Name: elaborate control of inkjet printer for fabrication of chip-based supercapacitors
Uploaded: 2021-11-30T13:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 57 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elaborate Control of Inkjet Printer for Fabrication of Chip-based Supercapacitors at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Korea Electric Power Corporation (Grant number: R21XO01-24), the Competency Development Program for Industry Specialists of the Korean MOTIE operated by KIAT (No. P0012453), and the Chung-Ang University Graduate Research Scholarship 2021.

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The authors have no disclosures.

The critical steps in this protocol are involved in the software parameter setup to print the designed pattern by finely adjusting the parameter values. Customized printing can lead to structural optimization and obtaining new mechanical properties19. The inkjet printing method with software parameter control can be used for sophisticated printing in various industries by selecting the optimized material for the printing process.
In the fabrication of supercapacitors using inkjet printing, one paper reported that there is still a limit to developing a pattern with uniform and high resolution. It has been reported that high-temperature post-treatment is still necessary, and the optimization process of the material is indispensable20. Another paper reported that to use inkjet printing properly, it is necessary to adjust the viscosity and surface tension in a relatively narrow range that depends on the printer. For this purpose, the concentration of the active material of the ink is limited. In some cases, it has been noted that multiple prints are necessary to deposit a sufficient amount of material21. In line with this trend, this protocol can help researchers implement patterns with higher resolution by providing precise methods for handling inkjet printers. In addition, with mastery over software control, one can simplify the manufacturing process by adjusting the software parameters such as Feed rate and Kick without having to print several times to deposit enough material.
Software parameter control for precise printing can be done according to the presented protocol. However, some bottlenecks should be addressed to improve the performance of the device based on the printing method.Various problems, such as ink spreading and clogging effect, require the optimization of the characteristics of the ink itself along with adjusting of software parameter values22. The two most crucial properties of the ink are viscosity and surface tension23. Therefore, the viscosity24 and surface tension25 of the ink must be measured and controlled for its optimization. To improve the performance, it is also important to fully understand the properties of the inks and to select materials with appropriate ratios.
In summary, a protocol is established here to use inkjet printing for printing a supercapacitor device. A discussion of software parameters controlling the inkjet printer has been provided here as a useful guide for handling and optimizing sophisticated printing processes. Further progress in printing wearable devices for energy storage, flexible sensors, and the aerospace industry can be achieved through ink material optimization.

In the past decades, multiple printing methods have been developed for various applications, including wearable devices1, pharmaceuticals2, and aerospace components3. The printing can be easily adapted for various devices by simply changing the materials to be used. Moreover, it prevents the wastage of raw materials. To manufacture electronic devices, several printing methods such as screen printing4, push-coating5, and lithography6 have been developed. Compared to these printing technologies, the inkjet printing method has multiple advantages, including reduced material waste, compatibility with multiple substrates7, low cost8, flexibility9, low-temperature processing10, and ease of mass production11. However, the application of the inkjet printing method has hardly been suggested for certain sophisticated devices. Here, we present a protocol establishing detailed guidelines to use the inkjet printing method for printing a supercapacitor device.
Supercapacitors, including pseudocapacitors and electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), are emerging as energy storage devices that can complement conventional lithium-ion batteries12,13. Especially, EDLC is a promising energy storage device because of its low cost, high power density, and long cycle life14. Activated carbon (AC), having high specific surface area and conductivity, is used as electrode material in commercial EDLCs15. These properties of AC allow EDLCs to have a high electrochemical capacitance16. EDLCs have the passive volume in devices when the conventional fixed-size fabrication method is used. With inkjet printing, the EDLCs can be fully integrated into the product design. Therefore, the device fabricated using the inkjet printing method is functionally better than that fabricated by existing fixed-size methodologies17. The fabrication of EDLCs using the efficient inkjet printing method maximizes the stability and longevity of EDLCs and provides a free-form factor18. The printing patterns were designed by using a PCB CAD program and converted to Gerber files. The designed patterns were printed using an inkjet printer because it has precise software-enabled control, high material throughput, and printing stability.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2&amp;rdquo; x 3&amp;rdquo; FR&amp;shy;4 board</td><td>Voltera</td><td>SKU: 1000066</td><td>PCB substrate</td></tr><tr><td>Activated carbon</td><td>MTI</td><td>Np-Ag-0530HT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eagle CAD</td><td>Autodesk</td><td></td><td>PCB CAD program</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl cellulose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>46070</td><td>48.0-49.5% (w/w) ethoxyl basis</td></tr><tr><td>Flex 2 conductive ink</td><td>Voltera</td><td>SKU: 1000333</td><td>Flexible Ag ink</td></tr><tr><td>Lithium perchlorate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>634565</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propylene carbonate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>310328</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>182702</td><td>average Mw ~534,000 by GPC</td></tr><tr><td>Smart Manager</td><td>ZIVE LAB</td><td>ver : 6. 6. 8. 9</td><td>Electrochemical analysis program</td></tr><tr><td>Super-P</td><td>Hyundai</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terpineol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>432628</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thinky mixer</td><td>Thinky</td><td>ARE-310</td><td>Planetary mixer</td></tr><tr><td>Triton-X</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>X100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>V-One printer</td><td>Voltera</td><td>SKU: 1000329</td><td>PCB printer</td></tr><tr><td>ZIVE SP1</td><td>Wonatech</td><td></td><td>Potentiostat device</td></tr></tbody></table>

