Name: synthesis of ligand-free cds nanoparticles within a sulfur copolymer matrix
Uploaded: 2016-05-01T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 15 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the State of Washington for supporting this research through the University of Washington Clean Energy Institute Exploratory Fellowship Program, and National Science Foundation (NSF) Sustainable Energy Pathway (SEP) Award CHE-1230615.

주의 : 카드뮴 전구체는 매우 독성하고 조심스럽게 취급해야합니다. 적절한 보호 장비를 착용 적절한 공학적 관리를 사용하여 상담 관련 물질 안전 보건 자료 (MSDS). 또한, 나노 입자의 형성은 추가 위험 요소가 내재되어있다. 본원에 기재된 반응은 비활성 분위기 내에서 실험을 수행하기 위해, 표준 진공 가스 매니 폴드와 함께 수행된다. 모든 화학 물질은 시중에서 구입 수신 사용 하였다. 이 프로토콜은 우리가 다른 최근에 기재된 이전에 개발 된 합성 방법에 기초한다. (5) 1. 황 공중 합체 합성 <ol><li> 용융 황 원소의 제조 <ol><li> 찾는 원소 황 연결된 응축기 및 온도 프로브를 50 mL의 3 구 플라스크에 (4g, 124.8 밀리몰, S (8), 99.5 %). 진공 및 질소 여러 번 펌프 및 퍼지 사이클을 수행합니다. </li><li> 질소 하에서 열황 노란 색깔의 액체가 원인이됩니다 교반하면서 150 ° C를한다. </li></ol></li><li> 유황 계 공중 합체의 제조 <ol><li> 일단 황의 모든 액체에 용해했다 즉시 용액 중에 α - 메틸 (330 μL, 2.5 밀리몰, 99 %)을 주입. </li><li> 10 분 동안 500 rpm으로 교반하면서 185 ° C에 열 솔루션입니다. 공중 합체의 형태로서,이 솔루션은 결국 깊은 붉은 색을 생산, 오렌지, 노란색에서 색상을 변경합니다. </li><li> 히트의 용액을 제거하고, 실온으로 냉각. 이 냉각됨에 따라, 상기 공중 합체 고무는 서서히 주황색 고체를 형성하도록 구체화된다. 이 단계에서 공중 합체는 후속 합성 실온에서 보관하거나 즉시 사용될 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. CdS와 나노 입자 합성 <ol><li> 이전 단계의 삼구 플라스크에, 카드뮴 아세틸 아세토 네이트 (CD (ACAC), 900 ㎎, 2.9 밀리몰 99.9 %)를 추가되도록분말을 균일 고체 황 합체 (4.0 g, 116 밀리몰)의 상부에 배치된다. </li><li> 질소 및 진공 몇 시간이 플라스크에 펌프 및 퍼지 사이클을 수행합니다. </li><li> 교반하면서 질소에서 200 ° C에 대한 해결책을 가열한다. 황 공중 합체는 용융 및 카드뮴 전구체와 혼합하고, 나노 입자의 핵 생성과 성장 과정이 시작됩니다 것입니다. </li><li> 나노 입자는 30 분 동안 성장하도록 허용합니다. 주 :.. 나노 입자의 성장에 영향을 미치는 것, 반응 시간이 변화하므로이 조정 나노 입자의 최종 크기 가능 5 30 분 반응 시간 것 7-10 nm의 크기 범위 5 </li><li> 히트의 용액을 제거하고, 실온으로 냉각시킨다. </li><li> 일단 냉각, 실온에서 플라스크 저장소에서 고체 나노 복합체를 제거합니다. </li></ol> 3. 