Bu paradigma gelişimi tedavi bilişsel Neuroscience Fonu ve Benjamin ve Adith Miller ailesi bağış yaşlanma, Alzheimer ve otizm araştırma tarafından desteklenmiştir.

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Yazar ifşa etmek hiçbir şey vardır.

Mevcut kağıt bir anlamsal astar ERP paradigma anlamsal işlem açıkları ile ASD bireylerde keşfetmek için resmi ve kelime uyaranlara ile Geliştirme kritik adımlar bildirdi. Büyük adımlar uyaranlara oluşturma, görev programlama ve EEG test ve analizleri yapmak içerir. Bu dikkatli uyarıcı çiftleri, koşullar ve yöntemleri uzunluğu, frekans ve anlamsal ilişkisi gibi değişkenler içinde ve arasında eşleşen gerektirir gibi bu yordam en zaman alıcı parçası uyaranlara, oluşturulması olması muhtem...

Bilişsel Psikolojide araştırmacılar uzun nasıl insanlar dil anlamını anlamak içinde ilgi olmuştur. Dil işleme artan karmaşıklık, harf ve kelime tanıma, sözdizimsel ayrıştırma için anlamsal işleme, adımlar dizisini içerir. Word, resim veya ses olmak, bir uyarıcı anlamını erişmek için anlamsal işleme anlamına gelir. İlk kelime tanıma, erişim bir kelimenin anlamını veya semantik, erken adımları izleyerek dil işleme çok önemli bir adımdır. Anlamsal Tümleştirme ilişkilerini anlamak için bir çekim gücü anlamını entegre işlemi için başvurur ve üst düzey dil anlayış cümleler gibi işleme için çok önemli. Sadece bir cümle her kelimenin anlamını erişilecek ihtiyacı var ama tek tek sözcüklerin anlamları cümle anlamı, ya da "özü" tutarlı bir anlayış oluşturmak için entegre edilebilir gerek.
Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (ASD) olan kişiler genellikle dil anlama1' önemli açıkları var. Bu zorluklar açıkları anlamsal işleme ve entegrasyon2,3,4kaynaklanıyor düşündüren bazı kanıtlar var. Ancak, diğer çalışmalarda malzeme dile ait olmayan (Örneğin, içinde görsel ya da işitsel) görüntülendiğinde ASD kişilerle anlamsal işlem açıkları gösterme düşündürmektedir yöntemleri3,5,6 . ASD anlamsal işlem açıkları (yazılı veya sözlü dilYani, için) sınırlı olabilir gibi bulgular öneririz yöntemleri. Bu nedenle, farklı yöntemler kontrast yaklaşımlar hangi etki alanına özgü veya yaygın işleme tarzı göstergesidir anlamsal işlem açıkları olan ölçüde içgörü sağlayabilir. Bu kağıt amacı anlamsal işlemleri eşzamanlı Elektrofizyolojik kayıt sırasında bir anlamsal astar görev kullanarak farklı yöntemler arasında karşılaştırmak için bir metodoloji tarif etmektir.
Anlamsal astar paradigma araştırma nasıl etkiler alt düzey kelime tanıma7,8işleme anlambilim soruşturma uzun bir geçmişi vardır. Geleneksel anlamsal astar görevleri'nde, birinci sınıf bir kelime gösterilir (Örneğin, kedi) bir hedef tarafından takip kelime ya da anlam olarak (Örneğin, köpek) ile ilgili veya (Örneğin, kitap) Başbakan için ilgisiz. Katılımcıların hedef kelime bir kelime olup olmadığını belirlemek için sorulur öyle ki böyle bir görev genellikle bir sözcük temelli karar görev bağlamında yapılır. Diğer paradigmalar hedef kelime bir anlamsal Kategori görevi gerçekleştirmek veya iki uyaranlara ya da değil ilgili hakim katılımcı olabilir. Belirli görev ne olursa olsun, tepki süreleri (RTs) daha hızlı anlam ile ilgili olmayan kişilere göre Başbakan ilişkili hedef kelimeler için onlarca yıl kanıt kurduk.
