Name: whisker-signaled eyeblink classical conditioning in head-fixed mice
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وقد تم تمويل هذا العمل من قبل وزارة الدفاع (W81XWH-13-01-0243)، والمعاهد الوطنية للصحة (R37 AG008796). نشكر آلان بيكر في ورشة ميكانيكا جامعة نورث وسترن لبناء جهاز أسطوانات ثابتة الرأس. نشكر الدكتور Shoai هاتوري لقيادته في MATLAB وسوليدووركس. نشكر الدكتور جون الطاقة للبرنامج ابفيف التي تسيطر على التجربة.

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الكتاب تعلن أنه ليس لديهم مصالح مالية المتنافسة.

تكييف eyeblink الكلاسيكي هو شكل من أشكال التعلم النقابي الذي هو أداة مفيدة لفهم ركائز العصبية الكامنة وراء التعلم والذاكرة. الطرق السابقة المستخدمة لتكييف eyeblink في القوارض مثل الفئران تشارك غرفة التي سمحت لهذا الحيوان للتحرك بحرية. وإعداد ثابت رئيس لتكييف eyeblink في الفئرا...

تكييف Eyeblink هو شكل من أشكال تكييف بافلوف ونظام نموذجي للتحقيق في الآليات العصبية للتعلم النقابي والذاكرة. وقد تم التحقيق فيها في مختلف الأنواع، بما في ذلك البشر، والأرانب والقطط والفئران، والفئران. ويشمل نموذج تقديم اثنين من المحفزات المقترنة: حافزا محايد مشروط (CS؛ على سبيل المثال، لهجة، ومضة من الضوء، أو التحفيز الطولي)، والمثير غير الشرطي البارزة (الولايات المتحدة، على سبيل المثال، وهي نفخة الهواء للعين، أو صدمة الحجاج). الولايات المتحدة يتسبب في غير المشروطة، والاستجابة eyeblink انعكاسية (أي اور). في نهاية المطاف، بعد عدة عروض من تقرن CS-الولايات المتحدة، موضوع يتعلم لربط CS مع الولايات المتحدة. هذا التعلم يتجلى في شكل استجابة مشروطة (CR)، وهو eyeblink التي تسببها خدمات العملاء وحدها التي تسبق تقديم الولايات المتحدة. يتضمن تكييف Eyeblink في شكل أثر فاصل خالية من التحفيز من عدد قليل من حميلي ثانية undred الذي يفصل بين CS والولايات المتحدة (الشكل 1). تكييف أثر هو شكل من أشكال التعلم التعريفي لأنه يتطلب الوعي الطارئة التحفيز 1. الفجوة الزمنية تتطلب الحيوان للحفاظ على العصبية &quot;أثر&quot; من CS في مناطق الدماغ المقدم مثل الحصين من أجل الولايات المتحدة وCS لتصبح المرتبطة 1-6. جنبا إلى جنب مع المناطق الدماغ المقدم، تكييف أثر يعتمد أيضا على المخيخ 7. تكييف Eyeblink هو، بالتالي، نموذجا مفيدا للتحقيق في جوانب متعددة من الذاكرة، بما في ذلك الاستحواذ، وتوحيد، واسترجاعها. خلال تكييف eyeblink، يتم تقديم مجموعة مراقبة من الحيوانات مع المثيرات المفردة في ترتيب عشوائي لاختبار pseudoconditioning أو محسسة الردود على CS التي قد تكون ناجمة عن عرض الولايات المتحدة وحدها بدلا من جمعية CS-الولايات المتحدة المستفادة. وappara يشيع استخدامهاطوس للتحقيق في تكييف eyeblink في القوارض هو المجلس الذي يسمح للقوارض على التحرك بحرية أثناء عملية التدريب 8-10. مع هذا النوع من الأجهزة، ويرد على حبل عادة إلى خوذة وهذا هو الملصقة على جمجمة القوارض. حبل يسمح لتسليم الولايات المتحدة (وأحيانا CS) ولنقل استجابة الحيوان إلى تلك المحفزات (أي استجابة eyeblink) 10. ويمكن تعديل حبل نفسها على أساس نوع من المحفزات تسليمها وكيف يتم تسجيل استجابة eyeblink. سبب استخدام &quot;الحركة بحرية&quot; الفئران المربوطة لتكييف eyeblink هو أن الفئران النضال ضد ضبط النفس. على الرغم من الأنواع الأخرى قد تكون أكثر قابلية للضبط النفس، والميزة الرئيسية لاستخدام الفئران في التجارب تكييف eyeblink هي أن معظم سلالات متحولة المعدلة وراثيا المتاحة هي سلالات الفئران. بالإضافة إلى تكافح، الدقة الكاملةtraint من الفئران يؤدي إلى اكتئاب حاد. ومن شأن إعداد الماوس ثابت