황 공중 합체를 제거하고 나노 입자 분리 <ol><li> 황 제거 공중 </strong&gt; <ol><li> 20 mL 유리 바이알에 나노 복합체 (200 mg)을 넣고 클로로포름 (20 ㎖)을 추가한다. </li><li> 나노 복합체를 파괴하고, 용액 내의 나노 입자를 일시 중단, 1 시간에 대한 초음파 및 초음파 처리에 병을 놓습니다. </li><li> 이 30 ml의 원심 분리기 튜브에 솔루션을 분리하고 각각에 클로로포름의 또 다른 20 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 15 분 동안 8,736 XG에 솔루션 (상대 원심력)을 원심 분리기. </li><li> 정착 된 나노 입자를 방해하지해야하고, 원심 분리기 튜브에서 황 공중 합체를 가만히 따르다. </li></ol></li><li> 나노 입자의 분리 <ol><li> 15 분 동안 각 원심 관 (30 mL) 및 초음파 처리에 클로로포름을 첨가하여 침전하는 나노 입자를 재 분산. </li><li> 황 합체 모두 제거되었음을 확인하기 섹션 3.1.4, 3.1.5 및 3.2.1 세 번에 설명 된 단계를 반복한다. 일단 황 합체 모두 제거되면, 용액을 경사없이 LO하겠습니다nger 오렌지 색상이 있습니다. </li><li> 각 원심 관에 클로로포름 (2 ㎖)을 추가하여 최종 나노 입자를 수집한다. </li><li> 한 20 ㎖의 유리 바이알 (4 ml의 용액 전체)에 수집 된 나노 입자를 결합 클로로포름 모두 제거 진공하에 바이알을 배치하고, 나노 입자를 건조. 이 단계에서, 생성 된 나노 입자의 질량을 측정 할 수 있고, 원료 및 제품의 몰비를 이용하여 반응 수율을 결정하기 위하여 전구체의 출발 물질을 비교 하​​였다. </li></ol></li></ol> CDS 용 나노 입자 특성화 (4) <ol><li> 투과 전자 현미경 <ol><li> 1 시간 동안 격리 클로로포름 나노 입자 (20 mg)을 (20 mL) 및 초음파 처리를 희석. </li><li> 15 분 동안이 클로로포름 용액 (5 / 5 ml의 방울)과 초음파 처리를 희석. </li><li> 400에 구멍 투성이 탄소지지 필름을 가진 얇은 탄소 필름 기판 상에 최종 솔루션 드롭구리 투과 전자 현미경 (TEM) 그리드 메쉬. </li><li> 유리 바이알에서 TEM 그리드를두고 시료로부터 임의의 잔류 용매를 제거하고, 밤새 진공 하에서 유지. </li><li> 건조가 완료되면, 200 kV의 가속 전압, 3 스폿 크기 및 부착 에너지 분산 X 선 분광법 (EDS) 검출기를 사용하여 TEM 이미지를 획득. </li></ol></li><li> X-ray 회절 <ol><li> 클로로포름 격리 된 나노 입자 (10 ㎎ / ㎖)에 희석. </li><li> 10 분 동안 각 세제, 탈 이온수, 이소 프로필 알콜 및 아세톤으로 초음파 처리하여 면도 몰리브덴 코팅 소다 석회 유리 기판 (1cm 2). 마지막으로, 드롭 캐스팅하기 전에 10 분 동안 공기 플라즈마 세정기의 기판을 세정. </li><li> 드롭 7 μL 단위로 4.2.2에서 기판에 4.2.1에서 솔루션을 캐스팅. </li><li> 필름을 건조 후에 X 선 회절 (XRD) 데이터를 획득. 의 스캔 속도로 7000 데이터 포인트를 사용하여 데이터를 수집의 Cu-Kα의 X 선 소스 및 1.54059 Å의 입사 파장 초당 데이터 포인트. </li></ol></li><li> 솔루션 분광학 <ol><li> 밀봉 된 석영 큐벳에 30 분 장소 샘플 클로로포름 및 초음파 처리에 고립 된 나노 입자 (0.1 ㎎ / ㎖)를 분산. </li><li> 물질의 현탁액을 용이하게하기 위해 70 ° C로 2.6에서 나노 복합물과 포름 섹션 1.2.3에서 황 합체 (1 ㎎ / ㎖), 700 rpm으로 교반하고, 열을 분산. </li><li> 모든 3 개의 시료에 대한 광 발광 (PL)과 흡수 스펙트럼을 획득. 자외선, 가시 광선 및 근적외선 범위 (UV-힘 NIR)을 가로 질러 연장하는 트리플 검출기 분광계를 사용하여 흡광도의 측정을 실시한다. 330 나노 미터의 여기 파장을 갖는 형광 분광 광도계를 사용하여 PL 측정을 실시한다. 참고 : 섹션에서 논의 된 기술을 이용하여 나노 입자의 특성에 대한 특정 프로토콜 4.1.5, 4.2.4하는차 4.3.2 널리 사용되는 특정 장비의 특성에 따라 달라집니다, 그래서 우리는 여기에만 일반적인 특성 매개 변수를 제시한다. 관심있는 독자의 CDS 나노 입자에 대한 이러한 분석 기술을 사용에 대한 자세한 내용은 여러 리뷰 논문에 관한 것이다 17 -. 19 </li></ol></li></ol>