elaborate control of inkjet printer for fabrication of chip-based supercapacitors

There are tremendous efforts in various fields to apply the inkjet printing method for the fabrication of wearable devices, displays, and energy storage devices. To get high-quality products, however, sophisticated operation skills are required depending on the physical properties of the ink materials. In this regard, optimizing the inkjet printing parameters is as important as developing the physical properties of the ink materials. In this study, optimization of the inkjet printing software parameters is presented for fabricating a supercapacitor. Supercapacitors are attractive energy storage systems because of their high power density, long lifespan, and various applications as power sources. Supercapacitors can be used in the Internet of Things (IoT), smartphones, wearable devices, electrical vehicles (EVs), large energy storage systems, etc. The wide range of applications demands a new method that can fabricate devices in various scales. The inkjet printing method can break through the conventional fixed-size&#160;fabrication method.

The ink was synthesized according to step 2, and the characteristics of the ink could be confirmed according to reference18. Figure 8 shows the structural properties of conductive ink and EDLC ink, as well as the rheological properties of EDLC ink reported in the previous research18. The conductive ink is well sintered to form continuous conducting paths, and the nanoscale roughness is expected to increase the contact area with the EDLC ink (Figure 8A,B). EDLC ink is uniformly distributed on the macroscopic scale but has a very rough surface shape on the micro and nanoscale, which possibly provides a high surface area and improves the energy storage capacity. All components are well dispersed and there are no visible elements that could cause clogging during printing (Figure 8C-F). Figure 8G presents the time-evolution of the apparent viscosity in the EDLC ink. The viscosity value increases with shear time and doesn&#39;t show viscoelastic behavior; it indicates a shear-thickening behavior without any stress-induced structural extension, stretching, or rearrangement.
A printed supercapacitor was successfully obtained using the present protocol (Figure 9B). The print quality is considered good if the printed pattern has fewer or no defects (compare Figure 9B with 9A), minimal surface roughness, and uniform thickness. The primary parameters that affect the quality of the inkjet printing method are the feed rate, kick, trim length, anti-stringing distance, rheological setpoint, and soft start/stop ratio. In this study, the printing results of the GPE and EDLC line (or layer) were evaluated based on the printing results of the conductive line.
The feed rate and XY-axis travel speed during dispensing determine the overall printing time. They also have a significant impact on the thickness of the line and the prevention of cut-off problems. All lines were uniform with no visible disconnection when the feed rate was minimum (100 mm/min) (Figure 10A); however, it took a long time to print the product. In contrast, the overall printing time decreased when the feed rate was maximum (600 mm/min) (Figure 10D); however, compared with the results printed with a feed rate of 500 mm/min (Figure 10C), the line was cut off or cracked because the dispenser moved rapidly. A feed rate of 300 mm/min is found to be optimal for a proper printing time and to prevent crack formation (Figure 10B). Kick controls the pressure applied via the stroke length of the piston within the dispenser. All lines were disconnected when the kick was too low (the minimum value is equal to 0.1 mm). However, the high pressure at a high kick (maximum value is equal to 0.7 mm) created a bottleneck resulting in the clogging of the nozzle. Therefore, it is necessary to use an appropriate value of kick (0.35 mm) so that the line does not break, and the nozzle does not clog (Figure 11).
Trim length is the maximum distance traveled for one dispensing and has a value ranging from 1 mm to 9999 mm. The printer prints crudely and takes a long time when the trim length is 1 mm. Therefore, the trim length needs to be adjusted based on the total length of the pattern. In this protocol, the trim length was set as 120 mm (Figure 12). A stringing can be formed at the end of the nozzle because the adhesion of the ink to the nozzle is higher than the adhesion of the ink to the substrate based on the surface energy of the ink. The anti-stringing distance aids in safely breaking the stringing by pushing the nozzle back (Figure 13). The rheological setpoint is a parameter that compensates for the flow rate to maintain the pressure after dispensing. The dispensing amount does not increase even after printing a pattern when the rheological setpoint is at its minimum value (0.0). However, the dispensing amount and the flow rate of the ink increase when the rheological setpoint is at the maximum value (1.0). Moreover, clogging occurs due to the bottleneck effect when the rheological setpoint is high. Thus, the rheological setpoint needs to be adjusted based on the viscosity and compressibility of the ink (Figure 14).