Bu "semantik astar etkisi" mekanizmaları teorik hesapları7,8sayıda sanılıyor. Öyle ki hedef word de dahil olmak üzere diğer anlam olarak ilgili kelimelerin anlamını ana kelimenin anlamı alınmasını etkinleştirir bir astar etkisi Anlamsal ağ üzerinden otomatik Yayilim etkinleştirme nedeniyle olduğunu. Bu daha sonra hedef sözcük anlamsal harekete geçirmek için gereken süreyi azaltır. Bir ikinci teorik ana kelime görünce manzara arz ediyor, beklentisi potansiyel hedefleri beklenen bir dizi katılımcılar oluşturmak bir mekanizmadır. Bu kümesinde bulunan hedef kelimeler o zaman daha hızlı tanınır. Son olarak, diğerleri prime ve hedef sözcük arasındaki anlamsal ilişkiyi varlığını kurar eşleşen anlambilim, sonrası sözlü bir mekanizma varlığını öne var. Etkisi altında yatan belirli mekanizma ne olursa olsun, anlamsal astar anlamsal işleme ve entegrasyon yararlı bir dizin olabilir. Bu paradigma Ayrıca sözlü uyaranlara sınırlı değildir ve dil uyaranların resimleri9 yanı sıra çapraz kalıcı anlamsal astar (Örneğin, kelime ve resimler arasında)3gibi anlamsal astar araştırmak için de kullanılabilir.
Anlamsal astar etkileri psycholinguistic literatürde iyi okudu edilmiş ve prime-hedef ilişkileri, Başbakan ve hedef sununun zamanlama ve birçok diğer manipülasyonlar8türü açısından araştırdık. Bu etkiyi Elektrofizyolojik ilişkilendirir de iyi karakterize10olmuştur. Elektroansefalografi (EEG) elektrik aktivitesindeki kafa derisi ölçülen sinirsel aktivite değişiklikleri yoluyla kayıt bir yöntemdir. Çünkü bu çok iyi zamansal çözünürlük (sırasına milisaniye, ms) ve böylece anlamsal işleme koşulları veya grupları yokluğunda bile arasındaki ince farkları sağlayabilir EEG bir yararlı bir anlamsal astar paradigma için metodoloji seçimdir davranışsal etkileri veya yanıt.
Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller (ERPs) belirli uyarıcı veya davranış karşılık ortaya çıkan zaman kilitli EEG değişikliklerdir. Zamanlama ve polarite yanıtının bağlı olarak, farklı ERP bilişsel işleme farklı yönlerini yansıtıcı bileşenleridir. (Birkaç diğer yorumlara10,13olmakla birlikte) N400 bileşen anlamsal işleme ve anlamsal Tümleştirme11,12 köklü bir belirtecidir. Anlamsal Tümleştirme anlamsal entegrasyonu (iki kelime ilişkisiz olduğunda gibi) daha zor olduğunu göre (ne zaman Başbakan ve hedef bir anlamsal astar paradigma içinde anlam olarak ilgili gibi) daha kolay N400 genlik azaltılmıştır. Önemlisi, genlik fark ilgili ve ilgisiz koşulları (Örneğin, "N400 etkisi") arasındaki dile özgü değildir. N400 etkileri de dil sigara yöntemleri gibi çift anlam olarak ilişkili ve ilişkisiz resimler veya sesler Çevre14,15,16,17yanıt olarak gözlenir. Çünkü semantik işleme ve Tümleştirme yeteneklerini bir modalite bağımsız tahmin olarak kullanılabilir N400 böylece bir yararlı ERP geçerli paradigma amacıyla bileşenidir.
