قدر من قبيل المصادفة والصفر مصادفة في مرتينوتيرة التدخل الكلاسيكية في MZI، وذلك بمضاعفة حساسية تداخل 10. هنا، نقدم الإجراءات المستخدمة لاختبار هذا مصدر الفوتون متكامل وجهاز MZI.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3-Axis NanoMax Flexure Stage</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MAX312D</td><td>Precision 3-axis stages</td></tr><tr><td>Three-Hole Fiber Stripping Tool</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>FTS4</td><td>buffer stripping tool</td></tr><tr><td>Three Channel Piezo Controller</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MDT693B</td><td>Piezo controllers for NanoMax stages</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Polarization Controller</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>FPC562</td><td>3-Paddle fiber-based polarization controller</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Cleaver</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>XL411</td><td>Fiber cleaver</td></tr><tr><td>Standard V-Groove Fiber Holder</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>HFV001</td><td>standard v-groove mount</td></tr><tr><td>Tapered V-Groove Fiber Holder</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>HFV002</td><td>tapered v-groove mount</td></tr><tr><td>Right-Angle Top Plate for NanoMax Stage</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>AMA011</td><td>right-angle bracket</td></tr><tr><td>50:50 Fiber Optic Coupler</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>TW1550R5F1</td><td>50/50 combiner</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Fiber Fusion Splicer</td><td>Fujikura</td><td>FSM-40S</td><td>Fusion splicer</td></tr><tr><td>MultiPrep Polishing System - 8&quot;</td><td>Allied High Tech</td><td>15-2100</td><td>Chip polisher</td></tr><tr><td>GreenLube</td><td>Allied High Tech</td><td>90-209010</td><td>Polishing Lubricant</td></tr><tr><td>Cross-Sectioning Paddle with Reference Edge</td><td>Allied High Tech</td><td>15-1010-RE</td><td>Polishing mount</td></tr><tr><td>Lightwave Measurement System</td><td>Keysight</td><td>8164B</td><td>Mainframe for tunable laser</td></tr><tr><td>Tunable Laser Source</td><td>Keysight</td><td>81606A</td><td>Tunable laser</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Power Sensor</td><td>Keysight</td><td>81634B</td><td>Power meter</td></tr><tr><td>NIR Single Photon Detector</td><td>ID Quantique</td><td>ID210</td><td>Single photon detectors</td></tr><tr><td>NIR Single Photon Detector</td><td>ID Quantique</td><td>ID230</td><td>Low noise, free-running single photon detectors</td></tr><tr><td>PicoHarp</td><td>PicoQuant</td><td>PicoHarp 300</td><td>Time-correlated single photon counting</td></tr><tr><td>WiDy SWIR InGaAs Camera</td><td>NIT</td><td>640U-S</td><td>IR Camera</td></tr><tr><td>WDM Bandpass Filter</td><td>JDS Uniphase</td><td>30055053-368-2.2</td><td>pump cleanup filters</td></tr><tr><td>WDM Bandpass Filter</td><td>JDS Uniphase</td><td>1011787-012</td><td>pump rejection filters</td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-High Numerical Aperture Fiber</td><td>Nufern</td><td>UHNA-7</td><td>high index fiber</td></tr><tr><td>Ultra Optical Single Mode Fiber</td><td>Corning</td><td>SMF-28</td><td>standard single mode fiber</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of quantum interference in a silicon ring resonator photon source

السيليكون رقائق الضوئية لديها القدرة على تحقيق الدوائر المتكاملة نوعية معقدة معالجة المعلومات، بما في ذلك مصادر الفوتون، والتلاعب و qubit، وكشف المتكاملة فوتون واحد. هنا، نقدم الجوانب الرئيسية لإعداد واختبار السليكون الضوئية رقاقة الكم مع مصدر الفوتون متكامل وتداخل ثنائي الفوتون. الجانب الأكثر أهمية من دائرة نوعية متكاملة والتقليل فقدان بحيث يتم الكشف عن كل من الفوتونات ولدت مع أعلى الإخلاص الممكنة. هنا، نحن تصف كيفية تنفيذ المنخفضة خسارة حافة اقتران باستخدام ألياف فائقة الفتحة العددية لتتناسب عن كثب الوضع في الدليل الموجي السيليكون. باستخدام الأمثل وصفة الانصهار الربط، وربطه الألياف أونة بسلاسة مع الألياف أحادية النمط القياسي. هذا اقتران المنخفضة خسارة يسمح للقياس الإنتاج الفوتون عالية الدقة في مرنان متكامل حلقة السليكون ولاحقة تدخل ثنائي الفوتون من ع المنتجةhotons في تداخل ماخ زيندر متكاملة بشكل وثيق. وتصف هذه الورقة الإجراءات الضرورية لإعداد وتوصيف عالية الأداء والسيليكون الكم الدوائر الضوئية للتحجيم.

، وقد تم جمع التهم الفوتون الفردية من كل كاشف، فضلا عن تهم من قبيل الصدفة كما ضبطها المرحلة النسبية بين المسارين. التهم الفردية (الشكل 5A) تظهر نمط التدخل الكلاسيكية من MZI مع الرؤى من 94.5 ± 1.6٪ و 94.9 ± 0.9٪. القياسات صدفة (الشكل 5B) تظهر تدخل...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source at JoVE.com

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

السيليكون رقائق الضوئية لديها القدرة على تحقيق أنظمة الكم متكاملة معقدة. المقدمة هنا هي طريقة لإعداد واختبار رقاقة السيليكون الضوئية لقياس الكم.