رئيس أن يقلل من الإجهاد زيادة المعلومات الفسيولوجية التي يمكن الحصول عليها خلال تكييف eyeblink. على سبيل المثال، أن هذا النظام يسمح التصوير من الخلايا العصبية القشرية مع 2-الفوتون المجهري 11. وقد استخدمت الاستعدادات الثابتة الرأس في التجارب السابقة للتصوير الضوئي من القشرة من خلال زرع في الجمجمة القابلة للإزالة، في الجسم الحي التسجيلات الكهربية من المخ القوارض مع المصفوفات صمام رباعي، واثنين من الفوتون التصوير الكالسيوم، وأيضا كمنصة للتكييف eyeblink في الفئران 11 -16. في نظام ثابت الرأس، وضمان تحفيز موثوقة والتسجيلات دون ضبط النفس الكامل من الفأرة (الشكل 2). يتم تثبيتها ونقش مثل تلك المستخدمة في نظام التنقل بحرية لجمجمة الفأر. خلال التدريب، ويتم تثبيتها على خوذة إلى الموصل التي تعلق على القضبان على<html> حلقة مفرغة أسطواني من أجل استقرار رأس القوارض (الشكل 2A). مطحنة أسطواني يسمح الماوس للراحة بشكل مريح، ولكن إذا كان الماوس يريد ذلك، يسمح أيضا لتشغيل أو المشي. مع استخدام هذا النظام، والفئران يمكن تدريب مع اهتزاز الطولي كما CS وصدمة كهربائية خفيفة الحجاج مثل الولايات المتحدة (الشكل 1). يتم تسليم الولايات المتحدة من خلال الأسلاك توضع جراحيا تحت الجلد الجانبي للعين. يتم تسليم CS عبر مشط التي يتم تركيبها على 2-طبقة مستطيلة الانحناء المحرك (الشكل 2B). ثم يتم إرفاق مشط والانحناء المحرك إلى قاعدة المغناطيسية التي يتم نقلها إلى الموقف الصحيح خلال التدريب ويتم تعديل لتسليم الأمثل لكل حيوان على حدة. يتم وضع مشط لتنتشر على شعيرات المحدد. خلال تسليم CS، يتم إرسال إشارة إلى المحرك الانحناء أن يزيح المشط ويؤدي إلى اهتزاز شعيرات 17. وقد استخدمت = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; المحفزات الأخرى مثل نغمة أو ومضة من الضوء والمحفزات مشروطة فعالة في الفئران في 16،18،19 الماضي. يتم اختيار الخط الطولي التحفيز سبب CS في هذا النموذج التجريبي هو اعتماد الحيوانات الفئران على vibrissae من أجل إدخال المعلومات جسدي حسي خلال الاستكشاف. وقد تبين الطولي التحفيز لتكون موثوقة وفعالة CS 20. وعلاوة على ذلك، وبالنظر إلى الركيزة القشرية راسخة والمنظم للنظام vibrissae (أي القشرة برميل)، وتحفيز الطولي كما يوفر CS أداة أنيقة لرسم خرائط التغييرات القشرية واللدونة المرتبط بتعلم تكييف eyeblink 20،21. ويسمح نظام ثابت رئيس لتحفيز الدقيق للشعيرات المحدد إلى مقارنة الاستجابات بين الخلايا العصبية والخلايا العصبية تلقي المدخلات من شعيرات غير حفز حفز. وأخيرا، فإن العديد من سلالات من الفئران يحمل المرتبطة بالعمر فقدان السمع في سن نسبيا الكبار <suع&gt; 22، وإغلاق جفن خلال طرفة مكيفة يغير من CS البصرية (على الرغم من أن CS البصرية يفعل تحسين القضايا مع ردود إجفالية 16). لا يتأثر الطولي التحفيز عن طريق أي من هذه المضاعفات. المقدمة هنا هي تعديلات فريدة وهامة على الاستعدادات الثابتة رأس أخرى لتكييف eyeblink، بما في ذلك أساليب CS والولايات المتحدة تسليم، والاستحواذ على استجابة eyeblink. وتتجلى مصداقية هذا الجهاز ونموذج التدريب في تكييف eyeblink من منحنيات من الفئران مكيفة ومنحنى التعلم مسطح نسبيا من الحيوانات السيطرة pseudoconditioned (الشكل 7A) التعلم.