Bireyler bozuklukları anlamsal işlemedeki düşündüren azaltılmış ASD gösterisi ile veya anlamsal astar etkileri ve yanıt olarak dil uyaranlara2,3,4, N400 etkileri yok. Etkileri yanıt visuo-anlamsal olarak bulunmuştur ve ses-anlamsal uyaranlara3,5,6destek talebi için anlamsal bu işleme borç verme, dil uyaranlara için seçmeli olarak bozulmuş. Ancak, öyle ki bir sözlü uyarana prime-hedef çifti içeren yöntemleri karşılaştırarak en önceki çalışmaları çapraz kalıcı astar, kullandık. ASD kişilerle dil uyaranlara anlamsal işleme için açıkları var önerisi göz önüne alındığında, bu tür çapraz kalıcı uyaranlara sonuçları etkilemiş olabilir. Gerçekten semantik dil işlenmesi ile ASD bireylerde seçmeli olarak bozulmuş olup olmadığını araştırmak için sözcük ve sözcük olmayan uyarıcılara modalite içindeki çiftlerini kullanılması gerekir. Bir son çalışmada, Coderre vd. 6 ilk doğrudan karşılaştırma semantik işlem açıkları yetişkin (yaş 18-68) ile ASD araştırmak için modalite içindeki word ve resmi semantik astar, sağlanan. ASD katılımcılarıyla ve tipik olarak gelişen (TD) katılımcıların Resimler ve kelime çiftlerini görüntülenebilir ve uyaranlara ya da değil ile ilgili yargılamaya istendi. Bu semantik astar görev sırasında beyin faaliyetlerini EEG kullanarak kaydedildi. Yöntemleri ve gruplar arasında N400 efektleri karşılaştırarak, bu paradigma ile ASD bireylerde anlamsal işleme doğası içgörü sağladı.
Bu kağıt amacı anlamsal astar Coderre vd tarafından istihdam ERP metodoloji tarif etmektir 6. her ne kadar bu paradigma başlangıçta ASD ile erişkinlerde anlamsal işleme çalışmaya uygulanmıştır, bu herhangi Denemecileri lexico semantik ve visuo-anlamsal işleme, ikisinden biri içinde TD sinirsel ilişkilendirir keşfetmek isteyen için yararlı olabilecek bireyler veya belirli klinik nüfus.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG system</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Baby shampoo</td><td>Johnson&#039;s</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (ASD) ile bireylerin dil anlamını veya anlamsal işleme anlamada karakteristik açıkları var. Ancak, bazı kanıtlar dilsel olmayan uyarıcılara anlamsal işlenmesi anlamsal açıkları dile özgü olabilir düşündüren de sağlam olduğunu gösterir. Uygun şekilde anlamsal işlem açıkları bireylerde ASD, içinde-modalite dilsel (kelime yazılıÖrneğin, ) karşılaştırılması ile karakterize etmek için ve dilsel olmayan (Örneğin, resimler) uyaranlara gereklidir. Bu kağıt electroencephalographic (EEG) verileri eşzamanlı kayıt sırasında bir anlamsal astar paradigma kullanır böyle bir metodoloji açıklar. EEG ince farklılıklar gözlemlenebilir davranış düzeyinde olmayabilir anlamsal işleme karakterize etmek için uygundur beyin aktivitesi dinamik bir ölçüsü sağlar. Anlamsal paradigma hediyeler baş resim veya ardından bir hedef resim veya sözcük ya da sözcük (Örneğin, köpek) (Örneğin, kedi) ile ilgili priming veya (Örneğin, kalem) Başbakan için ilgisiz. Bu paradigma böylece farklı yöntemler arasında anlamsal işleme değerlendirmek ve lexico semantik ve visuo-anlamsal işleme yetenekleri bireylerde ASD ve nasıl onlar TD kişilerden farklı olabilir ile karşılaştırmak için kullanılabilir. EEG testi ve EEG veri çözümleme gerçekleştirme uyaranlara oluşturmada belirli adımları ele alınmıştır. Nasıl N400, olay-ilişkili potansiyel (ERP) ilgisiz ikişer ikişer karşılaştırıldığında düşük aşağıdaki anlam ile ilgili Başbakan-hedef çiftleri bileşenidir temsilcisi sonuçları göstermektedir. N400 durumlar, yöntemleri ve gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmaları tahminleri anlamsal işleme başarı sağlayabilir ve böylece anlamsal açıkları bireylerde ASD veya diğer klinik nüfus ile karakterize etmek için kullanılabilir.

