Name: expansion and adipogenesis induction of adipocyte progenitors from perivascular adipose tissue isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting
Uploaded: 2017-06-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 28 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting at JoVE.com

The Contreras and Watts Laboratories and Dr. William Raphael. These experiments were supported by NHLBI F31 HL128035-01 (tissue digestion protocol standardization), NHLBI 5R01HL117847-02 and 2P01HL070687-11A1 (animals), and NHLBI 5R01HL117847-02 (cell isolation and culture).

All procedures described in this paper follow guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Michigan State University. All buffers and medias should be protected from light.
1. Preparation of Buffers, Media, and Instruments
<ol>
	<li>Prepare Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate-Buffered solution (KRBB): 135 mM sodium chloride, 5 mM potassium chloride, 1 mM magnesium sulfate, 0.4 mM potassium phosphate dibasic, 5.5 mM glucose, 1% antibiotic/antimycotic (10,000 units/mL penicillin, 10,000 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, 25 &#181;g/mL amphotericin B), and 10 mM HEPES (pH = 7.4). This solution is stable for 3 weeks when kept sterile and at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Prepare Collagenase Type 1 Solution: 1 mg/mL in KRBB with 4% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). This solution should be kept at 37 &#176;C and is stable for 4 h.</li>
	<li>Prepare Erythrocyte Lysis Buffer Solution: 154 mM ammonium chloride, 10 mM potassium bicarbonate, and 0.1 mM EDTA. Keep at 4 &#176;C for up to one month.</li>
	<li>Prepare MCS Blocking Buffer: DMEM/F12 Media base, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 5% normal donkey serum, 40 &#181;L/mL F(ab) Fragment Donkey Anti-Rat IgG. Keep at 4 &#176;C for up to one month.</li>
	<li>Prepare MCS Buffer Solution: Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS, pH = 7.5), 0.5% BSA, and 2 mM EDTA. Keep at 4 &#176;C for up to one month. De-gas solution by heating to 37 &#176;C in a glass container and then applying a vacuum for15 s. Leave unused buffered sealed.</li>
	<li>Prepare Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) Basal Media: Dulbecco&#39;s-Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM):F12, 15% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS), 1% antibiotic/antimycotic (10,000 units/mL penicillin, 10,000 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, 25 &#181;g/mL amphotericin B), 44.05 mM sodium bicarbonate, 100 &#181;M ascorbic acid, 33 &#181;M biotin, 17 &#181;M pantothenate, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 20 mM HEPES. Keep sterile and at 4 &#176;C for up to 2 weeks.</li>
	<li>Prepare APC&#160;Media: Basal Media with additional growth factors including epidermal growth factor 10 ng/mL), leukemia inhibitory factor (10 ng/mL), platelet-derived growth factor BB (10 ng/mL), and basic fibroblast growth factor (5 ng/mL). Keep sterile and at 4 &#176;C for up to 2 weeks.</li>
	<li>Prepare APC Induction Media: APC Media with 10% FBS, 2.5 &#181;g/mL insulin, 0.5 mM 2-isobutyl-1-methylaxanthine (IBMX), 1 &#181;M dexamethasone, and 200 pM T3 (triiodothyronine thyroid hormone). Keep sterile and at 4 &#176;C for up to 2 weeks.</li>
</ol>
2. Adipocyte Progenitors Isolation
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize rat according to institutional guidelines. Place the rat in dorsal recumbency. Confirm depth of anesthesia via a toe-pinch and the loss of reflex response to this painful stimulus. 
	NOTE: This protocol uses 10-week-old Sprague Dawley rats and 70 mg/kg of pentobarbital delivered via an intraperitoneal injection.</li>
	<li>Make a vertical midline incision with scissors along the sternum in the thoracic area and to the perineal area. Access the abdominal cavity and expose the superior mesenteric artery, the small mesenteric resistance vessels (mPVAT) and the thoracic aorta (aPVAT).
	<ol>
		<li>Sever all connections to the mesentery and aorta and remove vessels from animal. Isolate PVAT by using a dissecting microscope and Petri dish filled with KRBB to view vessels and isolate PVAT.</li>
		<li>In this experiment, collect gonadal (GON) adipose to represent a non-PVAT adipose depot. Place isolated fat pads on ice in KRBB with 10 mM HEPES (pH = 7.4).</li>
		<li>In a biosafety hood, transfer about 50 mg of tissue to a 1.7 mL tube with 1 mL of collagenase type I solution and mince with tissue scissors (1 - 3 mm pieces).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Digest samples by incubating at 37 &#176;C in a rotisserie incubator (or incubator with an orbital shaker) for 1 h. In a biosafety hood, sequentially filter digested material through 100 and 40 &#181;m cell strainers into a 50-mL tube. Centrifuge resulting filtrate at 4 &#176;C for 10 min at 300 &#215; g. 
	NOTE: All steps in the protocol from here forward are to be performed in a biosafety hood to keep cells sterile.</li>
	<li>Pour off supernatant and resuspend pellets containing the SVF cells in 1 mL of 1X Erythrocyte Lysis Buffer Solution and transfer to a 1.7 mL microfuge tube. Incubate cells for 5 min at RT protected from light and centrifuge at 4 &#176;C for 5 min at 300 x g.</li>
	<li>Pour off supernatant and resuspend remaining cell pellet in SVF Basal Media. Collect a 20 &#181;L sub-sample to count live cells with Trypan Blue Solution. 
	NOTE: The number of SVF cells that can be isolated will vary by site. Average numbers of SVF harvested per mg of tissue are: aPVAT = 5.0 &#177;2.0x103, mPVAT = 1.04 &#177;0.62x104, GON = 2.4 &#177;1.2x105.</li>