قياس الكم التدخل في المصدر السيليكون الدائري الرنان فوتون

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

measurement-quantum-interference-silicon-ring-resonator-photon

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.3K Views.  Rochester Institute of Technology.  السيليكون رقائق الضوئية لديها القدرة على تحقيق أنظمة الكم متكاملة معقدة. المقدمة هنا هي طريقة لإعداد واختبار رقاقة السيليكون الضوئية لقياس الكم. 

Video: Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

تلفيق من السيليكا عالية جدا Microresonators عامل الجودة

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

تصنيع وتوصيف الدليل الموجي الكريستال الضوئية الخفيفة بطيئة وتجاويف

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various areas of technology and applied science, such as aerospace and communication engineering, sensing, metrology, nonlinear photonics, and quantum optics. In this article, we present the principal techniques used in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators. First detailed in this article is the protocol for resonator polishing, which is based on a grind-and-polish technique close to the ones used to polish optical components such as lenses or telescope mirrors. Then, a white light interferometric profilometer measures surface roughness, which is a key parameter to characterize the quality of the polishing. In order to launch light in the resonator, a tapered silica fiber with diameter in the micrometer range is used. To reach such small diameters, we adopt the "flame-brushing" technique, using simultaneously computer-controlled motors to pull the fiber apart, and a blowtorch to heat the fiber area to be tapered. The resonator and the tapered fiber are later approached to one another to visualize the resonance signal of the whispering gallery modes using a wavelength-scanning laser. By increasing the optical power in the resonator, nonlinear phenomena are triggered until the formation of a Kerr optical frequency comb is observed with a spectrum made of equidistant spectral lines. These Kerr comb spectra have exceptional characteristics that are suitable for several applications in science and technology. We consider the application related to ultra-stable microwave frequency synthesis and demonstrate the generation of a Kerr comb with GHz intermodal frequency.

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

ميكروويف أنظمة الضوئيات بناء على الرنانون توشوش-معرض واسطة

Microwave photonics systems rely fundamentally on the interaction between microwave and optical signals. These systems are extremely promising for various ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

تنفيذ التداخل المرجعي لNanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

الدولة الكم هندسة الضوء مع استمرار موجة حدودي البصرية المذبذبات

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

تصنيع واختبار ميكروفلويديك الميكانيكية المذبذبات

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by quantum mechanical effects such as tunneling through single dopants, scattering via interface defects, and discrete trap charge states. However, progress in silicon technology has shown that these phenomena can be harnessed and exploited for a new class of quantum-based electronics. Among others, multi-layer-gated silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) technology can be used to control single charge or spin confined in electrostatically-defined quantum dots (QD). These QD-based devices are an excellent platform for quantum computing applications and, recently, it has been demonstrated that they can also be used as single-electron pumps, which are accurate sources of quantized current for metrological purposes. Here, we discuss in detail the fabrication protocol for silicon MOS QDs which is relevant to both quantum computing and quantum metrology applications. Moreover, we describe characterization methods to test the integrity of the devices after fabrication. Finally, we give a brief description of the measurement set-up used for charge pumping experiments and show representative results of electric current quantization.

The fabrication process and experimental characterization techniques relevant to single-electron pumps based on silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor quantum dots are discussed.

السيليكون المعدنية أكسيد أشباه الموصلات الكم النقاط لالضخ وحيد الإلكترون

As mass-produced silicon transistors have reached the nano-scale, their behavior and performances are increasingly affected, and often deteriorated, by ...

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we demonstrate an optical spectroscopy method that is capable of resolving spectral features beyond that of the spin fine structure and homogeneous linewidth of single quantum dots (QDs) using a standard, easy-to-use spectrometer setup. This method incorporates both laser and photoluminescence spectroscopy, combining the advantage of laser line-width limited resolution with multi-channel photoluminescence detection. Such a scheme allows for considerable improvement of resolution over that of a common single-stage spectrometer. The method uses phonons to assist in the measurement of the photoluminescence of a single quantum dot after resonant excitation of its ground state transition. The phonon&#39;s energy difference allows one to separate and filter out the laser light exciting the quantum dot. An advantageous feature of this method is its straight forward integration into standard spectroscopy setups, which are accessible to most researchers.

The manuscript describes a method of phonon-assisted quasi-resonant fluorescence spectroscopy that incorporates both laser-limited resolution and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. This method utilizes optical phonons to provide linewidth-limited resolution spectra of atom-like semiconductor structures in the energy domain. The method is also easily realized with a single spectrometer optical spectroscopy setup.

ارتفاع بمساعدة فونون الدقة شبه الرنين الإسفار الطيفي

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

تصنيع وتوصيف الموصلية الرنين

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

We present a method for the generation and coherent manipulation of pulsed quantum frequency combs. Until now, methods of preparing high-dimensional states on-chip in a practical way have remained elusive due to the increasing complexity of the quantum circuitry needed to prepare and process such states. Here, we outline how high-dimensional, frequency-bin entangled, two-photon states can be generated at a stable, high generation rate by using a nested-cavity, actively mode-locked excitation of a nonlinear micro-cavity. This technique is used to produce pulsed quantum frequency combs. Moreover, we present how the quantum states can be coherently manipulated using standard telecommunications components such as programmable filters and electro-optic modulators. In particular, we show in detail how to accomplish state characterization measurements such as density matrix reconstruction, coincidence detection, and single photon spectrum determination. The presented methods form an accessible, reconfigurable, and scalable foundation for complex high-dimensional state preparation and manipulation protocols in the frequency domain.

A protocol is presented for the practical generation and coherent manipulation of high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photon states using integrated micro-cavities and standard telecommunications components, respectively.

توليد ومراقبة متماسكة من الامشاط التردد النبضي الكم

We present a method for the generation and coherent manipulation of pulsed quantum frequency combs. Until now, methods of preparing high-dimensional ...