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O., Springborg, M., Seifert, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+Electronic+Properties+of+Cadmium+Sulfide+Clusters.">Structural and Electronic Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Clusters.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 104 (12), 2617-2622 (2000).</li><li>Unni, C., Philip, D., Gopchandran, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+optical+absorption+and+photoluminescence+of+thioglycerol-stabilized+CdS+quantum+dots.">Studies on optical absorption and photoluminescence of thioglycerol-stabilized CdS quantum dots.</a> Spectrochim. Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 71 (4), 1402-1407 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors disclose no competing financial interests.

We have developed a method to synthesize CdS nanoparticles within a sulfur copolymer matrix. This sulfur copolymer is composed of elemental sulfur and methylstyrene.5 An important feature of this method is that the copolymer can be used as both a high-temperature solvent and a sulfur source that reacts with a cadmium precursor to produce CdS nanoparticles in solution.5 The critical step in the procedure is the synthesis of the sulfur copolymer with a suitable ratio of methylstyrene and sulfur. The u...

합성에 유용한 입증되었지만, 종래 지방족 리간드는 광 및 전기 화학 장치에 나노 입자의 구현에 어려움이 발생한다. 지방족 리간드는 매우, 소수성 절연 및 전기 화학적 표면 반응에 상당한 장벽을 구성한다. 1 따라서, 여러 연구 개발 한 리간드 교환 및 리간드 베어 나노 입자를 나타 내기 위해 기능적인 부분 또는 벗겨 리간드 이러한 지방족 리간드를 대체 프로토콜을 제거하는 표면 - 1. (3) 이들 반응 그러나 몇몇 고유 문제점을 제기. 이들은 항상 크게 완료하지 않으며, 합성 공정의 복잡성을 추가하고, 이러한 기술을 사용하면 결과적으로 소자 제조시 심각한 문제를 부과 할 수있는 나노 입자의 표면을 악화 할 수있다. (4) 우리는 황 공중 합체를 개발하는CdS와 나노 입자의 합성 동안 고온 용매 및 황 원 모두로서 사용될 수있다. (5)이 합체 정 외. 유황 1,3- 디 이소 (DIB)을 사용하여 개발 된 네트워크 공중 합체에 기초한다. (6)에서 우리의 경우는, 메틸 스티렌 모노머 대신 DIB의 구현된다. 그렇지 고분자 네트워크 공중 합체를 제조 할 가교 반응을 메틸 단량체 한계. 5,6 메틸 단량체에 하나의 비닐 작용기의 존재에 황 공중 합체를 수 회 가열 올리고머 라디칼의 형성을 촉진 나노 입자 합성 동안 평행 한 액체 용매 및 황 소스로 동작한다. (5) 즉, 황 중합체는 선형 구조 액체 황 라디칼 형태로 전환하기 위해 S 8 환을 일으키는 150 ° C에 유황을 가열함으로써 제조된다. 다음, 메틸 난을 주입<html> 5 메틸의 이중 결합은도 1에 제시된 바와 같이, 공중 합체를 제조하기 위해 황 사슬과 반응하여 황 원자 메틸 분자 1:50 몰비 액체 황 NTO.. 5 황 합체을 냉각시키고, 카드뮴 전구체 추가됩니다. 이 혼합물을 용액 내에서 200 ℃로 재가열 동안, 황 공중 합체는 용융 및 나노 입자 핵 생성 및 성장 공정이 개시되어있다 (5)는 20 :. 카드뮴 전구체 황 1 몰비가 사용되며, 그 일부 너무 유황은 반응 동안 소비된다. (5)이 공중합 반응이 종결 된 후에 고체 고분자 매트릭스 내에서 현탁하여 나노 입자를 안정화시킨다. 5 공중 합체를 합성 후에 제거 될 수 있으며,이없는의 CDS 나노 입자의 생산을 초래 도 2에 도시 된 바와 같이 유기 배위 리간드. 5 ontent &quot;&gt;이 연구에서 제시된 합성 방법은 문헌에 제시된 다른 방법에 비해 비교적 간단 하나 -.. 3,7 전통 결찰 된 나노 입자는 문제 또는 바람직하지 않은 입증 된 곳은 응용 프로그램의 다양한 범위에 적용이 기술은 수 나노 입자의 하나의 배치가 복잡하고 시간이 절차를 제거 또는 교환 리간드 소모 없이도 후속 관능의 전체 스펙트럼을 조사하는데 사용될 수있다 높은 처리량 시험을 오픈 도어. 2,4,8,9이 unligated 나노 입자는 또한 기회를 제공 상기 탄소원을 제거하여 일반적으로 인쇄 된 나노 소자에서 관찰 된 탄소 결함의 수를 줄이기 위해 열 -. 16 상세한 프로토콜은 다른 새로운 방법을 구현할 수 있도록하고 찾을 다양한 분야에서 자신의 유효 이용을 촉진 있도록 의도 특정 의미의 그것.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sulfur (S&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;), 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>84683</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-methylstyrene, 99%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M80903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cadmium acetylacetonate (Cd(acac)), 99.9%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>517585</td><td>Highly Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform (CHCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), 99.5%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C2432</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate / magnetic stirrer</td><td>IKA RCT&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3810001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller with probe and heating mantle</td><td>Oakton Temp 9000</td><td>WD-89800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter Allegra X-22</td><td>392186</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3114</td><td>Teflon for resistance to chlorinated solvents</td></tr><tr><td>TEM with attached EDS detector</td><td>FEI Tecnai G2 F-20 with EDAX detector</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEM Sample Grid</td><td>Ted Pella</td><td>1824</td><td>Ultrathin carbon film substrate with holey carbon support films on a 400 mesh copper grid</td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>Bruker F-8 Focus Diffractometer</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molybdenum coated soda lime glass substrates</td><td></td><td></td><td>750 nm thick sputtered molybdenum layer</td></tr><tr><td>Quartz Fluorescence Cuvettes</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z803073</td><td>10 mm by 10 mm, 4 polished sides with screw top</td></tr><tr><td>UV-Vis-NIR</td><td>Perkin Elmer Lambda 1050 Spectrometer</td><td></td><td>With 3D WB Detector Module</td></tr><tr><td>PL</td><td>Horiba FL3-21tau Fluorescence Spectrophotometer</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of ligand-free cds nanoparticles within a sulfur copolymer matrix

