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	<li>Addepalli, B., Venus, S., Thakur, P., Limbach, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+ribonuclease+activity+of+cusativin+from+Cucumis+sativus+for+mapping+nucleoside+modifications+in+RNA.">Novel ribonuclease activity of cusativin from Cucumis sativus for mapping nucleoside modifications in RNA.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 409 (24), 5645-5654 (2017).</li><li>Gao, H., Liu, Y., Rumley, M., Yuan, H., Mao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+confirmation+of+chemically+modified+RNAs+using+exonuclease+digestion+and+matrix-assisted+laser+desorption/ionization+time-of-flight+mass+spectrometry.">Sequence confirmation of chemically modified RNAs using exonuclease digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 23 (21), 3423-3430 (2009).</li><li>McLuckey, S. A., Van Berkel, G. J., Glish, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+mass+spectrometry+of+small,+multiply+charged+oligonucleotides.">Tandem mass spectrometry of small, multiply charged oligonucleotides.</a> Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 3 (1), 60-70 (1992).</li><li>Fountain, K. J., Gilar, M., Gebler, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+native+and+chemically+modified+oligonucleotides+by+tandem+ion-pair+reversed-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography/electrospray+ionization+mass+spectrometry.">Analysis of native and chemically modified oligonucleotides by tandem ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 17 (7), 646-653 (2003).</li><li>Taucher, M., Breuker, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+modified+RNA+by+top-down+mass+spectrometry.">Characterization of modified RNA by top-down mass spectrometry.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 51 (45), 11289-11292 (2012).</li><li>Kellner, S., Burhenne, J., Helm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+RNA+modifications.">Detection of RNA modifications.</a> RNA Biology. 7 (2), 237-247 (2010).</li><li>Thomas, B., Akoulitchev, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometry+of+RNA.">Mass spectrometry of RNA.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 31 (3), 173-181 (2006).</li><li>Bjorkbom, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+direct+sequencing+of+noncanonical+RNA+by+two-dimensional+analysis+of+mass+chromatograms.">Bidirectional direct sequencing of noncanonical RNA by two-dimensional analysis of mass chromatograms.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (45), 14430-14438 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+LC-MS-based+RNA+sequencing+method+for+direct+analysis+of+multiple-base+modifications+in+RNA+mixtures.">A general LC-MS-based RNA sequencing method for direct analysis of multiple-base modifications in RNA mixtures.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (20), 125 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+sequencing+of+tRNA+by+2D-HELS-AA+MS+Seq+reveals+its+different+isoforms+and+dynamic+base+modifications.">Direct sequencing of tRNA by 2D-HELS-AA MS Seq reveals its different isoforms and dynamic base modifications.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 15 (6), 1464-1472 (2020).</li><li>Bakin, A., Ofengand, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Four+newly+located+pseudouridylate+residues+in+Escherichia+coli+23S+ribosomal+RNA+are+all+at+the+peptidyltransferase+center:+analysis+by+the+application+of+a+new+sequencing+technique.">Four newly located pseudouridylate residues in Escherichia coli 23S ribosomal RNA are all at the peptidyltransferase center: analysis by the application of a new sequencing technique.</a> Biochemistry. 32 (37), 9754-9762 (1993).</li><li>Cantara, W. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA+Modification+Database,+RNAMDB:+2011+update.">The RNA Modification Database, RNAMDB: 2011 update.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 39 (Database issue), D195-D201 (2011).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>5&#039; DNA Adenylation kit</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>E2610S</td><td>50uM concentration</td></tr><tr><td>6550 Q-TOF mass spectrometer</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>5991-2116EN</td><td>Coupled to a 1290 Infinity LC system</td></tr><tr><td>A(5&amp;acute;)pp(5&amp;acute;)Cp-TEG-biotin-3&amp;acute;</td><td>ChemGenes</td><td>91718</td><td>HPLC purified</td></tr><tr><td>ATP&amp;gamma;S</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>11162306001</td><td>Lithium salt</td></tr><tr><td>Bicine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B8660</td><td>BioXtra, &amp;ge;99% (titration)</td></tr><tr><td>Biotin maleimide</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>SP-1501</td><td>Long arm</td></tr><tr><td>C18 column</td><td>Waters</td><td>186003532</td><td>50 mm &amp;times; 2.1 mm Xbridge C18 column with a particle size of 1.7 &amp;mu;m</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifugal Vacuum Concentrator</td><td>Labconco</td><td>Refrig 115v/60hz 7310022</td><td>Labconco CentriVap</td></tr><tr><td>ChemBioDraw</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>ChemDraw Prime</td><td>Generate a chemical structure and property data of structures &amp;amp; fragments</td></tr><tr><td>CMC (N-cyclohexyl-N?-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho-p-toluenesulfonate)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>2491-17-0</td><td>95% Purifiy</td></tr><tr><td>Cyanine3 maleimide (Cy3)</td><td>Lumiprobe</td><td>11080</td><td>Water insoluble</td></tr><tr><td>DEPC-treated water</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>AM9906</td><td>Autoclaved, certified nuclease-free</td></tr><tr><td>Diisopropylamine (DIPA)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>108-18-9</td><td>99% Alfa Aesar</td></tr><tr><td>DMSO</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>276855</td><td>Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide, 99.9%</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E6758</td><td>Anhydrous, crystalline, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td></tr><tr><td>Formic acid</td><td>Merck</td><td>64-18-6</td><td>98-100%, ACS reag, Ph Eur</td></tr><tr><td>Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>920-66-1</td><td>99% Acros Organics</td></tr><tr><td>LC-MS sample vials</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>C4000-11</td><td>Plastic screw thread vials</td></tr><tr><td>LC-MS vial caps</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>C5000-54A</td><td>Autosampler vial screw thread caps</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; buffer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>88975</td><td>BioUltra, &gt;0.1 M Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, &gt;0.2 M NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Oligo Clean &amp;amp; Concentrator</td><td>Zymo Research</td><td>D4060</td><td>Spin column</td></tr><tr><td>OriginLab</td><td>OriginLab</td><td>OriginPro</td><td>Data analysis and graphing software</td></tr><tr><td>pCp-biotin</td><td>TriLink BioTechnologies</td><td>NU-1706-BIO</td><td>20 ul (1 mM)</td></tr><tr><td>RNA #1--#6</td><td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td><td>Custom RNA oligos</td><td>19nt-21nt single-stranded RNAs, used without further purification</td></tr><tr><td>Rocking platform shaker</td><td>VWR</td><td>Orbital Shaker Standard 1000</td><td>Speed Range 40 to 300 rpm</td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin magnetic beads</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>88816</td><td>Binding approx. 55ug biotinylated rabbit lgG per mg of beads</td></tr><tr><td>Sulfonated Cyanine3 maleimide</td><td>Lumiprobe</td><td>11380</td><td>Water soluble</td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA ligase 1</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>M0202S</td><td>400 units/uL</td></tr><tr><td>T4 polynucleotide kinase</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T4PNK-RO</td><td>From phage T4 am N81 pse T1 infected Escherichia coli BB</td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl buffer</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T6455</td><td>Tris-HCl Buffer, pH 10, 10&amp;times;, Antigen Retriever</td></tr><tr><td>Urea</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>81871</td><td>Urea for synthesis. CAS No. 57-13-6, EC Number 200-315-5.</td></tr></tbody></table>