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Exervo TeraNova Foam Roller 36&quot; x 6&quot;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Amazon</td><td>B002ONUM0E</td><td>For cylinder</td></tr><tr><td>Plexiglas</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom-made; 1 cm thick</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Rods (12.7&amp;nbsp;mm diameter)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom-made</td></tr><tr><td>4-40 machine screw (.25&amp;nbsp;in. long)</td><td>Amazon Supply</td><td>B00F33Q8QO</td><td>For cylinder</td></tr><tr><td>Classic Design Hair Comb</td><td>Conair</td><td>93505WG-320</td><td>For whisker stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>2-Layer Rectangular Bending Actuator</td><td>Piezo Systems</td><td>T220-A4-303X&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For whisker stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>Solder and Flux Kit</td><td>Piezo Systems</td><td>MSF-003-NI</td><td>For whisker stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic Base</td><td>Thor Labs</td><td>MB175</td><td>For whisker stimulation</td></tr><tr><td>Threaded rod for magnetic base</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom-made</td></tr><tr><td>Strips based on 221 series nylon strip connectors from Electronic Connector Corp.</td><td></td><td></td><td>Custom-made, based on Weiss and Disterhoft, 2008</td></tr><tr><td>TO-220 Style Transistor</td><td>Amazon Supply</td><td>B0002ZPZYO&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For connector; for the wings</td></tr><tr><td>Relia-Tac Sockets</td><td>Electronic Connector Corp.</td><td>220-S02</td><td>For connector</td></tr><tr><td>Relia-Tac Pins</td><td>Electronic Connector Corp.</td><td>220-P02</td><td>For headpiece</td></tr><tr><td>0-80 stainless steel machine screw (1 in. long)</td><td>Amazon Supply</td><td>B000FN68EE</td><td>Locking Screw</td></tr><tr><td>0-80 stainless steel machine screw hex nut (5/32 in. thick)</td><td>Amazon Supply</td><td>B000N2TK7Y</td><td>Locking Screw Head</td></tr><tr><td>Loctite Super Glue-Liquid</td><td>Loctite</td><td>1365896</td><td>Cyanoacrylic glue; for the locking screw</td></tr><tr><td>Quick Setting Epoxy</td><td>Ace Hardware</td><td>18613</td><td>For connector and whisker stimulation system</td></tr><tr><td>Ethernet Cable Wires</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ethernet cable can be taken apart to use the individual wires for the connector</td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide coated stainless steel wires (2&amp;nbsp;in. long, .005 in. diameter)</td><td>PlasticsOne</td><td>005sw/2.0 37365 S-S&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For headpiece, EMG and shock wires</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel uncoated wire (.005&amp;nbsp;in. diameter)</td><td>AM Systems</td><td>792800</td><td>For headpiece, ground wires</td></tr><tr><td>Tenma Variable Autotransformer</td><td>Tenma</td><td>72-110</td><td>For the whisker stimulation; rheostat to adjust current to the bending actuator</td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>1700</td><td>Amplifier for filtering and amplifying EMG signals</td></tr><tr><td>WPI A385R stimulus isolator</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>31405</td><td>For the electrical shock</td></tr><tr><td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td><td>Henry Schein: Animal Health</td><td>50031</td><td>For surgery; anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Buprenex