The soft start/stop ratio is a parameter that adjusts the difference between the time when the kick (pressurization) starts and when the flow rate is stabilized based on the properties of the ink (Figure 15). During the software parameter setup control experiment, it is difficult to observe any variation in printing due to the changes in the passing space and the trace penetration setting value. Therefore, these two parameters must be fixed separately based on the designed pattern. The results of the setup control experiment are as follows: pass spacing, trace penetration, and trim length should be adjusted based on the pattern to be printed. Moreover, feed rate, anti-stringing distance, kick, soft start/stop ratio, and rheological setpoint should be adjusted based on the properties of the ink. Therefore, the software parameter values for different inks (conductive ink, EDLC ink, and GPE ink) were fixed as shown in Table 1.
Electrochemical data were obtained as described in step 7 of the protocol. Figure 16A,B,C present the CV, GCD, and EIS data, respectively. The data shown in Figure 16A was obtained through the CV measurement. The gravimetric capacitance, areal capacitance, and cell capacitance were calculated to be 5.74 F/g, 142 mF/cm2, and 178 mF/cell, respectively, for a scan rate of 5 mV/s. GCD graphs (Figure 16B) demonstrate a nearly symmetrical curve shape, which is the characteristic property of the EDLC. Moreover, the EIS graph (Figure 16C) illustrates a low Rs value (5.29 &#8486;) and no Rct value, which are typical of EDLC.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Interdigitated pattern designed with CAD program. The two pads at the top of the pattern are printed only with a current collector ink. The large sky-blue square is printed with a gel polymer electrolyte ink, and the blue lines are printed with the EDLC line ink and current collector ink. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Image of the printer program window. (A) The first screen of the program. The red arrow shows where the Print button is. (B) The second screen of the program. The red arrow shows where the Simple button is. (C) The third screen of the program. Red arrow shows which ink should be selected. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: A screenshot showing how to upload the Gerber file of the designed pattern. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig04.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: A screenshot showing how to fix the PCB board and mount the probe. (A) A top-view image of the inkjet printer which holds the PCB board. (B) The front-view image of the inkjet printer where the probe is mounted. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig05.jpg" /> 
Figure 5: A screenshot showing how to check the probe movement when the pattern position is changed. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig06.jpg" /> 
Figure 6: A screenshot showing how to measure surface height. After clicking on PROBE, the probe goes to the indicated spot on the substrate (denoted by circles), and then moves down and up to check the height of the substrate. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig06large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig07.jpg" /> 
Figure 7: A screenshot showing how to adjust the software parameters and print the sample pattern. (A) A screenshot image showing the procedure for printing a sample pattern. The red arrow indicates the button to print the sample pattern and the yellow arrow indicates the button to control the software parameters for the inks. (B) A window that appears when the yellow arrow shown in (A) is pressed. Software parameters can be modified by changing the values indicated by the 1 arrow. Press the 2 arrow to save the changes in software parameters. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig07large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 8" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig08.jpg" /> 