Uyaranlara uygun şekilde ilgili ve ilgisiz koşullar sıralanmış, N400 efekti kelime ve resim için bir çekim gücü (Şekil 2) dikkat edilmelidir. Bu ilgisiz koşulları ilgili ile karşılaştırıldığında koşullarda daha büyük bir negatif genlik olarak tanımlanabilir. Word için çekim gücü, etkisi Merkezi veya centro-Paryetal kafa derisi6,10üzerinden 300-500 MS gerçekleşmelidir. Re...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Bu kağıt otizm spektrum bozukluğu (ASD) olan bireylerde anlamsal işleme araştırmaya modalite içindeki çiftlerini Resimler ve kelime kullanarak anlamsal astar ERP görev açıklar.

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu lexico semantik ve Visuo-anlamsal işlemede çalışmaya bir anlamsal Priming olay-ilişkili potansiyel (ERP) görev

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

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Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

10.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Vermont. Bu kağıt otizm spektrum bozukluğu (ASD) olan bireylerde anlamsal işleme araştırmaya modalite içindeki çiftlerini Resimler ve kelime kullanarak anlamsal astar ERP görev açıklar.

Video: A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Olay-İlişkili Potansiyeller ve Semantik Kategorizasyon kullanma N400 üzerinde Antipsikotikler ve şizotipinin Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Davranış

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Hedef-cevap Görevleri sırasında olaya ilişkin Potansiyeller Tek Taraflı Serebral Palsili Çocuklarda Üst Ekstremite Kullanım Bilişsel Süreçler Eğitim için

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

Taşınabilir İntermodal bakıyor Tercihli (IPL): Genellikle yürümeye başlayan çocuklar ve Otizm ile Genç Çocukları Gelişmekte araştırılması Dil Anlama

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

Tıp

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

Elektrofizyoloji Protokolü ölçü ödül beklenti ve çocuklarda işleme için

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

Cümle anlama Mandarin konuşan çocuklarda otizm eğitim için görsel dünya paradigması kullanarak

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

Göz izleme veri ile yüksek işlevli ASD, hastalarının DEHB, çocukların ve sosyal videoları izlerken bir denetimin karşılaştırma

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

Demans veya hafif bilişsel bozukluk ile ve olmadan yetişkinlerde yazılı kelime tanıma eğitim için sözlü karar görevi

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

Elektrofizyoloji Kullanılarak Görsel Kelime Tanımada Fonolojik ve Anlamsal Süreçler Arasındaki Etkileşim

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

Elektrofizyolojik Araştırmalarda ASD&#39;li Çocukların Katılımını Kolaylaştıran Bir Tanıma Protokolü

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...

Nörobilim

Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, inhibition, and mental flexibility are important components of human cognition that are often referred to as executive functions. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a disorder that lasts a lifetime, and is thought to affect 0.6% of the population. The symptoms of autism suggest a deficit in executive function, which may be assessed by specialized neuropsychological tests. By employing several tests that each emphasize different aspects of executive function, we can gain a more complete picture of the cognitive profile of the disorder. 
One such task, known as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), is a cognitively complex task used widely in research and clinical studies as a highly sensitive measure of deficits in executive function. It tests a person's ability to shift attention and tests their flexibility with changing rules and reinforcement.1 In the WCST, a participant is presented with four stimulus cards, incorporating three stimulus parameters: color, shape, and number. The participant is asked to sort response cards according to different principles, changing their sorting criteria based on feedback from the experimenter. Participants try out different rules until they find the correct method for sorting the cards. Patients with executive dysfunction tend to get stuck in the card sorting task, unable to change their sorting strategy. This persistence with an incorrect strategy is called perseveration. 
A second task, The Tower of London (ToL) is a test dependent on complex planning, re-evaluation, and updating of planned moves. Individuals with autism have been reported to be impaired on tasks involving planning.2 In the ToL task, individuals must move disks from a prearranged sequence on three pegs to match a goal state in as few moves as possible, following specific rules. 
A third task, known as the Stroop test, targets cognitive inhibition. In this task participants are shown a name of a color, written in a different color, and are asked to identify the color the word is written in. For example, in an incongruent condition, the word blue would be written in green. Individuals with inhibition difficulty should not perform as well as typically developing individuals on this task involving inhibition of the written word.
In this video, we show how to administer the WCST, ToL, and Stroop task to compare flexibility, planning, and inhibition in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing counterparts, and explore how each of these groups performs on these different aspects of executive function.

Behavioral Tests to Assess Executive Functions in Children with ASD

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, ...