Injectable CIII</td><td>Reckett Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Inc</td><td>NDC 12496-0757-1</td><td>For surgery; analgesic</td></tr><tr><td>Akwa Tears: Lubricant Ophthalmic Ointment&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Akorn</td><td>NDC 17478-062-35</td><td>Artificial tear ointment to prevent dry eyes while under anesthesia</td></tr><tr><td>Povidine-Iodine Prep Pads</td><td>PDI</td><td>NDC 10819-3883-1</td><td>For surgery; antiseptic</td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Prep Pads</td><td></td><td></td><td>May be purchased from any standard pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel surgical scalpel handles (no.3)</td><td>Integra Miltex&amp;nbsp;</td><td>4-7.</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel surgical scalpel blades</td><td>Integra Miltex</td><td>4-310 or 4-315</td><td>For surgery; number 10 or 15 scalpel blade</td></tr><tr><td>3% Hydrogen Peroxide</td><td></td><td></td><td>May be purchased from any standard pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Clip</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-5459</td><td>For surgery, to hold back skin</td></tr><tr><td>00-90 stainless steel machine screw (0.0625&amp;nbsp;in. long)</td><td>Amazon Supply</td><td>B002SG89X4&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For surgery, to wrap ground wire around</td></tr><tr><td>Professional Rotary Tool</td><td>Walnut Hollow</td><td>29637</td><td>Hand drill for surgery, to drill holes in skull</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted Cone Burr</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-6282C-34</td><td>Inverted cone burr size 34; for surgery, to drill holes in skull</td></tr><tr><td>Engraving Cutter Drill Bit</td><td>Dremel</td><td>106</td><td>Engraving cutter; 1.6 mm bit; for surgery, to drill holes in skull</td></tr><tr><td>C&amp;amp;B Metabond-Quick! Cement System &quot;B&quot; Quick Base</td><td>Parkell</td><td>S398</td><td>For surgery; adhesive luting cement system; important to prevent headpiece avulsion</td></tr><tr><td>C&amp;amp;B Metabond-Quick! Cement System Clear L-Powder</td><td>Parkell</td><td>S399</td><td>For surgery; adhesive luting cement system; important to prevent headpiece avulsion</td></tr><tr><td>C&amp;amp;B Metabond-Quick! Cement System &quot;C&quot; Universal TBB Catalyst 0.7 ml</td><td>Parkell</td><td>S371</td><td>For surgery; adhesive luting cement system; important to prevent headpiece avulsion</td></tr><tr><td>C&amp;amp;B Metabond-Quick! Cement System Ceramic Mixing Dish with temperature strip</td><td>Parkell</td><td>S387</td><td>For surgery; adhesive luting cement system; important to prevent headpiece avulsion</td></tr><tr><td>Swiss Tweezers, style #5</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>504506</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Puritan Cotton-Tipped Applicators</td><td>VWR International</td><td>10806-005&amp;nbsp;</td><td>For surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Dental Caulk Grip Cement Kit</td><td>Dentsply</td><td>675570</td><td>For surgery; dental cement</td></tr></tbody></table>