Figure 8: SEM image of the inks and printed layers, and EDLC ink viscosity. (A,B) Top-view SEM images of the current collector at (A) low magnification and (B) high magnification. (C) Tilted side-view SEM image of the printed EDLC active layer film. (D-F) Top-view SEM images of the EDLC active layer with different magnifications. (G) Apparent viscosity of EDLC ink versus shear time for constant 0.3 s-1 shear rate experiment. Adapted with permission from reference18. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig08large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 9" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig09.jpg" /> 
Figure 9: Photograph of the printed results. (A) Printing failure photo; the red circled part is printed unevenly due to printing failure. (B) Photograph of the final printed product. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig09large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 10" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig10.jpg" /> 
Figure 10: Printing results corresponding to the change in the feed rate. (A) 100 mm/min, (B) 300 mm/min, (C) 500 mm/min, and (D) 600 mm/min. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig11.jpg" /> 
Figure 11: Printing results corresponding to the changes in the kick. (A) 0.1 mm, (B) 0.2 mm, (C) 0.35 mm, and (D) 0.7 mm. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig11large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 12" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig12.jpg" /> 
Figure 12: Printing results corresponding to the changes in the trim length. (A) 1.0 mm and (B) 50 mm. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig12large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 13" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig13.jpg" /> 
Figure 13: The pictures showing how the dispenser moves by the adjustment of the anti-stringing distance parameter. (A) Movement of the nozzle when the anti-stringing distance value is fixed at the maximum value (5.0 mm). (B) Photograph of stringing. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig13large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 14" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig14.jpg" /> 
Figure 14: Printing results corresponding to the change in the rheological setpoint change. (A) 0 and (B) 1.0. Red circles in (B) show the cracks (or holes) caused by the clogging effect. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig14large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 15" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig15.jpg" /> 
Figure 15: Printing results corresponding to the change in the soft start/soft stop ratio. The clockwise rotation of the sawtooth (red arrow) indicates the start of the printing. (A) Soft start maximum value and soft stop minimum value, as well as (B) soft start minimum value and soft stop maximum value. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig15large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 16" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig16.jpg" /> 
Figure 16: The electrochemical test results of the printed supercapacitor. (A) CV, (B) GCD, and (C) EIS graphs. <a href="https://www-jove-com.bdigitaluss.remotexs.co/files/ftp_upload/63234/63234fig16large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Parameter</td>
			<td>Conductive ink</td>
			<td>EDLC ink</td>
			<td>GPE ink</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pass spacing (mm)</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispense height (mm)</td>
			<td>0.12</td>
			<td>0.14</td>
			<td>0.16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Feedrate (mm/min)</td>
			<td>500</td>
			<td>300</td>
			<td>300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trim length (mm)</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>120</td>
			<td>120</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trace penetration (mm)</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-stringing distance (mm)</td>
			<td>0.4</td>
			<td>0.7</td>
			<td>0.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kick (mm)</td>
			<td>0.35</td>
			<td>0.3</td>
			<td>0.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soft start ratio</td>
			<td>0.1</td>
			<td>0.8</td>
			<td>0.8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soft stop ratio</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
			<td>0.1</td>
			<td>0.15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rheological setpoint</td>
			<td>0.16</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
			<td>0.16</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1. The optimized software parameters for conductive ink, EDLC ink, and GPE ink.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Elaborate Control of Inkjet Printer for Fabrication of Chip-based Supercapacitors at JoVE.com

