우리는 데이터를 수집 그들의 도움 라이언 존슨과 레아 밀러합니다.

<ol>
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저자는보고 공시에는이 없습니다.

첫째, 인터넷 응용 프로그램이 올바른지 및 임피던스가 저하되는 것이 중요합니다. 둘째, EEG 인터넷 응용 프로그램과 패러다임이 수반 무슨 부모들이로 말하거나 사이의 라인을 흐리게 할 아기와 눈을 마주하지 않고 까다로운 될 경우 유아를 진정 도움을 줄 수 있는지 부모에게 설명하는 것이 중요하다 사회적 및 비 사회적 조건. 또한, EEG 데이터에 영향을 미치고 그물에 손상을 줄 수있는 그물을...

사회적 상호 작용은 유아의 신경 발달 1, 2에 대한 중요하다. 최근의 연구는 사회적 뇌의 3, 4의 개발에 초점을 시작했지만, 사회 참여에 관여하는 신경 프로세스는 잘 이해되지 않습니다. 보고 된 방법의 목적은 유아 뇌파 (EEG) 전원, 통신 연결을 해제 전압의 측정을 제어하고 nonsocial 사회적 상황에 걸쳐 어떻게 변하는지를 평가 하였다. 이 방법은 차동 신경 활성화와 관련이 있는지 특정 사회의 입력 측면의 평가를 할 수 있습니다 및 기능 신경 활성화를 평가할 때 기록 컨텍스트의 역할을 고려하는 미래 연구에 대한 의미를 가지고있다. EEG는 유아 운동 비침 견고한 같이, 유아 뇌 활동을 측정하는 방법에 적합하다. 전극들로 구성된 캡을 p신경 세포 통신 중에 발표 대뇌 피질에서 전기 활동을 기록하는 유아의 머리에 레이스. EEG 전력은 일정 기간 동안 각각의 전극 사이트에서의 전압의 측정치이다. EEG는 신경 활동의 기능 측정함으로써 부분적으로 EEG가 기록되고있는 직접적인 문맥을 반영한다. 그것의 기능적 특성, EEG 파워는 내 - 과목 디자인을 사용하여 컨텍스트에 걸쳐 따라서 인덱스 상황에 맞는 고유의 활성화와 비교 될 수있는 잠재력을 가지고있다. 따라서, EEG는 뉴럴 구체적 사회적 상호 작용의 토대 및 특정 컨텍스트 활성화보다 일반적 모두를 평가하는데 사용될 수있다. 유아 EEG는 종종 하나의 조건 중에 기록 그러나,이 잠재력을 완전히 실현되지 않았다. 많은 연구는 항상 명확하게 사회적, nonsocial 입력을 구별하지 않는 &quot;상태를 휴식&quot;또는베이스 라인, 동안 유아 EEG 파워를 기록했다. 어떤 경우에는, EEG는 유아로 기록S는 실험자는 빙고 휠 5, 6, 7을 시계 회전 실험자 블로우 시계 8 거품 또는 실험자 흔들어 9,10 흔들어 본다. 그러나 유아는 실험 또는 객체 중 하나에 참석할 수 있으며, 유아의 특성은 그들의주의를 지시하는 방법에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다. 따라서, 그들은 실험에 참석하는 경우 일부 유아에 대한 기준은 사회가 될 수 있으며이 객체에 주로 참석하면 다른 유아에 대한 기준은 nonsocial 수 있습니다. EEG는 기록 상황을 반영로서, 연구자 인해 유아 녹화시에 참석하고 있었는지의 차이로 안정 또는 간단하게 할 수있는 발달 적 의미를 해석 할 수있는 기준 EEG의 개별 차이를 관찰했다. 객체를 유지하면서 유아가 노래 여자를 보는 동안 실제로 한 연구는 뇌파 기록 <sup클래스 = &quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; 11. 유아 EEG 전원이 유아가 여자 또는 물체에주의를 지불 여부에 따라 변하며. 이것은 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하는 유아 EEG 전원의 기능적 특성과도 EEG을 촬영하는 동안 통제 된 조건을 사용하는 방법 론적 중요성을 모두 보여줍니다. 사회적 상호 작용은 복잡하고 다면적이다. EEG가 자연 상호 작용하는 동안 기록 된 경우, 따라서, 이는 (예를 들어, 청각 언어 대면 또는 공동 관심에 결합 상호 작용)의 상호 작용의 다양한 양태의 신경 처리를 따로 애타게 어려울 수있다. 이 문제를 해결하기위한 전략은 각각의 사회적 상호 작용의 특정 측면을 포함하는 다른 조건을 포함하여 포함한다. 따라서,이 패러다임 EEG 전력 소셜 입력의 특정 유형에 따라 어떻게 변하는지를 체계적과 비교하도록 설계된다. 패러다임 녹화 관련보고 내-주제오르 딩 유아 EEG 4 개 상태 동안. 이 기록 문맥에 따라 달라집니다 방법 - -, 사회 입력의 특정 유형의 역할을 평가하기 위해 조건은 유아 EEG 전원의 기능적 특성을 조사하기 위해 모두 설계되었습니다. 아기가이 컴퓨터 화면에 물체를 본 곳 첫째, nonsocial 조건이 포함되었다. 컴퓨터 스크린 상에 오브젝트를 제시하는 대신 실험자 오브젝트를 조작함으로써,이 조건을 명확하게하고 사회적 nonsocial 입력 어떠한 형태를 포함하지 않는다. 실험자 사진에 대한 유아의 관심을 감독하고 사진에 대해 얘기 경우 다음 공동 관심 조건이 포함되었다. 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용, 언어 입력, 공동 관심의 추가 구성 요소 : 공동의 관심 조건은 따라서 사회 입력의 세 가지 유형을 포함한다. 따라서, 공동 nonsocial 주목 조건 입체적 (대면 상호 작용 언어 입력 및 관절주의의 존재)에서 다르다. 따라서 어떤 DIFFnonsocial 공동 관심 조건 사이의 EEG 전력 erences이 세 사회 입력의 기인이 될 수 있습니다. 따라서, 2 개 개의 추가 조건 입력 사회적 측면은 nonsocial 공동 관심 상태 사이의 신경 활동의 모든 관찰 된 차이를 설명하는 떨어져 애타게 하였다. 언어의 효과를 평가하기 위해, 언어에 유일한 조건은 유아가 컴퓨터에있는 사진에 실험자의 의견을들을 수 있지만, 실험을 볼 수있는 곳 포함되었다. EEG 전원이 공동의 관심과 nonsocial 조건과 비교 언어 전용 조건에서 유사했다 경우,이 효과는 언어에 기인 할 수있다. 마지막으로, 실험자가 직접 대면 영아이고 조건부 유아와 결합하는 경우, 사회적 결합 조건이 포함 된 대면 상호 작용의 효과를 평가한다. EEG 전력은 N에 비해 공동의 관심과 사회 참여의 조건에서 유사했다 경우onsocial 조건 조인트 관심과 nonsocial 조건의 차이는 상호 마주 맞대고 기인 될 수있다. 공동 관심과 nonsocial 조건의 차이는 언어 만 사회적 결합 조건으로하여 설명하지 않은 경우,이 공동 관심의 존재는 특히 EEG 전력의 차이를 설명하는 것을 제안했다. 이 공동 관심 용량이 아니라 12를 설립하는 시대이기 때문에이 패러다임은, 12 개월 된 아기와 함께 조종했다. 또한,이 기간 동안 공동 관심 삶 (13), (14)의 2 차 연도 언어 발달에 특히 중요하므로 이러한 맥락에서 신경 활성화는이 나이에 특별한 관심이었다. 