whisker-signaled eyeblink classical conditioning in head-fixed mice

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive repertoire of scientific techniques available to study learning and memory at the cellular level, it is ideal to have a stable cranial platform. Because mice do not readily tolerate restraint, they are usually trained while moving about freely in a chamber. Conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) information are delivered and eyeblink responses recorded via a tether connected to the mouse's head. In the head-fixed apparatus presented here, mice are allowed to run as they desire while their heads are secured to facilitate experimentation. Reliable conditioning of the eyeblink response is obtained with this training apparatus, which allows for the delivery of whisker stimulation as the CS, a periorbital electrical shock as the US, and analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity from the eyelid to detect blink responses.

تم تدريب 8-10 أسبوع من العمر من الذكور C57Bl6 / J الفئران على تكييف أثر eyeblink على جهاز مطحنة أسطواني الثابتة الرأس. تم تدريب 8 الفئران مع إرفاقها العروض CS-الولايات المتحدة (مجموعة مكيفة) و 9 الفئران تم تدريب مع المفردة العروض CS والولايات المتحدة (مجموعة pseudocond...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice at JoVE.com

Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

The preparation presented here for whisker-signaled eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice precisely stimulates specific whiskers while allowing mice to ambulate on a cylindrical treadmill. A whisker stimulation conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) results in reliable associative learning on this apparatus.

، أشار الطولي Eyeblink تكييف الكلاسيكية في الفئران ثابت رئيس

Eyeblink conditioning is a common paradigm for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory. To better utilize the extensive ...

whisker-signaled-eyeblink-classical-conditioning-in-head-fixed-mice

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.9K Views.  Northwestern University. The preparation presented here for whisker-signaled eyeblink conditioning in head-fixed mice precisely stimulates specific whiskers while allowing mice to ambulate on a cylindrical treadmill. A whisker stimulation conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) results in reliable associative learning on this apparatus.

Video: Whisker-signaled Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Head-fixed Mice

Flat-floored Air-lifted Platform: A New Method for Combining Behavior with Microscopy or Electrophysiology on Awake Freely Moving Rodents

It is widely acknowledged that the use of general anesthetics can undermine the relevance of electrophysiological or microscopical data obtained from a living animal&#8217;s brain. Moreover, the lengthy recovery from anesthesia limits the frequency of repeated recording/imaging episodes in longitudinal studies. Hence, new methods that would allow stable recordings from non-anesthetized behaving mice are expected to advance the fields of cellular and cognitive neurosciences. Existing solutions range from mere physical restraint to more sophisticated approaches, such as linear and spherical treadmills used in combination with computer-generated virtual reality. Here, a novel method is described where a head-fixed mouse can move around an air-lifted mobile homecage and explore its environment under stress-free conditions. This method allows researchers to perform behavioral tests (e.g., learning, habituation or novel object recognition) simultaneously with two-photon microscopic imaging and/or patch-clamp recordings, all combined in a single experiment. This video-article describes the use of the awake animal head fixation device (mobile homecage), demonstrates the procedures of animal habituation, and exemplifies a number of possible applications of the method.

This method creates a tangible, familiar environment for the mouse to navigate and explore during microscopic imaging or single-cell electrophysiological recordings, which require firm fixation of the animal&#8217;s head.

مسطحة طوابق منصة رفع الهواء و: طريقة جديدة للجمع بين السلوك مع الميكروسكوب أو الكهربية على استيقظ تتحرك بحرية القوارض

It is widely acknowledged that the use of general anesthetics can undermine the relevance of electrophysiological or microscopical data obtained from a ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

إدخال الفرس التدريب باعتباره إثراء المعرفي للمختبر الفئران

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a puff of air to the cornea). Eyeblink conditioning is often used experimentally to detect abnormalities in cerebellar-dependent learning and memory that underlies this type of associative learning. While experiments in adults and older children are relatively simple to administer using commercial equipment, eyeblink conditioning in infants is more challenging due to their poor compliance, which makes correct positioning of the equipment difficult. To achieve conditioning in one-year-old infants, a custom-made or an adapted commercial system can be used to deliver the air puff to the infant's cornea. The main challenge lies in successfully detecting and classifying the behavioral responses. We report that automated blink detection methods are unreliable in this population, and that conditioning experiments should be analyzed using frame-by-frame analysis of supplementary video camera recordings. This method can be applied to study developmental changes in eyeblink conditioning and to examine whether this paradigm can detect children with neurological disorders.