Elaborate Control of Inkjet Printer for Fabrication of Chip-based Supercapacitors

This paper provides a technique for manufacturing chip-based supercapacitors using an inkjet printer. Methodologies are described in detail to synthesize inks, adjust software parameters, and analyze the electrochemical results of the manufactured supercapacitor.

There are tremendous efforts in various fields to apply the inkjet printing method for the fabrication of wearable devices, displays, and energy storage ...

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2.7K 조회수.  Chung-Ang University. This paper provides a technique for manufacturing chip-based supercapacitors using an inkjet printer. Methodologies are described in detail to synthesize inks, adjust software parameters, and analyze the electrochemical results of the manufactured supercapacitor.

비디오: Elaborate Control of Inkjet Printer for Fabrication of Chip-based Supercapacitors

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

전도성 잉크의 평면 및 3 차원 인쇄

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

연구

생체공학

Creating Transient Cell Membrane Pores Using a Standard Inkjet Printer

Bioprinting has a wide range of applications and significance, including tissue engineering, direct cell application therapies, and biosensor microfabrication.1-10 Recently, thermal inkjet printing has also been used for gene transfection.8,9 The thermal inkjet printing process was shown to temporarily disrupt the cell membranes without affecting cell viability. The transient pores in the membrane can be used to introduce molecules, which would otherwise be too large to pass through the membrane, into the cell cytoplasm.8,9,11
The application being demonstrated here is the use of thermal inkjet printing for the incorporation of fluorescently labeled g-actin monomers into cells. The advantage of using thermal ink-jet printing to inject molecules into cells is that the technique is relatively benign to cells.8, 12 Cell viability after printing has been shown to be similar to standard cell plating methods1,8. In addition, inkjet printing can process thousands of cells in minutes, which is much faster than manual microinjection. The pores created by printing have been shown to close within about two hours. However, there is a limit to the size of the pore created (~10 nm) with this printing technique, which limits the technique to injecting cells with small proteins and/or particles. 8,9,11
A standard HP DeskJet 500 printer was modified to allow for cell printing.3, 5, 8 The cover of the printer was removed and the paper feed mechanism was bypassed using a mechanical lever. A stage was created to allow for placement of microscope slides and coverslips directly under the print head. Ink cartridges were opened, the ink was removed and they were cleaned prior to use with cells. The printing pattern was created using standard drawing software, which then controlled the printer through a simple print command. 3T3 fibroblasts were grown to confluence, trypsinized, and then resuspended into phosphate buffered saline with soluble fluorescently labeled g-actin monomers. The cell suspension was pipetted into the ink cartridge and lines of cells were printed onto glass microscope cover slips. The live cells were imaged using fluorescence microscopy and actin was found throughout the cytoplasm. Incorporation of fluorescent actin into the cell allows for imaging of short-time cytoskeletal dynamics and is useful for a wide range of applications.13-15

A description of the methods used to convert an HP DeskJet 500 printer into a bioprinter. The printer is capable of processing living cells, which causes transient pores in the membrane. These pores can be utilized to incorporate small molecules, including fluorescent G-actin, into the printed cells.

일반 잉크젯 프린터를 사용하여 과도 세포막의 세공 만들기

Bioprinting has a wide range of applications and significance, including tissue engineering, direct cell application therapies, and biosensor ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 형태학 특성

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

공학

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers

Inkjet printing is a modern method for polymer processing, and in this work, we demonstrate that this technology is capable of producing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) multilayer structures. A polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was formulated. The intrinsic properties of the ink, such as surface tension, viscosity, pH, and time stability, were investigated. The PVOH-based ink was a neutral solution (pH 6.7) with a surface tension of 39.3 mN/m and a viscosity of 7.5 cP. The ink displayed pseudoplastic (non-Newtonian shear thinning) behavior at low shear rates, and overall, it demonstrated good time stability. The wettability of the ink on different substrates was investigated, and glass was identified as the most suitable substrate in this particular case. A proprietary 3D inkjet printer was employed to manufacture polymer multilayer structures. The morphology, surface profile, and thickness uniformity of inkjet-printed multilayers were evaluated via optical microscopy.

An inkjet printer was used to manufacture polyvinyl alcohol multilayers. Polyvinyl alcohol water-based ink was formulated, and the main physical properties were investigated.

잉크젯으로 인쇄 된 폴리 비닐 알코올 다층

Inkjet printing is a modern method for polymer processing, and in this work, we demonstrate that this technology is capable of producing polyvinyl alcohol ...

Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are demonstrated. The ink synthesis is based on a simple wet chemical reaction and the inkjet printing protocol is a facile step by step method. The inkjet printed thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescent spectroscopy, and electronic transport measurements. X-ray diffraction of the printed quantum dot films indicates a crystal structure consistent with an orthorhombic room temperature phase with (001) orientation. In conjunction with other characterization methods, the X-ray diffraction&#160;measurements show high quality films can be obtained through the inkjet printing method.

A protocol for synthesizing inorganic-lead-halide hybrid perovskite quantum dot inks for inkjet printing and the protocol for preparing and printing the quantum dot inks in an inkjet printer with post characterization techniques are presented.

