Name: measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor
Uploaded: 2018-08-03T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Yazarlar ulusal anahtar teknoloji araştırma ve geliştirme programı Bakanlığı Bilim ve teknoloji Çin (No. 2011BAK15B06) onların destek için teşekkür ederiz. Teşekkür için yemek servisi bizi video çekimi tamamlamak bizim laboratuvar üzerinden bir master öğrencisi olan Shuya Zhuang.

1. su Strider bacak yüzey yapısına gözlenmesi
<ol><li>Su sineklerinin balıkçılık açılış net kullanarak yerel tatlı su havuzları toplamak.</li>
	<li>Orta bacaklar en az 5 çift makas kullanarak deneysel örnekleri kesin. Alt bacak dikkatle, yüzey kirlenme ve mikroyapı bacaklar önünde etkilemesini önlemek için dokunun.</li>
	<li>Bacaklar havada dışarı doğal olarak kuru.</li>
	<li>Taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile mikro düzeyde kararlılık resim 1biriçinde gösterildiği gibi kullanarak bacaklar yüzey mikroyapı gözlemlemek.</li>
	<li>Şekil 1bgösterildiği gibi nano düzeyi çözünürlükte tarama elektrik mikroskop kullanarak bacaklar microsetae gözlemlemek.</li>
</ol>2. dinamik güç ölçüm sisteminin bileşeni hazırlamak
<ol><li>PVDF film sensörü ile bir boyut-in daha--dan 10 üretir 14,9 X 10.2 mm2 X 28 mikron, satın mV başına mikro-zorlanma. Not: PVDF film sensörü yüksek ISO değerlerinde dinamik kişi güç duygusu için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>En fazla 1000 mV/pC şarj kazanç ile şarj amplifikatör satın almak ve düşük gürültü 5'ten μV. Not: Şarj amplifikatör içinde dönüştürücü şarj çıktısı bir gerilim dönüştürülür PVDF film sensörü sinyalini büyütmek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Analog giriş olan örnekleme hızları 1 aralığında bir veri alma aygıtı satın s/s 102.4 kS/s. Not: Veri alma cihazı şarj amplifikatör gerilim veri okumak ve göndermek için daha fazla alay bilgisayar için ve görüntülemek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Birkaç yüksek kesin deplasman aşamaları ve bir rediktördür satın alabilirsiniz. Not: Su rediktördür tarafından tahrik farklı hızda bacaklar havanamazlar.</li>
	<li>Satın alma 30 mm ve kare hızı 5 mm aralığında odak uzunluğu olan bir CCD kamera, 30 kare/sn olduğunu. Not: Bu kamera kayıt ve deformasyon su yüzeyi ve bacaklar ve su yüzeyi arasındaki mesafe izlemek için kullanılır.</li>
	<li>Yüksek performanslı bilgisayar hazırlayın.</li>
</ol>3. dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi tüm parçaları Meclisi
<ol><li>Dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi Şekil 2bir ve Şekil 2bgösterilen gerçek deneme enstrüman gösterilen şematik göre bir araya getirin.</li>
	<li>Yatay çerçeve üzerinde diğer tarafta asılı olarak yerleştirilen yüksek kesin deplasman sahneye elektrotlar ile PVDF film sensörü bir tarafı düzeltmek. Bu yükleme yöntemi PVDF film sensörünün dinamik mikro güç için ölçü çözünürlüğünü artırmak yardımcı olur.</li>
	<li>PVDF film sensörü şarj amplifikatör, ücret amplifikatör veri alma aygıtına ve veri alma aygıtını bilgisayara bağlayın.</li>
	<li>PVDF film sensörü sol tarafındaki yerleştirilen yüksek kesin deplasman sahneye kamera tamir.</li>
	<li>Kabaca bacaklar ve su arasındaki mesafeyi hızlı bir şekilde ayarlamak, çerçeve PVDF film sensör üzerinde yüksek kesin deplasman aşamaya düzeltmek için kimin PVDF film algılayıcı yaklaşık 10 cm ayrılmasıdır.</li>
	<li>Kesin bir hızda su yüzeyi uzak bacak kaldırma için yüksek kesin deplasman sahne altında rediktördür saptamak.</li>
</ol>4. Kalibrasyon dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi
<ol><li>Elektrostatik kuvvet sistemi26 PVDF film sensörü, kimin büyüklüğü daha az 0.5 µN. kontrol sisteminin elektrostatik kuvvet için iç ve dış elektrotlar uygulanan gerilim tarafından olmalıdır ücretsiz ucundaki hareket bir mikro-sabit güç oluşturmak için kullanın paralellik silindirik kapasitör. Dikkat: Kuvvet PVDF film yüzeye normal bir yönde hareket etmelidir ve uygulama amacı olabildiğince yakınına PVDF film sensör hassasiyetini artırmak için ucuna kadar beklenir.</li>