This protocol describes an eyeblink conditioning paradigm appropriate for experiments with one-year-old infants. Commercial or custom-made equipment can be used to deliver the stimuli, and data collection and analysis should be performed on the video recordings.

تكييف الكلاسيكية القصيرة-تأخير اييبلينك في الأطفال عمرها سنة واحدة

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

نظام لتتبع ديناميات سلوك التفضيل الاجتماعي في القوارض الصغيرة

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as photophobia. Whilst it is impossible to confirm that a mouse is experiencing migraine, light aversion can be used as a behavioral surrogate for the migraine symptom of photophobia. To test for light aversion, we utilize the light/dark assay to measure the time mice freely choose to spend in either a light or dark environment. The assay has been refined by introducing two critical modifications: pre-exposures to the chamber prior to running the test procedure and adjustable chamber lighting, permitting the use of a range of light intensities from 55 lux to 27,000 lux. Because the choice to spend more time in the dark is also indicative of anxiety, we also utilize a light-independent anxiety test, the open field assay, to distinguish anxiety from light-aversive behavior. Here, we describe a modified test paradigm for the light/dark and open field assays. The application of these assays is described for intraperitoneal injection of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in two mouse strains and for optogenetic brain stimulation studies.

Rodents are not able to report migraine symptoms. Here, we describe a manageable test paradigm (light/dark and open field assays) to measure light aversion, one of the most common and bothersome symptoms in patients with migraines.

التحقيق في السلوك الشبيه بالصداع النصفي باستخدام النفور من الضوء في الفئران

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...

Juxtacellular Monitoring and Localization of Single Neurons within Sub-cortical Brain Structures of Alert, Head-restrained Rats

There are a variety of techniques to monitor extracellular activity of single neuronal units. However, monitoring this activity from deep brain structures in behaving animals remains a technical challenge, especially if the structures must be targeted stereotaxically. This protocol describes convenient surgical and electrophysiological techniques that maintain the animal&#8217;s head in the stereotaxic plane and unambiguously isolate the spiking activity of single neurons. The protocol combines head restraint of alert rodents, juxtacellular monitoring with micropipette electrodes, and iontophoretic dye injection to identify the neuron location in post-hoc histology. While each of these techniques is in itself well-established, the protocol focuses on the specifics of their combined use in a single experiment. These neurophysiological and neuroanatomical techniques are combined with behavioral monitoring. In the present example, the combined techniques are used to determine how self-generated vibrissa movements are encoded in the activity of neurons within the somatosensory thalamus. More generally, it is straightforward to adapt this protocol to monitor neuronal activity in conjunction with a variety of behavioral tasks in rats, mice, and other animals. Critically, the combination of these methods allows the experimenter to directly relate anatomically-identified neurophysiological signals to behavior.

This protocol describes the design and surgical implantation of a head-restraining mechanism to monitor neuronal activity in sub-cortical brain structures in alert rats. It delineates procedures to isolate single neurons in the juxtacellular configuration and to efficiently identify their anatomical locations.

رصد Juxtacellular وتوطين واحدة الخلايا العصبية داخل الدماغ الهياكل الفرعية القشرية للتنبيه، الجرذان-ضبط النفس رئيس

There are a variety of techniques to monitor extracellular activity of single neuronal units. However, monitoring this activity from deep brain structures ...