태양광 응용 프로그램에 대 한 모든 무기 할로겐 페로 잉크를 인쇄 하는 잉크젯

A method for synthesizing photoactive inorganic&#160;perovskite quantum dot inks and an inkjet printer deposition method, using the synthesized inks, are ...

화학

Reactive Inkjet Printing and Propulsion Analysis of Silk-based Self-propelled Micro-stirrers

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The resulting devices are an example of self-propelled objects capable of generating motion without external actuation and have potential applications in medicine and environmental sciences for a variety of purposes ranging from micro-stirring, targeted therapeutic delivery, to water remediation (e.g., cleaning oil spills). This method employs reactive inkjet printing to generate well-defined small-scale solid silk structures by converting water soluble regenerated silk fibroin (silk I) to insoluble silk fibroin (silk II). These structures are also selectively doped in specific regions with the enzyme catalase in order to produce motion via bubble generation and detachment. The number of layers printed determines the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the device, and so here the effect of this parameter on the propulsive trajectories is reported. The results demonstrate the ability to tune the motion by varying the dimensions of the printed structures.

This protocol demonstrates the ability to utilize reactive inkjet printing to print self-motile biocompatible and environmentally friendly micro-stirrers for use in biomedical and environmental applications.

실크 기반 자기 추진 마이크로 교 반기에 대 한 반응성 잉크젯 프린팅 및 추진 분석

In this study, a protocol for using reactive inkjet printing to fabricate enzymatically propelled silk swimmers with well-defined shapes is reported. The ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

스마트 센서의 제조에 인쇄 하는 하이브리드

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

용량성 압력 감지를 위한 Microfluidic Channel 기반 소프트 전극

Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing

Flexible and stretchable electrodes are essential components in soft artificial sensory systems. Despite recent advances in flexible electronics, most electrodes are either restricted by the patterning resolution or the capability of inkjet printing with high-viscosity super-elastic materials. In this paper, we present a simple strategy to fabricate microchannel-based stretchable composite electrodes, which can be achieved by scraping elastic conductive polymer composites (ECPCs) into lithographically embossed microfluidic channels. The ECPCs were prepared by a volatile solvent evaporation method, which achieves a uniform dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Compared to conventional fabrication methods, the proposed technique can facilitate the rapid fabrication of well-defined stretchable electrodes with high-viscosity slurry. Since the electrodes in this work were made up of all-elastomeric materials, strong interlinks can be formed between the ECPCs-based electrodes and the PDMS-based substrate at the interfaces of the microchannel walls, which allows the electrodes to exhibit mechanical robustness under high tensile strains. In addition, the mechanical-electric response of the electrodes was also systematically studied. Finally, a soft pressure sensor was developed by combining a dielectric silicone foam and an interdigitated electrodes (IDE) layer, and this demonstrated great potential for pressure sensors in soft robotic tactile sensing applications.

저자 스포트라이트: Microfluidic Channel-based soft electrodes and their application in capacitive pressure sensing  

Flexible electrodes have a wide range of applications in soft robotics and wearable electronics. The present protocol demonstrates a new strategy to fabricate highly stretchable electrodes with high resolution via lithographically defined microfluidic channels, which paves the way for future high-performance soft pressure sensors.

미세유체 채널 기반 연질 전극 및 용량성 압력 감지에서의 적용

Flexible and stretchable electrodes are essential components in soft artificial sensory systems. Despite recent advances in flexible electronics, most ...

Elaborate Control of Inkjet Printer for Fabrication of Chip-based Supercapacitors

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

전도성 잉크의 평면 및 3 차원 인쇄

일반 잉크젯 프린터를 사용하여 과도 세포막의 세공 만들기

벌크 이종 접합 태양 전지의 인쇄 제작 및

염료 감응 형 태양 전지에 대한 이산화 티타늄의 디지털 인쇄

잉크젯으로 인쇄 된 폴리 비닐 알코올 다층

태양광 응용 프로그램에 대 한 모든 무기 할로겐 페로 잉크를 인쇄 하는 잉크젯

실크 기반 자기 추진 마이크로 교 반기에 대 한 반응성 잉크젯 프린팅 및 추진 분석

스마트 센서의 제조에 인쇄 하는 하이브리드

미세유체 채널 기반 연질 전극 및 용량성 압력 감지에서의 적용

미세유체 채널 기반 연질 전극 및 용량성 압력 감지에서의 적용