	<li>Bir adım giriş oluşturmak için kısa bir süre yürürlükte serbest bırakın.</li>
	<li>LabVIEW, yardımcı olan çıkış gerilim sinyalleri PVDF film sensörün okuma yazılımını kullanarak bilgisayar 4.2 adımda gerilim-zaman sinyali okunur.<ol>
<li>Download LabVIEW yazılım ve donanım sürücüsü NI-DAQmx yılında resmi web sitesi, Ulusal aletleri.</li>
		<li>LabVIEW gösterilen Şekil 3kullanarak sürekli analog voltaj ölçümü gösterimini açın.</li>
		<li>Kanal ayarlarımodülündeki şarj amplifikatör ile bağlı veri alma aygıtı fiziksel kanalı seçin.</li>
		<li>Örnek hızı 100000 100000 Zamanlama ayarlarımodülü için örnek sayısını ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Günlük ve okunur oturum açma modu seçin ve Günlüğe kaydetme ayarlarımodülünde gerilim verilerini depolamak için dosya yolunu yazın.</li>
		<li>Yok tetikleyici Tetikleyici ayarlarımodülünde seçin.</li>
		<li>Gerilim sinyal örnekleme yapmak için araç çubuğundaki oku-şekil düğmesini tıklatın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>İçinde en yüksek gerilim zorlamak için sensör üzerinde hareket karşılık gelen gerilim eğrisi analiz.</li>
	<li>Farklı güç girişi, içinde bir dizi gerilim-güç noktaları kazandı, 4.1-4.4 adımları yineleyin.</li>
	<li>En yüksek çıkış voltajı ve standart güç kalibrasyon sonuç ilişkisini belirlemek.</li>
</ol>5. yapışma gücü belirli bir hızda ölçümü
<ol><li>Bir su damlası (5 µL) mekanik bir micropipette kullanarak PVDF film sensörü ücretsiz sonuna yerleştirin. Not: Damlacık konumunu PVDF film sensörü ucu yakın olmalıdır.</li>
	<li>Rediktördür yüksek kesin deplasman sahne altında bir tek bacak sopa.</li>
	<li>Şekil 4biriçinde gösterildiği gibi su yüzeyi, bacak kişilerle kadar yüksek kesin deplasman sahne alanı aşağı doğru hareket ederler. Monitör kamera sistemi tarafından bacak ve su yüzeyi arasındaki mesafe sensörü sol tarafında monte.</li>
	<li>Su yüzeyinden uzak bacak sabit bir hızda rediktördür kaldırma.</li>
	<li>Gerilim eğrinin çıkış yapan sürecinin adım 4,6 kurulan modelini kullanarak her noktası karşılık gelen güç hesaplamak ve sonra işlemi, çıkış yapan, kuvvet-zaman eğrisi Şekil 4bgösterildiği gibi çizin.</li>
	<li>Çıkış yapan işleminin belirli bir hızda en yüksek yapışma kaydedin.</li>
</ol>6. ölçüm farklı hızlarda yapışma gücü.
<ol><li>Bacaklar kaldırma hızı rediktördür tarafından alter ve adım 5 göre yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek.</li>
	<li>6.1. adımda elde veri kullanarak hız eğrisi kaldırma karşı yapışma kuvvetleri arsa.</li>
	<li>Yapışma gücü ve eğri aracılığıyla kaldırma hızı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gao, X., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biophysics:+Water-repellent+legs+of+water+striders.">Biophysics: Water-repellent legs of water striders.</a> Nature. 432 (7013), 36 (2004).</li><li>Hu, D. L., Chan, B., Bush, J. W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrodynamics+of+water+strider+locomotion.">The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion.</a> Nature. 424 (6949), 663-666 (2003).</li><li>Jiang, C. G., Xin, S. C., Wu, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drag+reduction+of+a+miniature+boat+with+superhydrophobic+grille+bottom.">Drag reduction of a miniature boat with superhydrophobic grille bottom.</a> AIP Advances. 1 (3), 032148 (2011).</li><li>Su, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano+to+micro+structural+hierarchy+is+crucial+for+stable+superhydrophobic+and+water-repellent+surfaces.">Nano to micro structural hierarchy is crucial for stable superhydrophobic and water-repellent surfaces.</a> Langmuir. 26 (7), 4984-4989 (2010).</li><li>Feng, X. Q., Gao, X., Wu, Z., Jiang, L., Zheng, Q. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superior+water+repellency+of+water+strider+legs+with+hierarchical+structures:+experiments+and+analysis.">Superior water repellency of water strider legs with hierarchical structures: experiments and analysis.</a> Langmuir. 23 (9), 4892-4896 (2007).</li><li>Suter, R. B., Stratton, G., Miller, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+surface+locomotion+by+spiders:+distinct+gaits+in+diverse+families.">Water surface locomotion by spiders: distinct gaits in diverse families.</a> Journal of Arachnology. 31 (3), 428-432 (2003).</li><li>Yin, W., Zheng, Y. L., Lu, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+topographies+of+water+surface+dimples+formed+by+superhydrophobic+water+strider+legs.">Three-dimensional topographies of water surface dimples formed by superhydrophobic water strider legs.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 109 (16), 163701 (2016).</li><li>Liu, J. L., Feng, X. Q., Wang, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buoyant+force+and+sinking+condition+of+a+hydrophobic+thin+rod+floating+on+water.">Buoyant force and sinking condition of a hydrophobic thin rod floating on water.</a> Physical Review E. 76 (6), 066103 (2007).</li><li>Ng, T. W., Panduputra, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamical+force+and+imaging+characterization+of+superhydrophobic+surfaces.">Dynamical force and imaging characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces.</a> Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces &amp; Colloids. 28 (1), 453-458 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elegant+Shadow+Making+Tiny+Force+Visible+for+Water-Walking+Arthropods+and+Updated+Archimedes'+Principle.">Elegant Shadow Making Tiny Force Visible for Water-Walking Arthropods and Updated Archimedes' Principle.</a> Langmuir. 32 (41), 10522-10528 (2016).</li><li>Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Chen, N., Pan, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+superhydrophobicity+is+crucial+for+a+water-jumping+microrobot?+Experimental+and+theoretical+investigations.">Why superhydrophobicity is crucial for a water-jumping microrobot? Experimental and theoretical investigations.</a> Acs Appl Mater Interfaces. 4 (7), 3706-3711 (2012).</li><li>Shi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+Understanding+Why+a+Superhydrophobic+Coating+Is+Needed+by+Water+Striders.">Towards Understanding Why a Superhydrophobic Coating Is Needed by Water Striders.</a> Advanced Materials. 19 (17), 2257-2261 (2010).</li><li>Yang, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+striders+adjust+leg+movement+speed+to+optimize+takeoff+velocity+for+their+morphology.">Water striders adjust leg movement speed to optimize takeoff velocity for their morphology.</a> Nature communications. 7, 13698 (2016).</li><li>Liu, J. L., Sun, J., Mei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+mechanics+behaviors+of+the+strider+leg+vertically+pressing+water.">Biomimetic mechanics behaviors of the strider leg vertically pressing water.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 104 (23), 231607 (2014).</li><li>Kong, X. Q., Liu, J. L., Wu, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+a+mosquito+leg+possesses+superior+load-bearing+capacity+on+water:+Experimentals.">Why a mosquito leg possesses superior load-bearing capacity on water: Experimentals.</a> Acta Mechanica Sinica. 32 (2), 335-341 (2016).</li><li>Liu, J. L., Mei, Y., Xia, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+wetting+mechanism+based+upon+triple+contact+line+pinning.">A new wetting mechanism based upon triple contact line pinning.</a> Langmuir. 27 (1), 196-200 (2011).</li><li>Lee, D. G., Kim, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+superhydrophobicity+in+the+adhesion+of+a+floating+cylinder.">The role of superhydrophobicity in the adhesion of a floating cylinder.