Aliphatic ligands are typically used during the synthesis of nanoparticles to help mediate their growth in addition to operating as high-temperature solvents. These coordinating ligands help solubilize and stabilize the nanoparticles while in solution, and can influence the resulting size and reactivity of the nanoparticles during their formation. Despite the ubiquity of using ligands during synthesis, the presence of aliphatic ligands on the nanoparticle surface can result in a number of problems during the end use of the nanoparticles, necessitating further ligand stripping or ligand exchange procedures. We have developed a way to synthesize cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles using a unique sulfur copolymer. This sulfur copolymer is primarily composed of elemental sulfur, which is a cheap and abundant material. The sulfur copolymer has the advantages of operating both as a high temperature solvent and as a sulfur source, which can react with a cadmium precursor during nanoparticle synthesis, resulting in the generation of ligand free CdS. During the reaction, only some of the copolymer is consumed to produce CdS, while the rest remains in the polymeric state, thereby producing a nanocomposite material. Once the reaction is finished, the copolymer stabilizes the nanoparticles within a solid polymeric matrix. The copolymer can then be removed before the nanoparticles are used, which produces nanoparticles that do not have organic coordinating ligands. This nascent synthesis technique presents a method to produce metal-sulfide nanoparticles for a wide variety of applications where the presence of organic ligands is not desired.

도 3a의 TEM 이미지는 황 공중 합체를 완전히 제거되기 전에 황 합체 내에 핵 한 작은 나노 입자의 CDS (3-4 나노 미터)를 나타내고있다. 도 3a에서의 화상은 액이 200 °의 C에 도달 한 직후에, 나노 입자 용액의 분취 량을 취함으로써 취득한다.도 3b는 황 합체가 완전히되기 전 30 분 동안 용액에 성장한 큰 나노 입자 (7-10 nm 인)을 나타낸다 제거.도 3c는도<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix

Herein we present a method to synthesize ligand-free cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles based on a unique sulfur copolymer. The sulfur copolymer operates as a high temperature solvent and a sulfur source during the nanoparticle synthesis and stabilizes the nanoparticles after the reaction.