</ol>
3. Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting
NOTE: Isolate APC from SVF based on CD34 and PDGFR&#945; cell surface markers by performing all steps at 4 &#176;C.
<ol>
	<li>Spin cells for 5 min at 300 x g. Pour off supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in MCS Blocking Buffer at 1 x 106 cells/mL and incubate for 20 min. 
	NOTE: Cell suspensions of 1 x 106 - 2 x 108 cells/mL can be separated effectively.</li>
	<li>Incubate cells with 5 &#181;L of FITC-conjugated Mouse anti-CD34 (1 &#181;g/1 x 106 cells) for 30 minutes at 4 &#176;C. Spin cells for 5 min at 300 x g and 4 &#176;C.
	<ol>
		<li>Incubate with 4 &#181;L of anti-FITC microbeads and 96 &#181;L of MCS buffer (total volume of 100 &#181;L) for 5 min at 4 &#176;C in the dark to separate CD34+ and CD34- cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Attach magnetic separator to the stand and place the MultiSort (MS) Column, with the column wings to the front, into the separator. Place a 5 mL collection tube under the MS Column in the upper tube holder.</li>
	<li>Prepare MS Column by rinsing with MCS Buffer Solution. Apply 500 &#181;L of MCS Buffer on top of the column and let the buffer run through. Discard effluent and change collection tube.</li>
	<li>Load antibody labeled cell suspension onto the prepared MS Column. Collect flow-through containing unlabeled cells.</li>
	<li>Wash MS Column with 500 &#181;L of degassed MCS Buffer 3x. Collect unlabeled cells that pass through and combine with the flow through from previous step.</li>
	<li>Remove MS Column from the magnetic separator and place it on a new collection tube. Pipette 1 mL of MCS Buffer onto the MS Column. Immediately flush out fraction with the magnetically labeled cells by firmly, but slowly, applying the plunger supplied with the column as to not allow excess gas into the column. 
	NOTE: Isolated cell numbers will vary by site. Average numbers of CD34+ APC isolated from the SVF population per mg of tissue are: aPVAT = 2.6 &#177;0.43x102, mPVAT = 9.6 &#177;1.4x102, GON = 1.3 &#177;0.22x103.</li>
	<li>Spin cells for 5 min at 300 &#215; g and 4 &#176;C. Incubate the CD34+ fraction collected in 10 &#181;L of a 1:200 solution/1 x 106 cells Rabbit anti-PDGFR&#945; for 30 min at 4 &#176;C.
	<ol>
		<li>Centrifuge cells again for 5 min at 300 x g and 4 &#176;C. Incubate labeled cells with 4 &#181;L of anti-rabbit IgG microbeads and 96 &#181;L of MCS buffer by repeating steps 3.3 through 3.7 to isolate. 
		NOTE: Isolated cell numbers will vary by site. Average numbers of PDGFR&#945;+ APC isolated from the CD34+ population per mg of tissue are: aPVAT = 2.4 &#177;0.64, mPVAT = 8.4 &#177;2.4, GON = 10.4 &#177;1.9, which is 0.5 - 10% of the previously isolated population.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Cell Culture and Adipogenesis Induction
<ol>
	<li>Culture the SVF and APC in 6-Well tissue culture plates in basal media with replacement every 2 days. After 3 serial passages, plate in black 96-Well tissue culture plates at 1x102 cells/well for proliferation assays, which are evaluated at 8, 24, 48, and 96 h, and at 50,000 cells/well in 24-well plates or 10,000 cells/well in 48-Well tissue culture plates for adipogenesis assays, which are qualitative and quantitative.</li>
	<li>Supplement APC basal media for 48 h post-confluency and prior to induction with bone morphogenic protein 4 (3.3 nmol/L) as indicated10 for differentiation. Induce cells after 48 h of 100% confluency (day 0) using the APC Induction Media to incubate the cells.</li>
	<li>After 48 h, change media to maintain cells in APC Induction media without IBMX and dexamethasone, for 14 days with media changes every 48 h.</li>
	<li>MCS isolation validated by FACS.
	<ol>
		<li>Take a 50 &#181;L (50,000 cell) sub sample of magnetically separated cells and wash with FACS solution.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge cells and resuspend in 100 &#181;L of a 1:1,000 solution of donkey anti-rabbit IgG Dylight 405 to label the PDGFR&#945;+ cells. Incubate for 30 min protected from light and at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Wash cells and resuspend in 200 &#181;L of 2% formaldehyde solution until time for analysis using 488 nm (FITC) and 405 nm (Dylight 405) filters on a flow cytometer. 
		NOTE: Lipid accumulation by cultured cells is assessed quantitatively using a lipophilic adipogenesis fluorescence assay in a microplate reader measuring fluorescence and using preadipocytes as calibrators for lipid accumulation. Lipid accumulation is also measured qualitatively by lipid dye staining and imaging performed on an inverted microscope equipped with a camera, making the percentage of total cells that do or do not contain lipid observable. Any plate reader that is able to measure fluorescence with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 572 nm is suitable for analysis as well as any microscope with a camera capable of capturing digital images.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The central focus of the present experiment is the isolation, expansion, and adipogenic induction of APC from PVAT depots. Here we present a protocol for the isolation of APC based on the identification of cells expressing the surface markers CD34 and PDGFR&#945;. These surface proteins were previously identified on APC with high proliferation rates and the potential to differentiate into white or brown adipocytes in various adipose depots14,15. By selecting cell...

Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), due to its close proximity to blood vessels, is a major paracrine signaling component in vasculature function1. Expansion of this adipose tissue is dependent on the phenotype of the Adipocyte Progenitor Cells (APC) present2,3. Isolation of cells from adipose tissues is difficult as primary adipocytes are fragile, buoyant, and range in size. Certain isolation techniques can also alter cell phenotype and morphology by increasing inflammatory protein synthesis and reducing adipogenic gene expression4, emphasizing the importance of a protocol that maintains the integrity of the cells.
Culture of primary cells and specific preadipocyte subpopulations gives a reductionist approach to in vivo growth and maintains equivalent cellular genetic makeup5, although working time with these cells is limited due to deterioration with aging, or senescence6. Preadipocytes from various adipose depots, including subcutaneous and omental depots, also demonstrate differences in proliferation7, which emphasizes the importance of collecting cells from specific anatomical sites. Precursor cells from non-PVAT white adipose depots have been characterized in previous studies7,8,9, but less is known about PVAT APC phenotypes.
The techniques described here allow for the analysis of specific and defined APC populations with minimal impact on their morphology, viability, and potential to proliferate and differentiate. Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS) is amenable to downstream applications, such as culture, as the beads dissolve without altering the cell. MCS is also economical, and once the antibody concentrations have been standardized, the need for flow cytometry assays is minimal. In vitro studies with PVAT precursors can also give a glimpse of the potential that these primary cells may have.