</a> Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 624, 23-32 (2009).</li><li>Wei, P. J., Chen, S. C., Lin, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+forces+and+contact+angles+of+water+strider+legs.">Adhesion forces and contact angles of water strider legs.</a> Langmuir. 25 (3), 1526-1528 (2008).</li><li>Su, Y., Ji, B., Huang, Y., Hwang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nature's+design+of+hierarchical+superhydrophobic+surfaces+of+a+water+strider+for+low+adhesion+and+low-energy+dissipation.">Nature's design of hierarchical superhydrophobic surfaces of a water strider for low adhesion and low-energy dissipation.</a> Langmuir. 26 (24), 18926-18937 (2010).</li><li>Shen, Y., Xi, N., Lai, K. W. C., Li, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+PVDF+microforce/force+rate+sensor+for+practical+applications+in+micromanipulation.">A novel PVDF microforce/force rate sensor for practical applications in micromanipulation.</a> Sensor Review. 24 (3), 274-283 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Y. R., Zheng, J. M., Ren, G. Y., Xu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+flexible+piezoelectric+force+sensor+based+on+PVDF+fabrics.">A flexible piezoelectric force sensor based on PVDF fabrics.</a> Smart Materials and Structures. 20 (4), 045009 (2011).</li><li>Liu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+PVDF+film+to+stress+measurement+of+structural+member.">Application of PVDF film to stress measurement of structural member.</a> Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan. 2002 (192), 591-599 (2002).</li><li>Fujii, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proposal+for+a+step+response+evaluation+method+for+force+transducers.">Proposal for a step response evaluation method for force transducers.</a> Measurement Science and Technology. 14 (10), 1741-1746 (2003).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+environmental+noise+suppression+for+micronewton+force+sensing+based+on+electrostatic+by+injecting+air+damping.">Improving environmental noise suppression for micronewton force sensing based on electrostatic by injecting air damping.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 85 (5), 055002 (2014).</li><li>Zheng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multi-position+calibration+of+the+stiffness+for+atomic-force+microscope+cantilevers+based+on+vibration.">The multi-position calibration of the stiffness for atomic-force microscope cantilevers based on vibration.</a> Measurement Science and Technology. 26 (5), 055001 (2015).</li><li>Sun, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Differential+Method+for+Force+Measurement+Based+on+Electrostatic+Force.">The Differential Method for Force Measurement Based on Electrostatic Force.</a> Journal of Sensors. 2017, 1857920 (2017).</li><li>Song, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+Sensitive,+Precise,+and+Traceable+Measurement+of+Force.">Highly Sensitive, Precise, and Traceable Measurement of Force.</a> Instrumentation Science &amp; Technology. 44 (4), 386-400 (2016).</li><li>Kurata, M., Li, X., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piezoelectric+dynamic+strain+monitoring+for+detecting+local+seismic+damage+in+steel+buildings.">Piezoelectric dynamic strain monitoring for detecting local seismic damage in steel buildings.</a> Smart Materials and Structures. 22 (11), 115002 (2013).</li><li>Qasaimeh, M. A., Sokhanvar, S., Dargahi, J., Kahrizi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PVDF-based+microfabricated+tactile+sensor+for+minimally+invasive+surgery.">PVDF-based microfabricated tactile sensor for minimally invasive surgery.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 18 (1), 195-207 (2009).</li></ol>