황 합체 매트릭스 내의 자유 리간드의 CDS 나노 입자의 합성

Aliphatic ligands are typically used during the synthesis of nanoparticles to help mediate their growth in addition to operating as high-temperature ...

synthesis-ligand-free-cds-nanoparticles-within-sulfur-copolymer

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.4K 조회수.  University of Washington. Herein we present a method to synthesize ligand-free cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles based on a unique sulfur copolymer. The sulfur copolymer operates as a high temperature solvent and a sulfur source during the nanoparticle synthesis and stabilizes the nanoparticles after the reaction.

비디오: Synthesis of Ligand-free CdS Nanoparticles within a Sulfur Copolymer Matrix

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study.
Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7.
Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

단일 분자 이미징을위한 소형 양자 점

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for  understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the  spatial and temporal ...

연구

공학

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

충전 분리 Nanocrystals와 고체를 통해 태양 에너지를 수확

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of multicomponent nanostructures consisting of CdS and CdSe with rod and tetrapod morphologies. A seeded synthesis strategy is used in which spherical seeds of CdSe are prepared first using a hot-injection technique. By controlling the crystal structure of the seed to be either wurtzite or zinc-blende, the subsequent hot-injection growth of CdS off of the seed results in either a rod-shaped or tetrapod-shaped nanocrystal, respectively. The phase and morphology of the synthesized nanocrystals are confirmed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, demonstrating that the nanocrystals are phase-pure and have a consistent morphology. The extinction coefficient and quantum yield of the synthesized nanocrystals are calculated using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The rods and tetrapods exhibit extinction coefficients and quantum yields that are higher than that of the bare seeds. This synthesis demonstrates the precise arrangement of materials that can be achieved at the nanoscale by using a seeded synthetic approach.

A protocol for the seeded synthesis of rod-shaped and tetrapod-shaped multicomponent nanostructures consisting of CdS and CdSe is presented.

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of multicomponent nanostructures consisting of CdS and CdSe with rod and tetrapod morphologies. A seeded ...

화학

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

합성, 특성 및 하이브리드 금 / CD 및 금 /은 ZnS 코어 / 쉘 나노 입자의 작용 화

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 적합 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점 CD-자유의 합성

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise composition of these materials is essential, especially in the design of surface catalysts, where the surface concentration of the active component determines the activity of the material. Antimicrobial materials which utilize nanoparticles are a particular focus of this technology. Recently swell encapsulation has emerged as a technique for inserting antimicrobial nanoparticles into a host polymer matrix. Swell encapsulation provides the advantage of localizing the incorporation to the external surfaces of materials, which act as the active sites of these materials. However, quantification of this nanoparticle uptake is challenging. Previous studies explore the link between antimicrobial activity and surface concentration of the active component, but this is not directly visualized. Here we show a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging. Using this method, we can quantify the uptake of nanoparticles via swell encapsulation and measure the surface concentration of encapsulated particles, which is key in optimizing the activity of functional materials.

Here we present a reliable method to monitor the incorporation of nanoparticles into a polymer host matrix via swell encapsulation. We show that the surface concentration of cadmium selenide quantum dots can be accurately visualized through cross-sectional fluorescence imaging.

직접 형광 이미징을 사용하여 나노 입자 - 고분자 복합 재료의 고급 성분 분석

The fabrication of polymer-nanoparticle composites is extremely important in the development of many functional materials. Identifying the precise ...

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be covalently and site-specifically linked via their end facets, resulting in polymer-like linear or branched chains. The linking procedure begins with a cation-exchange process in which the end facets of the cadmium chalcogenide NCs are first converted to silver chalcogenide. This is followed by the selective removal of ligands at their surface. This results in cadmium chalcogenide NCs with highly reactive silver chalcogenide end facets that spontaneously fuse upon contact with each other, thereby establishing an interparticle facet-to-facet attachment. Through the judicious choice of precursor concentrations, an extensive network of linked NCs can be produced. Structural characterization of the linked NCs is carried out via low- and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which confirm the presence of silver chalcogenide domains between chains of cadmium chalcogenide NCs.