2d-hels ms seq: a general lc-ms-based method for direct and de novo sequencing of rna mixtures with different nucleotide modifications

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications at JoVE.com

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>2D-HELS MS 염기서열분석(2D-HELS MS SEQ): 뉴클레오티드 변형이 다른 RNA 혼합물의 직접 및 새로운 염기서열분석을 위한 일반적인 LC-MS 기반 방법

2D-HELS MS 염기서열분석(2D-HELS MS SEQ): 뉴클레오티드 변형이 다른 RNA 혼합물의 직접 및 새로운 염기서열분석을 위한 일반적인 LC-MS 기반 방법

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based sequencing approaches have been shown to be useful in&#160;direct&#160;sequencing&#160;RNA without the need for a ...

2d-hels-ms-seq-general-lc-ms-based-method-for-direct-de-novo

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

1.8K 조회수.  New York Institute of Technology. 여기에서는 cDNA 중간체 없이 짧은 RNA(실행당 

비디오: 2D-HELS MS 염기서열분석(2D-HELS MS SEQ): 뉴클레오티드 변형이 다른 RNA 혼합물의 직접 및 새로운 염기서열분석을 위한 일반적인 LC-MS 기반 방법

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modifications of RNA are diverse and ubiquitous amongst eukaryotes. They occur in mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and microRNA. Recent studies have revealed that these reversible RNA modifications affect RNA splicing, translation, degradation, and localization. Multiple physiological processes, like circadian rhythms, stem cell pluripotency, fibrosis, triglyceride metabolism, and obesity are also controlled by m6A modifications. Immunoprecipitation/sequencing, mass spectrometry, and modified northern blotting are some of the methods commonly employed to measure m6A modifications. Herein, we present a northeastern blotting technique for measuring m6A modifications. The current protocol provides good size separation of RNA, better accommodation and standardization for various experimental designs, and clear delineation of m6A modifications in various sources of RNA. While m6A modifications are known to have a crucial impact on human physiology relating to circadian rhythms and obesity, their roles in other (patho)physiological states are unclear. Therefore, investigations on m6A modifications have immense possibility to provide key insights into molecular physiology.