Yazar ifşa etmek hiçbir şey vardır.

Bu protokol için PVDF film sensörüne dayalı bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi başarılı bir şekilde tasarlanmış, monte, uzak su yüzeyine yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek için kalibre. Tüm adımları arasında çok önemli yapışma kuvvetleri bu çalışma olarak su yüzeyinden bacak kaldırma tarafından farklı hızlarda ölçüldü su hızlı manevra dikkat çekici özelliği odaklı. Kaldırma hızı artar zaman yapışma kuvvetleri azalmıştır deney çıkış yapan sonuçlarını gösterdi. Eğer onlar s...

Doğada su sineklerinin atlamak veya su yüzeyi ince ve nonwetting bacaklar1,2,3,4,5yardımı ile kolayca ve hızlı bir şekilde kayma için dikkat çekici yeteneğine sahip, Ama nadiren yavaş yavaş, karasal böcekler olan hareket. Suyun ve bacak6,7,8, arasında iletişim alanı ve yapışma yürürlükte dramatik azaltma işler superhydrophobic devlet su strider hiyerarşik yapısını stabilize 9. ancak, su sineklerinin hızlı kesilmesi su yüzeyinden hidrodinamik avantajları kötü yorumlanmış10,11,12kalır.
Su yüzeyinden atlama işlemi ağırlıklı olarak üç aşamada13,14,15,16ayrılmıştır. İlk başta, su sineklerinin atlama yönünü başlatmak ve belirlemek böcek sağlayan biyolojik enerji maksimum derinliği batan kadar su yüzey enerjiye dönüştürmek için orta ve arka bacaklar ile su yüzeyi aşağı doğru itin. ayırmayı hız. Artan sahne ile takip, böcek yukarı doğru kavisli su yüzeyi kapiller zorla maksimum hız erişene dek itilir. Son ayrılma aşamasında su strider atalet tarafından su yüzeyinden uzak kırma kadar yükselmeye devam ediyor, ama hızı büyük ölçüde nedeniyle yapışma gücü azalır su ile enerji tüketimi üzerinde asıl etkiye sahip su Yolgezer. Bu nedenle, bu iletişim kuralı ayrılma aşamasında kalkış farklı hızları, yapışma gücü ölçmek ve hızlı hareket eden farklı karakteristik açıklamak için önerilmiştir.
Ne zaman su yüzeyinden iten su sineklerinin yapışma gücü keşfetmek için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Lee & Kim yapışma gücü ve enerji su strider'ın bacaklar kaldırma ölçüde ne zaman temas açısı 160 derece17' ye yükseldi azalmıştır gerekli teorik ve deneysel olarak doğruladı. Pan Jen Wei bir hidrostatik deney 1/5, ağırlık 18bulundu TriboScope sistemi tarafından yapışma kuvvetleri ölçmek için tasarlanmış. Kehchih Hwang ayakları ve özellikli bir 2D sudan ayırma ve bacak superhydrophobicity yapışma gücü ve enerji dağıtımı19azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynadı buldum yarı statik süreci analiz. Ancak, önceki çalışmalarda yapışma gücü ölçümü sadece hızlı atlama sırasında yapışma kuvvetleri değişiklikleri izlemek için bir yarı statik işleminin durumu oldu.
Bu çalışmada, polivinilidin florid (PVDF) film sensörü ve diğer adjuvan enstrüman kullanarak bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi tasarlanmış. Piezoelektrik diğer malzemelerle karşılaştırıldığında, PVDF daha yüksek duyarlılık20,21,22ile dinamik microforce ölçmek için daha uygundur. PVDF film sensör sistemi içine entegre ederek, gerçek zamanlı yapışma kuvvetleri olabilir tespit ve bacak su yüzey23,24,25dan çekiyordu zaman işlenir.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PVDF film sensor</td><td>TE Connectivity</td><td>DT1-028K/L</td><td>The PVDF film sensor is used to sense the dynamic contact force .</td></tr><tr><td>Charge amplifier</td><td>Wuxi Shiao Technology co.,Ltd</td><td>YE5852B</td><td>The charge amplifier&amp;nbsp;is an electronic current integrator that produces a voltage output proportional to the integrated value of the input</td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition device</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>USB-4431</td><td>The data acquisition device is used to read the voltage data.</td></tr><tr><td>Displacement stage</td><td>ZOLIXINSTRUMENTS CO.LTD</td><td>KSAV1010-ZF</td><td>KSAV1010/2030-ZF is a wedge vertical stage with high-resolution, high-stability and high-load.</td></tr><tr><td>CCD camera</td><td>Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td><td>digital microscope A1</td><td>Frame rate: 30 frames/sec;Focal distance: 5mm - 30mm</td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>G480</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Servomotor</td><td>EMAX US Inc.</td><td>ES08MD</td><td>It&#039;s not bad this servo with speed varying from 0.10 sec/60&amp;deg; / 4.8v to 0.08 sec/60&amp;deg;/6.0v.</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical Pipettes</td><td>Dragon Laboratory Instruments Limited</td><td>YE5K693181</td><td>The pipettes cover volume range of 0.1 &amp;mu;l to 2.5 &amp;mu;l</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of dynamic force acted on water strider leg jumping upward by the pvdf film sensor

Genellikle bu su strider doğada fenomen için bir açıklama yapmak için amaçlayan bu çalışma atlar veya kolayca ama hızlı bir şekilde su yüzeyine kayar, onun en yüksek hareket ile ulaşan 150 cm/s hız. İlk olarak, biz mikroyapı ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu kullanılarak su strider bacaklar hiyerarşisini gözlenen. Bacaklar gözlenen morfolojisi temelinde, hangi enerji azaltma açısından zahmetsizce su yüzeyinde slayt için su sineklerinin yeteneği açıkladı dekolmanı su yüzeyinden bir teorik modeli kurulmuştur. İkinci olarak, tüm etkileşim işlemi tespit olabilir mükemmel hassasiyet ile PVDF film sensör kullanarak bir dinamik güç ölçüm sistemi geliştirildi. Daha sonra su ile temas halinde tek bir bacak yukarı doğru farklı hızlarda çekildi ve yapışma gücü aynı zamanda ölçüldü. Çıkış yapan denemenin sonuçları hızlı su sineklerinin atlama derin bir anlayış önerdi.