패러다임은 조건이 표준화되어 있음을 보장하면서 유아의 관심을 유지하도록 설계 및 SOC의 종류에 차이가 전용IAL 입력. 네 가지 상태의 각각은 현재 (공동주의 사회적 결합 상태) 또는 부재 (nonsocial 언어 전용 상태) 인 실험 교대 여덟 개 개의 블록에 대해 한 번 반복된다. 일관성을 유지하기 위해 오브젝트의 사진은 모든 조건에 제시되어 같은 발언은 블록에 걸쳐 사용된다. 각 블록 중에 nonsocial 오브젝트 (10 개)는 사진, 컴퓨터 화면에 순차적으로 표시. 물체 (예를 들어, 꽃, 장갑)의 10 개 범주와 각 개체의 네 가지 색상이 있습니다. 따라서, 물체의 동일한 블록 (10)은 카테고리에 걸쳐 다양한 개체의 색상 각 블록에 제시되어있다. 자극은 유아에 대한 흥미로 선정되었다. 각 개체가 화면에 표시로서 공동의 관심과 언어 만하는 상황에서는 실험자는 스크립트 말을합니다. 관절에 왼쪽 또는 오른쪽으로 컴퓨터 화면을 가리 키도록 지정된 방향으로 10 특정 발언이 (있다관심 조건). 발언은 공동의 관심과 언어 전용 조건 동일하지만 변수 위해 유아 관심을 유지하고 특정 발언과 개체의 특정 범주를 연관 방지에 있다고합니다. 발언의 순서는 첫 번째 공동 관심 블록과 모국어 전용 블록에 대해 동일합니다. 순서는 다음 두 번째 공동의 관심과 언어 블록 만 변경됩니다. 마지막으로, 가리키는 방향은 각 관절주의 블록에 대한 변화와 의사 무작위 유아 방향을 예상 할 수 있도록합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG Amplifier</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>We used a net amps 300 system. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Sensor Nets</td><td>EGI</td><td>N/A</td><td>We used HDGSN 130 nets with 128 channels in pediatric sizes. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/geodesic-sensor-nets</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Recording Software</td><td>Netstation</td><td>N/A</td><td>Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/net-station</td></tr><tr><td>EEG Recording Computer</td><td>Apple</td><td>N/A</td><td>An apple computer is required to run the Netstation software. The operating system just has to match the version of Netstation used.</td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td><td>Dell</td><td>N/A</td><td>E-Prime 2.0 is compatible with PCs running Microsoft Windows&lt;br/&gt; XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7 SP1, 8/8.1 and 10</td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Software - E-Prime 2.0 Professional Edition</td><td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td><td>http://www.psychology-software-tools.mybigcommerce.com/e-prime-2-0-professional/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stimulus Presentation Monitors</td><td>Dell</td><td>N/A</td><td>LCD monitors are appropriate.</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p9541?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipettes</td><td>Karter Scientific Labware Manufacturing Co.</td><td>http://www.kartersci.com/7ml_&lt;br /&gt;Volume_3ml_Graduated_&lt;br /&gt;Transfer_Pipette_Karter_&lt;br /&gt;p/206h2.htm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disinfectant-Control 3 Disinfectent Germicide</td><td>Maril Products Inc</td><td>https://www.amazon.com/Control-Disinfectant-Germicide-Cntrl3-Concntr/dp/B007AZ37VC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG Processing Software</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data Analysis Software</td><td>SPSS</td><td>https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud/statistical-analysis-and-reporting/purchase/us/en-us#product-header-top</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coding Software - The Observer XT</td><td>Noldus</td><td>http://www.noldus.com/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;General Note:&lt;/strong&gt; This equipment list includes what was used in the presented study, however other systems and products with the same capabilities are also appropriate.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg

유아가 사회적으로 상호 작용하는 동안 유아의 두뇌 개발을위한 사회적 상호 작용의 중요성에도 불구하고, 연구는 거의 기능 신경 활성화를 평가했다. 뇌파 (EEG)의 전원 유아 신경 기능의 활성화를 평가하기위한 바람직한 기술이다. 그러나 많은 연구 기록 유아 EEG 하나 개의 기본 조건 중. 이 프로토콜은 포괄적 사회 입력의 다른 유형 차등 유아 EEG와 어떻게 관련되는지 떨어져 유아 뇌파 모두 사회적, nonsocial 상황에서의 활동뿐만 아니라 애타게을 평가하기 위해 설계 패러다임에 대해 설명합니다. 내-주제 패러다임은 네 통제 된 조건이 포함되어 있습니다. nonsocial 상태에서, 유아는 컴퓨터 화면의 개체를 볼 수 있습니다. 공동 관심 조건은 사진을 유아의주의를 지시 실험자을 포함한다. 언어, 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용, 공동 관심의 존재 : 공동의 관심 조건은 사회 입력의 세 가지 유형이 포함되어 있습니다. 차이nonsocial 공동 관심 조건 사이의 유아 EEG에 입력이 세 가지 유형 중 하나가 원인 일 수 있습니다. 따라서, 두 개의 부가적인 조건 (실험자는 스크린 뒤에 숨겨진 상태 언어 입력 한 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 하나) 유아 신경 활성화 패턴의 운전 상황 요인을 평가 하였다. 대표적인 결과는 유아 EEG 전력의 기능적 특성을 지원하는 뇌 영역에서 모두 전체 및 차분, 조건에 의해 변화하는 유아 EEG 파워를 보여준다. 이 기술은 분명히 사회적 nonsocial있는 조건을 포함하는 것이 유리하다 사회적 입력 특정 유형의 EEG 전력에 관한 시험 방법을 허용한다. 이 패러다임은, 사회 경제적 상태, 시대에 어떻게 개인차를 평가에 영향을 사용할 수 있으며, 부모 - 유아 상호 작용의 질은 사회적 뇌의 발달과 관련이있다. 유아 EEG 전원의 증명 기능적 특성을 바탕으로, 미래의 연구 쇼자민련은 분명히 사회적 nonsocial 있습니다 EEG 기록 컨텍스트 및 설계 조건의 역할을 고려한다.