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues

A modified northern blotting method for measuring N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications in RNA is described. The current method can detect modifications in diverse RNAs and controls under various experimental designs.

RNA 측정 방법<em&gt; N</em<sup&gt; 6</sup세포와 조직에서&gt; -methyladenosine 수정

N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modifications of RNA are diverse and ubiquitous amongst eukaryotes. They occur in mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and microRNA. Recent studies ...

연구

생화학

Sample Preparation for Mass Spectrometry-based Identification of RNA-binding Regions

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most cases, the action of noncoding RNAs is mediated by proteins whose functions are in turn regulated by these interactions with noncoding RNAs. Consistent with this, a growing number of proteins involved in nuclear functions have been reported to bind RNA and in a few cases the RNA-binding regions of these proteins have been mapped, often through laborious, candidate-based methods.
Here, we report a detailed protocol to perform a high-throughput, proteome-wide unbiased identification of RNA-binding proteins and their RNA-binding regions. The methodology relies on the incorporation of a photoreactive uridine analog in the cellular RNA, followed by UV-mediated protein-RNA crosslinking, and mass spectrometry analyses to reveal RNA-crosslinked peptides within the proteome. Although we describe the procedure for mouse embryonic stem cells, the protocol should be easily adapted to a variety of cultured cells.

We describe a protocol to identify RNA-binding proteins and map their RNA-binding regions in live cells using UV-mediated photocrosslinking and mass spectrometry.

질량 분석 기반 식별 RNA 바인딩 영역에 대 한 샘플 준비

Noncoding RNAs play important roles in several nuclear processes, including regulating gene expression, chromatin structure, and DNA repair. In most ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

2&#39;- 포스 핀 올리고 뉴클레오타이드를 함유하는 올리고머의 고상 합성을위한 프로토콜<em&gt; O</em&gt; 원형 이색 성을 통한 - 티오 페닐 메틸 변형 및 특성 분석

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

화학

Improving Small RNA-seq: Less Bias and Better Detection of 2'-O-Methyl RNAs

The study of small RNAs (sRNAs) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is challenged by bias issues during library preparation. Several types of sRNA such as plant microRNAs (miRNAs) carry a 2&#39;-O-methyl (2&#39;-OMe) modification at their 3&#39;&#160;terminal nucleotide. This modification adds another difficulty as it inhibits 3&#39;&#160;adapter ligation. We previously demonstrated that modified versions of the &#39;TruSeq (TS)&#39;&#160;protocol have less bias and an improved detection of 2&#39;-OMe RNAs. Here we describe in detail protocol &#39;TS5&#39;, which showed the best overall performance. TS5 can be followed either using homemade reagents or reagents from the TS kit, with equal performance.

We present a detailed small RNA library reparation protocol with less bias than standard methods and an increased sensitivity for 2&#39;-O-methyl RNAs. This protocol can be followed using homemade reagents to save cost or using kits for convenience.

작은 RNA-seq 개선: 2'-O-메틸 RNA의 더 적은 편견 및 더 나은 검출

The study of small RNAs (sRNAs) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is challenged by bias issues during library preparation. Several types of sRNA such as ...

유전학

Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

Post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of RNA represent an understudied mechanism involved in the regulation of translation in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent evidence has linked specific neuronal RNA modifications to learning and memory paradigms. Unfortunately, conventional methods for the detection of these epitranscriptomic features are only capable of characterizing highly abundant RNA modifications in bulk tissues, precluding the assessment of unique PTM profiles that may exist for individual neurons within the activated behavioral circuits. In this protocol, an approach is described&#8212;single-neuron RNA modification analysis by mass spectrometry (SNRMA-MS)&#8212;to simultaneously detect and quantify numerous modified ribonucleosides in single neurons. The approach is validated using individual neurons of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica, beginning with surgical isolation and enzymatic treatment of major CNS ganglia to expose neuron cell bodies, followed by manual single-neuron isolation using sharp needles and a micropipette. Next, mechanical and thermal treatment of the sample in a small volume of buffer is done to liberate RNA from an individual cell for subsequent RNA digestion. Modified nucleosides are then identified and quantified using an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. SNRMA-MS is employed to establish RNA modification patterns for single, identified neurons from A. californica that have known morphologies and functions. Examples of qualitative and quantitative SNRMA-MS are presented that highlight the heterogeneous distribution of RNA modifications across individual neurons in neuronal networks.