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Cell Incubator</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>51030285</td><td>Heracell 160i&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>6-Well Plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3516</td><td>TC-Treated</td></tr><tr><td>48-Well Plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>3548</td><td>TC-Treated</td></tr><tr><td>96-Well Plates, Black Wall</td><td>Corning</td><td>353376</td><td>TC-Treated</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>144-55-8</td><td>TC-Treated</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)</td><td>Corning</td><td>35011CV</td><td>USA Origins</td></tr><tr><td>Ascorbic Acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>50-81-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>58-85-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pantothenate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>137-08-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Corning</td><td>61-030</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bone Morphogenic Protein 4 (BMP4)</td><td>Prospec Bio</td><td>CYT-081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>400-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leukemia Inhibitory Factor</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>250-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Platelet-derived Growth Factor BB</td><td>Prospec Bio</td><td>CYT-740</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>450-33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-800-CR</td><td>ITS Solution</td></tr><tr><td>IBMX</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>28822-58-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dexamethasone</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>50-02-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T3 (Triiodothyronine)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>6893-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Cell Analysis&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CyQUANT Proliferation Assay</td><td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td><td>C7026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AdipoRed Fluorescence Assay Reagent</td><td>Lonza</td><td>PT-7009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oil Red O Lipid Dye Reagent</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>O1391</td><td>In Solution</td></tr><tr><td>M1000 Microplate Reader</td><td>Tecan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eclipse Inverted Microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Digital Sight DS-Qil Camera</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

expansion and adipogenesis induction of adipocyte progenitors from perivascular adipose tissue isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting

Expansion of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), a major regulator of vascular function through paracrine signaling, is directly related to the development of hypertension during obesity. The extent of hypertrophy and hyperplasia depends on depot location, sex, and the type of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) phenotypes present. Techniques used for APC and preadipocytes isolation in the last 10 years have drastically improved the accuracy at which individual cells can be identified based on specific cell surface markers. However, isolation of APC and adipocytes can be a challenge due to the fragility of the cell, especially if the intact cell must be retained for cell culture applications.
Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS) provides a method of isolating greater number of viable APC per weight unit of adipose tissue. APC harvested by MCS can be used for in vitro protocols to expand preadipocytes and differentiate them into adipocytes through use of growth factor cocktails allowing for analysis of the prolific and adipogenic potential retained by the cells. This experiment focused on the aortic and mesenteric PVAT depots, which play key roles in the development of cardiovascular disease during expansion. These protocols describe methods to isolate, expand, and differentiate a defined population of APC. This MCS protocol allows isolation to be used in any experiment where cell sorting is needed with minimal equipment or training. These techniques can aid further experiments to determine the functionality of specific cell populations based on the presence of cell surface markers.