유아 찾고 행동 대표 결과는 73 × 12 개월 된 영아 (12)이다. 조건은 유아 &#39;보는 행위 (16) 변경에 효과적이었다. 의도 한대로 사회 참여 조건에서, 유아, 실험자보고 대부분의 시간을 소비 (평균, 사회 참여 조건 중 시간의 60.06 %). 또한, 각 유아는 실험 시간의 50 % 이상을 보았다. 공동 관심의 ?...

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A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

이 새로운 프로토콜은 유아의 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하기 위해 설계되었습니다. 패러다임은 같은 언어, 공동의 관심과 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 사회 입력이 유아 신경 활성화 관련이 떨어져 얼마나 다양한 애타게하도록 설계되었습니다. 유아 EEG 파워는 사회적, nonsocial 조건을 모두 동안 기록됩니다.

A는 내 - 과목 실험 프로토콜 유아 EEG에 대한 사회 입력의 효과를 평가하기 위해

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

a-within-subjects-experimental-protocol-to-assess-effects-social

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

7.7K 조회수.  Boston University.  이 새로운 프로토콜은 유아의 사회적 상호 작용의 신경 기지를 평가하기 위해 설계되었습니다. 패러다임은 같은 언어, 공동의 관심과 얼굴을 맞대고 상호 작용 사회 입력이 유아 신경 활성화 관련이 떨어져 얼마나 다양한 애타게하도록 설계되었습니다. 유아 EEG 파워는 사회적, nonsocial 조건을 모두 동안 기록됩니다. 

비디오: A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and signal processing make it possible to exploit information from other imaging modalities like structural MRI that provide high spatial resolution to overcome this constraint1. This is especially useful for investigations that require high resolution in the temporal as well as spatial domain. In addition, due to the easy application and low cost of EEG recordings, EEG is often the method of choice when working with populations, such as young children, that do not tolerate functional MRI scans well. However, in order to investigate which neural substrates are involved, anatomical information from structural MRI is still needed. Most EEG analysis packages work with standard head models that are based on adult anatomy. The accuracy of these models when used for children is limited2, because the composition and spatial configuration of head tissues changes dramatically over development3.&#160;
In the present paper, we provide an overview of our recent work in utilizing head models based on individual structural MRI scans or age specific head models to reconstruct the cortical generators of high density EEG. This article describes how&#160;EEG recordings are acquired, processed, and analyzed with pediatric populations at the London Baby Lab, including laboratory setup, task design, EEG preprocessing, MRI processing, and EEG channel level and source analysis.&#160;

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in estimating the cortical sources of scalp measured electrical activity for cognitive neuroscience experiments. This article describes how high density EEG is acquired and how recordings are processed for cortical source estimation in children from the age of 2 years at the London Baby Lab.