Neuroscience

Behavioral Training Procedures for Head-fixed Virtual Reality in Mice

Virtual reality (VR) combined with head-fixation is increasingly being utilized in behavioral neuroscience studies as it allows complex behavioral assays to be performed in head-fixed mice. This enables precise behavioral recordings while incorporating various neurophysiological techniques that require head-fixation to minimize movement-related signal noise during neural recordings. However, despite the growing use of VR, there is little published data on the detailed methodology of how to implement it. In this study, a training protocol is developed whereby male and female C57B16/J mice are trained to run down a virtual linear corridor, the length of which is increased from 1-3 m over multiple training sessions. Building upon this foundation, this study investigated the feasibility of mice performing complex behaviors within VR using a Y-maze paradigm. The task required navigating to the arm with black walls from the choice point in the Y-maze. After reaching a criterion of two consecutive days equal to or greater than 70% correct, the mice progressed to increasingly difficult sensory discrimination. The findings provide important details on the methodologies useful for the successful training of mice in VR and demonstrate that mice exhibit learning capabilities in navigating the Y-maze. The methodology presented not only offers insights into training duration in VR-based assays but also underscores the potential for probing intricate behaviors in mice, opening avenues for more comprehensive neuroscience investigations.

The article describes the experimental procedures for the commonly used linear track virtual reality (VR) paradigm in mice as well as determining the feasibility of running complex VR tasks by testing a Y-shaped signal discrimination task.

Virtual reality (VR) combined with head-fixation is increasingly being utilized in behavioral neuroscience studies as it allows complex behavioral assays ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>اكتشاف حول عين الفأر في الوقت الحقيقي لتتبع آلام الصداع النصفي باستخدام DeepLabCut

An Automated Squint Method for Time-syncing Behavior and Brain Dynamics in Mouse Pain Studies

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head pain, as in disorders such as migraine. Eye squint has emerged as a continuous variable metric that can be measured over time and is effective for predicting pain states in such assays. This paper provides a protocol for the use of DeepLabCut (DLC) to automate and quantify eye squint (Euclidean distance between eyelids) in restrained mice with freely rotating head motions. This protocol enables unbiased quantification of eye squint to be paired with and compared directly against mechanistic measures such as neurophysiology. We provide an assessment of AI training parameters necessary for achieving success as defined by discriminating squint and non-squint periods. We demonstrate an ability to reliably track and differentiate squint in a CGRP-induced migraine-like phenotype at a sub second resolution.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>أضواء الكاتب: فك رموز الشبكات الكهربائية وراء أنشطة واضطرابات الدماغ المعقدة

This protocol provides a method for tracking automated eye squint in rodents over time in a manner compatible with time-locking to neurophysiological measures. This protocol is expected to be useful to researchers studying mechanisms of pain disorders such as migraine.

طريقة الحول الآلي لسلوك مزامنة الوقت وديناميكيات الدماغ في دراسات ألم الفئران

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head ...

، أشار الطولي Eyeblink تكييف الكلاسيكية في الفئران ثابت رئيس

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مسطحة طوابق منصة رفع الهواء و: طريقة جديدة للجمع بين السلوك مع الميكروسكوب أو الكهربية على استيقظ تتحرك بحرية القوارض

إدخال الفرس التدريب باعتباره إثراء المعرفي للمختبر الفئران

تكييف الكلاسيكية القصيرة-تأخير اييبلينك في الأطفال عمرها سنة واحدة

نظام لتتبع ديناميات سلوك التفضيل الاجتماعي في القوارض الصغيرة

التحقيق في السلوك الشبيه بالصداع النصفي باستخدام النفور من الضوء في الفئران

رصد Juxtacellular وتوطين واحدة الخلايا العصبية داخل الدماغ الهياكل الفرعية القشرية للتنبيه، الجرذان-ضبط النفس رئيس

Behavioral Training Procedures for Head-fixed Virtual Reality in Mice

طريقة الحول الآلي لسلوك مزامنة الوقت وديناميكيات الدماغ في دراسات ألم الفئران

طريقة الحول الآلي لسلوك مزامنة الوقت وديناميكيات الدماغ في دراسات ألم الفئران

طريقة الحول الآلي لسلوك مزامنة الوقت وديناميكيات الدماغ في دراسات ألم الفئران