A protocol detailing how shape-anisotropic colloidal cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals can be covalently linked via their end facets is presented here.

면 대 면 모양 이방성 콜 로이드 카드뮴 칼코게나이드 Nanostructures의 연결

Here, we describe a protocol that allows for shape-anisotropic cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs), such as nanorods (NRs) and tetrapods (TPs), to be ...

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and porous metal-dithiolene network in the highly ordered single crystalline state. Unlike the highly reactive free-standing thiols, which tend to decompose and complicate the crystallization of metal-thiolate open frameworks, the thioester reacts in situ to provide the thiol species, serving to mitigate the reaction between the mercaptan units and the metal centers, and to improve crystallization consequently. Specifically, the thioester was synthesized in a one-pot procedure: an aromatic bromide (hexabromotriphenylene) reacted with excess sodium thiomethoxide under vigorous conditions to first form the thioether intermediate product. The thioether was then demethylated by the excess thiomethoxide to provide the thiolate anion that was acylated to form the thioester product. The thioester was conveniently purified by standard column chromatography, and then used directly in the framework synthesis, wherein NaOH and ethylenediamine serve to revert in situ the thioester to the thiol linker for assembling the single-crystalline Pb(II)-dithiolene network. Compared with other methods for thiol synthesis (e.g., by cleaving alkyl thioether using sodium metal and liquid ammonia), the thioester synthesis here uses simple conditions and economical reagents. Moreover, the thioester product is stable and can be conveniently handled and stored. More importantly, in contrast to the generic difficulty in accessing crystalline metal-thiolate open frameworks, we demonstrate that using the thioester for in situ formation of the thiol linker greatly improves the crystallinity of the solid-state product. We intend to encourage broader research efforts on the technologically important metal-sulfur frameworks by disclosing the synthetic protocol for the thioester as well as the crystalline framework solid.

Here, we present a one-pot, transition-metal-free synthesis of thiols and thioesters from aromatic halides and sodium thiomethoxide, followed by the preparation of single crystals of a metal-dithiolene network using thiol species generated in situ from the more stable and tractable thioester.

반도체 Gyroidal 금속-황 프레임 워크의 결정 화에 대 한 Thiol 빌딩 블록의 합성

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution of capping ligands during the synthesis reaction, their role in regulating the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal nanoparticles is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanistic investigation of the role of trioctylphosphine (TOP) in Pd nanoparticles in different solvents (toluene and pyridine) using in situ SAXS and ligand-based kinetic modeling. Our results under different synthetic conditions reveal the overlap of nucleation and growth of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, which contradicts the LaMer-type nucleation and growth model. The model accounts for the kinetics of Pd-TOP binding for both, the precursor and the particle surface, which is essential to capture the size evolution as well as the concentration of particles in situ. In addition, we illustrate the predictive power of our ligand-based model through designing the synthetic conditions to obtain nanoparticles with desired sizes. The proposed methodology can be applied to other synthesis systems and therefore serves as an effective strategy for predictive synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles.

The main goal of this work is to elucidate the role of capping agents in regulating the size of palladium nanoparticles by combining in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and ligand-based kinetic modeling.

Ligand 중재 Nucleation 및 팔라듐 금속 나노 입자의 성장

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 367 nm using the chemical bath deposition technique are studied comparatively. Two experiments are performed to make a comparison: one without UV light and the other with the aid of UV light. Both experiments are performed under equal conditions, at a temperature of 343 K and with a pH of 3.2. The precursors used are cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [CS(NH2)2], which are dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water with an acidic pH. In this experiment, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation is sought at the moment the chemical reaction is carried out. The results demonstrate the existence of an interaction between the crystals and the UV light; the UV light assistance causes crystal growths in an acicular shape. Also, the final product obtained is cadmium sulfide and shows no evident difference when synthesized with or without the use of UV light.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

This article presents a protocol for the synthesis of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals by chemical bath deposition. Two experiments are described: one aided by ultraviolet light compared to one without ultraviolet light.

Bis(thiourea) 카드뮴 염화 물 결정 및 후속 Cd Obtention의 화학 목욕 공 술 서에 자외선의 효과

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of ...