Kaldırma hızı ve adezyon kuvveti arasında ilişki Tablo 1' de gösterilen. Kaldırma hızı 0.3 m/s için 0,01 m/s ile arttığında, yapışma gücü su yüzeyi ve bacak azalır ölçüde 0,10 itibaren 0.03 arasında. Çıkış yapan denemenin sonuçları en yüksek yapışma kuvvetleri su sineklerinin hızlı bir şekilde su yüzeyine taşırsanız rahat hissedebilirsiniz belirtilen kaldırma hızını artırmak gibi önemli ölçüde azaltmak gösterdi.
<p clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Su Strider bacak yukarı PVDF Film algılayıcı tarafından atlama üzerinde hareket dinamik güç ölçümü

İletişim kuralı burada ücretsiz araştıran ve su yüzeyindeki su strider hızlı manevra adamıştır. Protokol bacaklar mikroyapı gözlemleyerek ve yapışma gücü farklı hızlarda su yüzeyinden çıkış yapan zaman ölçme içerir.

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

measurement-dynamic-force-acted-on-water-strider-leg-jumping-upward

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

5.9K Görüntüleme.  Tianjin University. İletişim kuralı burada ücretsiz araştıran ve su yüzeyindeki su strider hızlı manevra adamıştır. Protokol bacaklar mikroyapı gözlemleyerek ve yapışma gücü farklı hızlarda su yüzeyinden çıkış yapan zaman ölçme içerir.

Video: Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors 1-3. Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1. Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middle-aged, and geriatric rats.

Locomotion is often examined as a behavioural outcome in various models of disease in fields such as neuroscience and orthopedics. This video paper intends to describe a method for collecting ground reaction forces and kinematics from rats during unrestrained locomotion.

Kinematik ve Zemin Mukabele Gücü&#39;nün Belirlenmesi: Genç Yetişkin, Orta yaşlı ve Geriatrik Sıçanlar, bir gösteri miktarının Lokomotor Yetenekler

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes.  As such, all behaviors manifest through the ...

Nörobilim

Studying the Neural Basis of Adaptive Locomotor Behavior in Insects

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those leg movements that result from passive forces and interactions with other legs through the common contact with the substrate. If we want to understand, which part of a given movement is produced by nervous system motor output, kinematic analysis of stepping movements, therefore, needs to be complemented with electrophysiological recordings of motor activity. The recording of neuronal or muscular activity in a behaving animal is often limited by the electrophysiological equipment which can constrain the animal in its ability to move with as many degrees of freedom as possible. This can either be avoided by using implantable electrodes and then having the animal move on a long tether (i.e. Clarac et al., 1987; Duch &amp; Pfl&uuml;ger, 1995; B&ouml;hm et al., 1997; Gruhn &amp; Rathmayer, 2002) or by transmitting the data using telemetric devices (Kutsch et al, 1993; Fischer et al., 1996; Tsuchida et al. 2004; Hama et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008). Both of these elegant methods, which are successfully used in larger arthropods, often prove difficult to apply in smaller walking insects which either easily get entangled in the long tether or are hindered by the weight of the telemetric device and its batteries. In addition, in all these cases, it is still impossible to distinguish between the purely neuronal basis of locomotion and the effects exerted by mechanical coupling between the walking legs through the substrate. One solution for this problem is to conduct the experiments in a tethered animal that is free to walk in place and that is locally suspended, for example over a slippery surface, which effectively removes most ground contact mechanics. This has been used to study escape responses (Camhi and Nolen, 1981; Camhi and Levy, 1988), turning (Tryba and Ritzman, 2000a,b; Gruhn et al., 2009a), backward walking (Graham and Epstein, 1985) or changes in velocity (Gruhn et al., 2009b) and it allows the experimenter easily to combine intra- and extracellular physiology with kinematic analyses (Gruhn et al., 2006).
We use a slippery surface setup to investigate the timing of leg muscles in the behaving stick insect with respect to touch-down and lift-off under different behavioral paradigms such as straight forward and curved walking in intact and reduced preparations.

We describe a method to record motor activity, timed to the electrically recorded tarsal contact signal in a tethered insect, walking on a slippery surface. This is used to study the neural basis of adaptive behavior under reduced influence of mechanical interaction between legs through the substrate.