Proliferative capacity of preadipocytes and adipogenic potential of adipocyte precursors are characteristics that are maintained in vitro11. In vitro proliferation of isolated SVF and APC from aPVAT, mPVAT, and GON of male rats was evaluated at 8, 24, 48, and 96 h after plating using a quantitative DNA assay. No site differences in SVF expansion rate were observed at any time point except for the APC from aPVAT, which had less proliferation by 96 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting at JoVE.com

Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting

Here we report a method for isolation of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) populations from Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) using Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS). This method allows for an increased isolation of APC per gram of adipose tissue when compared to Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).

Expansion of Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT), a major regulator of vascular function through paracrine signaling, is directly related to the ...

expansion-adipogenesis-induction-adipocyte-progenitors-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.4K Views.  Michigan State University. Here we report a method for isolation of Adipocyte Progenitor Cell (APC) populations from Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) using Magnetic-activated Cell Sorting (MCS). This method allows for an increased isolation of APC per gram of adipose tissue when compared to Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).

Video: Expansion and Adipogenesis Induction of Adipocyte Progenitors from Perivascular Adipose Tissue Isolated by Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Neural Crest Original Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Periaortic Adipose Tissue

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. ADSCs derived from different adipose tissues show distinct features, and those from the PVAT have not been well characterized. In a recent study, we reported that some ADSCs in the periaortic arch adipose tissue (PAAT) descend from the neural crest cells (NCCs), a transient population of migratory cells originating from the ectoderm.
In this paper, we describe a protocol for isolating red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled NCCs from the PAAT of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice and inducing their adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Briefly, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is enzymatically dissociated from the PAAT, and the RFP+ neural crest derived ADSCs (NCADSCs) are isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The NCADSCs differentiate into both brown and white adipocytes, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic potential for ~3&#8211;5 passages. Our protocol can generate abundant ADSCs from the PVAT for modeling PVAT adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. Thus, these NCADSCs can provide a valuable system for studying the molecular switches involved in PVAT differentiation.

We present a protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of neural crest derived adipose-derived stem cells (NCADSCs) from the periaortic adipose tissue of Wnt-1 Cre+/-;Rosa26RFP/+ mice. The NCADSCs can be an easily accessible source of ADSCs for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro.

An excessive amount of adipose tissue surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular adipose tissue, also known as PVAT) is associated with a high risk of ...

Mouse Heart and Skeletal Muscle Digestion for Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Culture

Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitor Isolation, Expansion, and Differentiation from the Spiny Mouse Model

Due to its exceptional repair program, the spiny mouse is an emerging research model for regenerative medicine. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors are tissue-resident cells that are able to differentiate into adipocytes, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors are fundamental for orchestrating tissue regeneration as they are responsible for extracellular matrix remodeling after injury. This study focuses on investigating the specific role of fibro-adipogenic progenitors in spiny mouse cardiac repair and skeletal muscle regeneration. To this end, a protocol has been optimized for the purification of spiny mouse fibro-adipogenic progenitors by flow cytometry from enzymatically dissociated skeletal and cardiac muscle. The population obtained from this protocol is capable of expanding in vitro, and can be differentiated to myofibroblasts and adipocytes. This protocol offers a valuable tool for researchers to examine the distinctive properties of spiny mouse, and to compare them to the Mus musculus. This will provide insights that could advance the understanding of regenerative mechanisms in this intriguing model.

Author Spotlight: Streamlining Cell Analysis with an Innovative Protocol for Studying Spiny Mouse Models

This protocol outlines the isolation of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) from spiny mouse (Acomys) via enzymatic dissociation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The FAPs obtained from this protocol can be effectively expanded and differentiated to myofibroblasts and adipocytes.