아이들의 고밀도 EEG 레코딩의 대뇌 피질의 자료 분석

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

연구

행동분석학

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

유아 청각 처리 및 이벤트 관련 뇌 진동

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

정위 사출 기술을 적용하는 것은 동물의 행동에 유전 적 영향을 연구하기

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

스트레스의 사회적 차원 : 트리어 사회에서 사회적지지와 사회적 정체성의 실험 노는 시험 스트레스

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

사람들은 부드러운 햅틱 감각을 통해 불확실성에 대처할 수 어떻게 검사 실험 연구

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

물 박탈, 사카린 페이딩 또는 확장 액세스 교육을받지 않은 쥐에 에탄올의 강화 속성을 평가하는 방법

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

인간의 유아를 자유롭게 행동의 사회적 상호 작용하는 동안 의도 모드의 신경 디코딩에 소설 실험 및 분석 접근

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any other current brain imaging technology1,2, is being used increasingly in the study of social cognitive functioning in infants and adults. While dEEG is enabling researchers to examine brain activity patterns with unprecedented levels of sensitivity, conventional EEG recording systems continue to face certain limitations, including 1) poor spatial resolution and source localization3,4,2) the physical discomfort for test subjects of enduring the individual application of numerous electrodes to the surface of the scalp, and 3) the complexity for researchers of learning to use multiple software packages to collect and process data. Here we present an overview of an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults. Although several analytical software techniques can be used to establish indirect indices of source localization to improve the spatial resolution of dEEG, the HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net (HCGSN) by Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI), a dense sensory array that maintains equal distances among adjacent recording electrodes on all surfaces of the scalp, further enhances spatial resolution4,5,6 compared to standard dEEG systems. The sponge-based HCGSN can be applied rapidly and without scalp abrasion, making it ideal for use with adults7,8, children9,10,11, and infants12, in both research and clinical4,5,6,13,14,15 settings. This feature allows for considerable cost and time savings by decreasing the average net application time compared to other dEEG systems. Moreover, the HCGSN includes unified, seamless software applications for all phases of data, greatly simplifying the collection, processing, and analysis of dEEG data.
The HCGSN features a low-profile electrode pedestal, which, when filled with electrolyte solution, creates a sealed microenvironment and an electrode-scalp interface. In all Geodesic dEEG systems, EEG sensors detect changes in voltage originating from the participant's scalp, along with a small amount of electrical noise originating from the room environment. Electrical signals from all sensors of the Geodesic sensor net are received simultaneously by the amplifier, where they are automatically processed, packaged, and sent to the data-acquisition computer (DAC). Once received by the DAC, scalp electrical activity can be isolated from artifacts for analysis using the filtering and artifact detection tools included in the EGI software. Typically, the HCGSN can be used continuously for only up to two hours because the electrolyte solution dries out over time, gradually decreasing the quality of the scalp-electrode interface.
In the Parent-Infant Research Lab at the University of Toronto, we are using dEEG to study social cognitive processes including memory, emotion, goals, intentionality, anticipation, and executive functioning in both adult and infant participants.

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

Dense array electroencephalography is being used increasingly to study social cognitive functions in infants and adults. Here we present an established methodology that represents a significant improvement on conventional methodologies for studying EEG in infants and adults.

(덴스 배열 Electroencephalography를 사용하여 유아 및 성인의 사회적 인식을 조사 D EEG)

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

신경과학

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

보통 굽 높은 조깅 하 고 실행 하는 동안 낮은 사지 역학에 경험 효과 평가 하기 위해 골드 표준 걸음 걸이 분석 방법을 사용 하 여

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

영아-양육자 상호 작용에서의 실제 EEG 및 ECG 동기화

Home-Based EEG Hyperscanning for Infant-Caregiver Social Interactions

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of the laboratory, thus limiting the generalizability of results to real-life settings. Here, a comprehensive protocol for capturing synchronized electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and behavioral recordings from infant-caregiver dyads during various interactive tasks at home is proposed. This protocol demonstrates how to synchronize the different data streams and report EEG data retention rates and quality checks. Additionally, critical issues and possible solutions with respect to the experimental setup, tasks, and data collection in home settings are discussed. The protocol is not limited to infant-caregiver dyads but can be applied to various dyadic constellations. Overall, we demonstrate the flexibility of EEG hyperscanning setups, which allow experiments to be conducted outside of the laboratory to capture participants' brain activities in more ecologically valid environmental settings. Yet, movement and other types of artifacts still constrain the experimental tasks that can be performed in the home setting.

저자 스포트라이트: 동기화된 다중 모드 데이터 수집을 통한 유아-양육자 상호 작용 캡처

This protocol describes how synchronized electroencephalography, electrocardiography, and behavioral recordings were captured from infant-caregiver dyads in a home setting.

유아-양육자의 사회적 상호 작용을 위한 가정 기반 EEG 하이퍼스캐닝

Prior hyperscanning studies that record the brain activities of caregivers and children concurrently have primarily been conducted within the confines of ...