Böcekler Adaptif Lokomotor Davranış Sinir Dayanak incelenmesi

Studying the neural basis of walking behavior, one often faces the problem that it is hard to separate the neuronally produced stepping output from those ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

Yatak Yüklü Deneylerde Görüntü Tabanlı Lagrangian Parçacık İzleme

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

Çevre

Quantitative Locomotion Study of Freely Swimming Micro-organisms Using Laser Diffraction

Soil and aquatic microscopic organisms live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. Most studies of microscopic organism behavior, in contrast, have been conducted using microscope-based approaches, which limit the movement and behavior to a narrow, nearly two-dimensional focal field.1 We present a novel analytical approach that provides real-time analysis of freely swimming C. elegans in a cuvette without dependence on microscope-based equipment. This approach consists of tracking the temporal periodicity of diffraction patterns generated by directing laser light through the cuvette. We measure oscillation frequencies for freely swimming nematodes.
Analysis of the far-field diffraction patterns reveals clues about the waveforms of the nematodes. Diffraction is the process of light bending around an object. In this case light is diffracted by the organisms. The light waves interfere and can form a diffraction pattern. A far-field, or Fraunhofer, diffraction pattern is formed if the screen-to-object distance is much larger than the diffracting object. In this case, the diffraction pattern can be calculated (modeled) using a Fourier transform.2
C. elegans are free-living soil-dwelling nematodes that navigate in three dimensions. They move both on a solid matrix like soil or agar in a sinusoidal locomotory pattern called crawling and in liquid in a different pattern called swimming.3 The roles played by sensory information provided by mechanosensory, chemosensory, and thermosensory cells that govern plastic changes in locomotory patterns and switches in patterns are only beginning to be elucidated.4 We describe an optical approach to measuring nematode locomotion in three dimensions that does not require a microscope and will enable us to begin to explore the complexities of nematode locomotion under different conditions.

Microscopic organisms like the free-swimming nematode C. elegans, live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. We report on a novel approach that provides analysis of C. elegans using diffraction patterns. This approach consists of tracking the temporal periodicity of diffraction patterns generated by directing laser light through a cuvette.

Serbestçe Mikro-organizmalar Yüzme Kantitatif Locomotion Eğitim Lazer Kırınım kullanma

Soil and aquatic microscopic organisms live and behave in a complex three-dimensional environment. Most studies of microscopic organism behavior, in ...

Biyomühendislik

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With designs governed by the dynamic performance under human-induced loads, a strong demand exists for the verification and refinement of currently available load models. The present contribution uses a 3D inertial motion tracking technique for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior. The technique is first tested in laboratory experiments with simultaneous registration of the corresponding ground reaction forces. The experiments include walking persons as well as rhythmical human activities such as jumping and bobbing. It is shown that the registered motion allows for the identification of the time variant pacing rate of the activity. Together with the weight of the person and the application of generalized force models available in literature, the identified time-variant pacing rate allows to characterize the human-induced loads. In addition, time synchronization among the wireless motion trackers allows identifying the synchronization rate among the participants. Subsequently, the technique is used on a real footbridge where both the motion of the persons and the induced structural vibrations are registered. It is shown how the characterized in-field pedestrian behavior can be applied to simulate the induced structural response. It is demonstrated that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads. The main potential applications of the proposed methodology are the estimation of human-structure interaction phenomena and the development of suitable models for the correlation among pedestrians in real traffic conditions.

A protocol is presented for the characterization of the in-field pedestrian behavior and the simulation of the resulting structural response. Field-tests demonstrate that the in situ identified pacing rate and synchronization rate among the participants constitute an essential input for the simulation and verification of the human-induced loads.

Characterized In-sahada Yaya Davranışı geçerli İnsan kaynaklı Titreşimlerin Simülasyonu

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Mühendislik

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: STW). Thus, in clinical rehabilitation separation of sit-to-stand and gait initiation - termed sit-to-stand-and-walk (STSW) - is usual. However, a standardized STSW protocol with a clearly defined analytical approach suitable for pathological assessment has yet to be defined.
Hence, a goal-orientated protocol is defined that is suitable for healthy and compromised individuals by requiring the rising phase to be initiated from 120% knee height with a wide base of support independent of lead limb. Optical capture of three-dimensional (3D) segmental movement trajectories, and force platforms to yield two-dimensional (2D) center-of-pressure (COP) trajectories permit tracking of the horizontal distance between COP and whole-body-center-of-mass (BCOM), the decrease of which increases positional stability but is proposed to represent poor dynamic postural control.
BCOM-COP distance is expressed with and without normalization to subjects&#39; leg length. Whilst COP-BCOM distances vary through STSW, normalized data at the key movement events of seat-off and initial toe-off (TO1) during steps 1 and 2 have low intra and inter subject variability in 5 repeated trials performed by 10 young healthy individuals. Thus, comparing COP-BCOM distance at key events during performance of an STSW paradigm between patients with upper motor neuron injury, or other compromised patient groups, and normative data in young healthy individuals is a novel methodology for evaluation of dynamic postural stability.