Due to its exceptional repair program, the spiny mouse is an emerging research model for regenerative medicine. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors are ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Adipogenic and Fibro-Inflammatory Stromal Cell Subpopulations from Murine Intra-Abdominal Adipose Depots

The stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue (WAT) is remarkably heterogeneous and consists of numerous cell types that contribute functionally to the expansion and remodeling of WAT in adulthood. A tremendous barrier to studying the implications of this cellular heterogeneity is the inability to readily isolate functionally distinct cell subpopulations from WAT SVF for in vitro and in vivo analyses. Single-cell sequencing technology has recently identified functionally distinct fibro-inflammatory and adipogenic PDGFR&#946;+ perivascular cell subpopulations in intra-abdominal WAT depots of adult mice. Fibro-inflammatory progenitors (termed, &#8220;FIPs&#8221;) are non-adipogenic collagen producing cells that can exert a pro-inflammatory phenotype. PDGFR&#946;+ adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) are highly adipogenic both in vitro and in vivo upon cell transplantation. Here, we describe multiple methods for the isolation of these stromal cell subpopulations from murine intra-abdominal WAT depots. FIPs and APCs can be isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) or by taking advantage of biotinylated antibody-based immunomagnetic bead technology. Isolated cells can be used for molecular and functional analysis. Studying the functional properties of stromal cell subpopulation in isolation will expand our current knowledge of adipose tissue remodeling under physiological or pathological conditions on the cellular level.

This protocol describes the technical approach to isolate adipogenic and fibro-inflammatory stromal cell subpopulations from murine intra-abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) depots by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or immunomagnetic bead separation.

The stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue (WAT) is remarkably heterogeneous and consists of numerous cell types that contribute ...

Differentiation Capacity of Human Aortic Perivascular Adipose Progenitor Cells

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells is a major mechanism driving adipose tissue expansion and dysfunction in response to obesity. Understanding changes to perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is thus clinically relevant in metabolic disease. However, previous studies have been predominately performed in the mouse and other animal models. This protocol uses human thoracic PVAT samples collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Adipose tissue from the ascending aorta was collected and used for explantation of the stromal vascular fraction. We previously confirmed the presence of adipose progenitor cells in human PVAT with the capacity to differentiate into lipid-containing adipocytes. In this study, we further analyzed the differentiation potential of cells from the stromal vascular fraction, presumably containing multi-potent progenitor cells. We compared PVAT-derived cells to human bone marrow MSC for differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Following 14 days of differentiation, specific stains were utilized to detect lipid accumulation in adipocytes (Oil red O), calcific deposits in osteogenic cells (Alizarin Red), or glycosaminoglycans and collagen in chondrogenic cells (Masson&#8217;s Trichrome). While bone marrow MSC efficiently differentiated into all three lineages, PVAT-derived cells had adipogenic and chondrogenic potential, but lacked robust osteogenic potential.

The goal of this protocol is to test the ability of progenitor cells derived from human perivascular adipose tissue to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Differentiation was compared to mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which is known to differentiate into adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte lineages.

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic ...

Biology

Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues

Obesity and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, are all associated with dramatic adipose tissue remodeling. Tissue-resident adipose progenitor cells (APCs) play a key role in adipose tissue homeostasis and can contribute to the tissue pathology. The growing use of single cell analysis technologies &#8211; including single-cell RNA-sequencing and single-cell proteomics &#8211; is transforming the stem/progenitor cell field by permitting unprecedented resolution of individual cell expression changes within the context of population- or tissue-wide changes. In this article, we provide detailed protocols to dissect mouse epididymal adipose tissue, isolate single adipose tissue-derived cells, and perform fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to enrich for viable Sca1+/CD31-/CD45-/Ter119- APCs. These protocols will allow investigators to prepare high quality APCs suitable for downstream analyses such as single cell RNA sequencing.

We present a simple method to isolate highly viable adipose progenitor cells from mouse epididymal fat pads using fluorescence activated cell sorting.

Obesity and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, are all associated with dramatic adipose tissue remodeling. Tissue-resident ...