Post-transcriptional modifications of RNA represent an understudied layer of translation regulation that has recently been linked to central nervous system plasticity. Here, sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach is described for simultaneous characterization of numerous RNA modifications in single neurons.

질량 분광법을 사용하여 단일 뉴런의 RNA 변형 특성화

Post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of RNA represent an understudied mechanism involved in the regulation of translation in the central nervous ...

Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells

The role of RNA structure in virtually any biological process has become increasingly evident, especially in the past decade. However, classical approaches to solving RNA structure, such as RNA crystallography or cryo-EM, have failed to keep up with the rapidly evolving field and the need for high-throughput solutions. Mutational profiling with sequencing using dimethyl sulfate (DMS) MaPseq is a sequencing-based approach to infer the RNA structure from a base&#39;s reactivity with DMS. DMS methylates the N1 nitrogen in adenosines and the N3 in cytosines at their Watson-Crick face when the base is unpaired. Reverse-transcribing the modified RNA with the thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT-III) leads to the methylated bases being incorporated as mutations into the cDNA. When sequencing the resulting cDNA and mapping it back to a reference transcript, the relative mutation rates for each base are indicative of the base&#39;s &#34;status&#34; as paired or unpaired. Even though DMS reactivities have a high signal-to-noise ratio both in vitro and in cells, this method is sensitive to bias in the handling procedures. To reduce this bias, this paper provides a protocol for RNA treatment with DMS in cells and with in vitro transcribed RNA.

Probing RNA Structure with Dimethyl Sulfate Mutational Profiling with Sequencing In Vitro and in Cells

The protocol provides instruction for modifying RNA with dimethyl sulfate for mutational profiling experiments. It includes in vitro and in vivo probing with two alternative library preparation methods.

디메틸 설페이트를 사용한 RNA 구조 프로빙 시험관 내 및 세포에서 시퀀싱을 사용한 돌연변이 프로파일링

The role of RNA structure in virtually any biological process has become increasingly evident, especially in the past decade. However, classical ...

Monitoring Equilibrium Changes in RNA Structure by 'Peroxidative' and 'Oxidative' Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting

RNA molecules play an essential role in biology. In addition to transmitting genetic information, RNA can fold into unique tertiary structures fulfilling a specific biologic role as regulator, binder or catalyst. Information about tertiary contact formation is essential to understand the function of RNA molecules. Hydroxyl radicals (&bull;OH) are unique probes of the structure of nucleic acids due to their high reactivity and small size.1 When used as a footprinting probe, hydroxyl radicals map the solvent accessible surface of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA1 and RNA2 with as fine as single nucleotide resolution. Hydroxyl radical footprinting can be used to identify the nucleotides within an intermolecular contact surface, e.g. in DNA-protein1 and RNA-protein complexes. Equilibrium3 and kinetic4 transitions can be determined by conducting hydroxyl radical footprinting as a function of a solution variable or time, respectively. A key feature of footprinting is that limited exposure to the probe (e.g., 'single-hit kinetics') results in the uniform sampling of each nucleotide of the polymer.5
In this video article, we use the P4-P6 domain of the Tetrahymena ribozyme to illustrate RNA sample preparation and the determination of a Mg(II)-mediated folding isotherms. We describe the use of the well known hydroxyl radical footprinting protocol that requires H2O2 (we call this the 'peroxidative' protocol) and a valuable, but not widely known, alternative that uses naturally dissolved O2 (we call this the 'oxidative' protocol). An overview of the data reduction, transformation and analysis procedures is presented.

This protocol describes how to quantify the Mg(II)-dependent formation of RNA tertiary structure by two methods of hydroxyl radical footprinting.

&#39;Peroxidative&#39;와 &#39;산화&#39;히드록실 급진적 Footprinting에 의해 RNA 구조의 모니터링 평형 변경

RNA molecules play an essential role in biology. In addition to transmitting genetic information, RNA can fold into unique tertiary structures fulfilling ...