Here, we present a novel protocol to measure positional stability at key events during the sit-to-stand-to-walk using the center-of-pressure to the whole-body-center-of-mass distance. This was derived from the force platform and three-dimensional motion-capture technology. The paradigm is reliable and can be utilized for the assessment of neurologically compromised individuals.

Sit-to-stand ve-yürüyüş% 120 Diz Boy dan: A Novel Yaklaşım Dinamik Postural Kontrol Independent Kurşun bacağın değerlendirilmesi için

Individuals with sensorimotor pathology e.g., stroke have difficulty executing the common task of rising from sitting and initiating gait (sit-to-walk: ...

Davranış

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

Kas-iskelet Ultrason Görüntüleme Bir Roman Uygulama

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

Tıp

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on an optical lever method is designed. A millimetric cantilever is used as a force sensitive component in the measurement system. Firstly, the force sensitivity of the optical lever is calibrated using electrostatic force, which is the critical step in measuring interaction force. Secondly, three super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are prepared with nanoparticles and copper grids. Finally, the interaction forces between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions are measured by the system. This method can be used to measure the force on the scale of sub-micronewton with a resolution on the scale of nanonewton. The in-depth study of the contact process of droplets and super-hydrophobic structures can help to improve the production efficiency in coating, film and printing. The force measurement system designed in this paper can also be used in other fields of microforce measurement.

The protocol aims to investigate the interaction between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. This includes calibrating the measurement system and measuring the interaction force at super-hydrophobic substrates with different grid fractions.

Optik kol metodu ile bir damlacık ile süper hidrofobik substrat arasındaki etkileşim gücünü ölçme

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis. Sixteen healthy male national level 1 table tennis players (Age: 20.75 &plusmn; 2.06 years) volunteered to participate in the experiment after understanding the purpose and details of the experiment. All participants were asked to hit the ball into the target zone by cross-step and chasse step, respectively. The ground reaction force in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions of the participant was measured by a force platform. The key finding of this study was that: the posterior ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (0.89 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly large (P = 0.014) than the chasse step footwork (0.82 &plusmn; 0.18). However, the lateral ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (-0.38 &plusmn; 0.21) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (-0.46 &plusmn; 0.29) as well as the vertical ground reaction force of cross-step footwork (1.73 &plusmn; 0.19) was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) than chasse step footwork (1.9 &plusmn; 0.33). Based on the mechanism of the kinetic chain, the better lower limb dynamic performance of sliding stroke may be conducive to energy transmission and thus bring gain to the swing speed. Beginners should start from the chasse step to hit the ball technically, and then practice the skill of cross-step.

This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force characteristics between cross-step and chasse step during stroke in table tennis.

Masa Tenisinde İnme Sırasında Ayak Oyunlarının Kinetik Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması: Çapraz Adım ve Chasse Adımı

The cross-step and chasse step are the basic steps of table tennis. This study presents a protocol to investigate the ground reaction force ...

A Micro-Displacement Measurement Based on the Shadow Technique

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex design and the high cost of measuring instruments. Inspired by the shadow formed from water striders walking on a water surface under sunlight, a micro-displacement measurement method was proposed. Water strider legs with superhydrophobic properties bend the water surface. The curved surface of the water refracts sunlight, creating a shadow with a bright edge at the bottom of the pond. The shadow size is generally larger than the indentation depth of the legs from the water surface. In the micro-displacement measurement system, the applied displacement is proportional to the change in the diameter of the shadow. The presented study proposes a micro-displacement measurement procedure based on this shadow technique. The displacement sensitivity can reach 10.0 nm/pixel in the range of 5 &#181;m. This system is simple to construct, low cost, and has high precision with good linear performance. The method provides a convenient additional option to measure micro-displacement.

High-precision micro-displacement measurement is significant in the field of aerospace engineering, ultra-precision machining, and micro-assembly. The present protocol describes measuring micro displacements based on the shadow technique.

The precision measurement of micro displacement is important in scientific and industrial fields. However, it is a tough challenge due to the complex ...