Semi-Automated Isolation of Murine White Adipose Tissue

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their mechanisms. Immortalized white preadipocyte cell lines are publicly available and widely used. However, the emergence of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue in response to external cues is difficult to recapitulate to the full extent using publicly available white adipocyte cell lines. Isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from murine adipose tissue is commonly executed to obtain primary preadipocytes and perform adipocyte differentiation. However, mincing and collagenase digestion of adipose tissue by hand can result in experimental variation and is prone to contamination. Here, we present a modified semi-automated protocol that utilizes a tissue dissociator for collagenase digestion to achieve easier isolation of the SVF, with the aim of reducing experimental variation, reducing contamination, and increasing reproducibility. The obtained preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes can be used for functional and mechanistic analyses.

Author Spotlight: Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator  

This protocol describes the semi-automated isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from murine adipose tissue to obtain preadipocytes and achieve adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Using a tissue dissociator for collagenase digestion reduces experimental variation and increases reproducibility.

The in vitro study of white, brown, and beige adipocyte differentiation enables the investigation of cell-autonomous functions of adipocytes and their ...

Culturing Preadipocytes Isolated from Murine Perivascular Adipose Tissue

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Stromal Vascular Fraction-derived Preadipocytes from Mouse Periaortic Adipose Tissue

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot that surrounds blood vessels and exhibits the phenotypes of white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Recent discoveries have shed light on the central role of PVAT in regulating vascular homeostasis and participating in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive understanding of PVAT properties and regulation is of great importance for the development of future therapies. Primary cultures of periaortic adipocytes are valuable for studying PVAT function and the crosstalk between periaortic adipocytes and vascular cells. This paper presents an economical and feasible protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of stromal vascular fraction-derived preadipocytes from mouse periaortic adipose tissue, which can be useful for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. The protocol outlines tissue processing and cell differentiation for culturing periaortic adipocytes from young mice. This protocol will provide the technological cornerstone at the bench side for the investigation of PVAT function.

Author Spotlight: The Significance of Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of SVF-Derived Preadipocytes from Mouse Perivascular Adipose Tissue 

Here, we describe the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of stromal vascular fraction-derived preadipocytes from mouse periaortic adipose tissue, allowing for the study of perivascular adipose tissue function and its relationship with vascular cells.

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot that surrounds blood vessels and exhibits the phenotypes of white, beige, and brown ...

Culturing Murine Adipocytes and Explants for Functional and Imaging Studies

Isolation and Culturing of Primary Murine Adipocytes from Lean and Obese Mice

Adipose tissue is primarily composed of mature, lipid-laden adipocytes by volume. These postmitotic cells play a critical role in energy storage and mobilization, thermoregulation, and the secretion of endocrine factors. The expansion of white adipose tissue due to caloric imbalance results in both the enlargement of existing adipocytes and the generation of additional adipocytes from adipocyte progenitor cells. Obesity-driven changes to white adipose tissue, including those affecting adipocytes, are associated with numerous comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes and 13 types of cancer. A significant barrier to studying how adipocytes contribute to disease is the inability to readily isolate and culture mature adipocytes. This article describes a protocol to isolate murine lean and obese adipocytes from the subcutaneous and visceral fat depots of male and female C57BL/6 mice. The protocol details how isolated primary adipocytes can be cultured in a membrane adipocyte aggregate system for up to 2 weeks, facilitating their functional analysis in co-culture experiments, lipolysis assays, or through the collection of conditioned media containing adipocyte-secreted factors. Additionally, the protocol outlines methods for culturing adipose tissue explants in basement membrane matrix domes and imaging primary isolated adipocytes. Importantly, this approach can be integrated with existing protocols for the isolation of adipose tissue-resident adipocyte&#160;progenitor cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Together, these protocols provide researchers with tools to functionally study adipocytes, adipocyte progenitor cells, and whole adipose tissue from lean and obese, male and female mice.

The size and fragility of mature adipocytes have limited the techniques and tools available for their study and isolation. Here, a protocol is described for the isolation of mature murine adipocytes, which can be easily adapted for different adipose depots and mouse diets.

Adipose tissue is primarily composed of mature, lipid-laden adipocytes by volume. These postmitotic cells play a critical role in energy storage and ...