생물학

A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

RNA editing is a process that leads to posttranscriptional sequence alterations in RNAs. Detection and quantification of RNA editing rely mainly on Sanger sequencing and RNA sequencing techniques. However, these methods can be costly and time-consuming. In this protocol, a portable microtemperature gradient gel electrophoresis (&#181;TGGE) system is used as a nonsequencing approach for the rapid detection of RNA editing. The process is based on the principle of electrophoresis, which uses high temperatures to denature nucleic acid samples as they move across a polyacrylamide gel. Across a range of temperatures, a DNA fragment forms a gradient of fully double-stranded DNA to partially separated strands and then to entirely separated single-stranded DNA. RNA-edited sites with distinct nucleotide bases produce different melting profiles in &#181;TGGE analyses. We used the &#181;TGGE-based approach to characterize the differences between the melting profiles of four edited RNA fragments and their corresponding nonedited (wild-type) fragments. Pattern Similarity Scores (PaSSs) were calculated by comparing the band patterns produced by the edited and nonedited RNAs and were used to assess the reproducibility of the method. Overall, the platform described here enables the detection of even single base mutations in RNAs in a straightforward, simple, and cost-effective manner. It is anticipated that this analysis tool will aid new molecular biology findings.

Rapid detection and reliable quantification of RNA editing events at a genomic scale remain challenging and currently rely on direct RNA sequencing methods. The protocol described here uses microtemperature gradient gel electrophoresis (&#181;TGGE) as a simple, quick, and portable method of detecting RNA editing.

RNA 편집의 신속한 검출을 위한 비시퀀싱 접근법

RNA editing is a process that leads to posttranscriptional sequence alterations in RNAs. Detection and quantification of RNA editing rely mainly on Sanger ...

생체공학

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed "high-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension", or SHAPE, allows prediction of RNA secondary structure with single nucleotide resolution. This approach utilizes chemical probing agents that preferentially acylate single stranded or flexible regions of RNA in aqueous solution. Sites of chemical modification are detected by reverse transcription of the modified RNA, and the products of this reaction are fractionated by automated capillary electrophoresis (CE). Since reverse transcriptase pauses at those RNA nucleotides modified by the SHAPE reagents, the resulting cDNA library indirectly maps those ribonucleotides that are single stranded in the context of the folded RNA. Using ShapeFinder software, the electropherograms produced by automated CE are processed and converted into nucleotide reactivity tables that are themselves converted into pseudo-energy constraints used in the RNAStructure (v5.3) prediction algorithm. The two-dimensional RNA structures obtained by combining SHAPE probing with in silico RNA secondary structure prediction have been found to be far more accurate than structures obtained using either method alone.

High-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) utilizes a novel chemical probing technology, reverse transcription, capillary electrophoresis and secondary structure prediction software to determine the structures of RNAs from several hundred to several thousand nucleotides at single nucleotide resolution.

높은 처리량 SHAPE를 사용하여 RNA 이차 구조 예측

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed ...

Highly Efficient Ligation of Small RNA Molecules for MicroRNA Quantitation by High-Throughput Sequencing

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide resolution. This technique captures miRNAs by attaching 3&#8217; and 5&#8217; oligonucleotide adapters to miRNA molecules and allows de novo miRNA discovery. Coupling with powerful next-generation sequencing platforms, miR-Seq has been instrumental in the study of miRNA biology. However, significant biases introduced by oligonucleotide ligation steps have prevented miR-Seq from being employed as an accurate quantitation tool. Previous studies demonstrate that biases in current miR-Seq methods often lead to inaccurate miRNA quantification with errors up to 1,000-fold for some miRNAs1,2. To resolve these biases imparted by RNA ligation, we have developed a small RNA ligation method that results in ligation efficiencies of over 95% for both 3&#8217; and 5&#8242; ligation steps. Benchmarking this improved library construction method using equimolar or differentially mixed synthetic miRNAs, consistently yields reads numbers with less than two-fold deviation from the expected value. Furthermore, this high-efficiency miR-Seq method permits accurate genome-wide miRNA profiling from in vivo total RNA samples2.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a widely conserved class of regulatory molecules. Here we describe a miRNA cloning method that relies upon two potent ligation steps followed by high-throughput sequencing. Our method permits accurate genome-wide quantitation of miRNAs.

높은 처리량 시퀀싱에 의한 마이크로 RNA 정량을위한 작은 RNA 분자의 고효율 내고

MiRNA cloning and high-throughput sequencing, termed miR-Seq, stands alone as a transcriptome-wide approach to quantify miRNAs with single nucleotide ...

2D-HELS MS 염기서열분석(2D-HELS MS SEQ): 뉴클레오티드 변형이 다른 RNA 혼합물의 직접 및 새로운 염기서열분석을 위한 일반적인 LC-MS 기반 방법

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RNA 측정 방법