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Chapter 8
Overview Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the ...
Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...
Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...
After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure ...
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH ...
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The ...
Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives ...
Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). ...
Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by ...
In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as ...
Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...
The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of ...
Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler ...
Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport ...
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