Name: using confocal analysis of xenopus laevis to investigate modulators of wnt and shh morphogen gradients
Uploaded: 2015-12-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients at JoVE.com

BBSRC에 의해 투자 된이 작품은 (BB / H010297 / 1), SAR에 BBSRC 할당량 재학 및 SWF에 MRC 학생이기을 MEP에 부여합니다.

<ol>
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The authors have no competing financial interests.

이 프로토콜의 핵심적인 부분은 일반적으로, 처리 된 분비, 및 장착 된 형광 부분이 있음에도 불구하고, 수용 세포의 반응을 유도 할 수있는 생물학적 활성 리간드를 생성한다. 이 형광 표지 된 유전자 산물은 적절한 분석법을 이용하여 생물학적으로 활성화되어 있음을 확립하는 것이 중요합니다. 쉬-GFP를 들어 PTC1의 발현을 활성화 할 수있는 능력을 확인 하였다 (16). Wnt8a는...

초기 배아 발달 동안 세포가 점진적 분화의 특정 계통을 따라 약속 :이 전능성 (또는 다 능성) 하나의 세포 유형을 야기하도록 결정된 선조 세포의 개체수를 구축을 점차 제한 될 셀들의 그룹을 의미한다. 세포 - 세포 신호 배아 개발하는 동안 혈통 사양의 규제의 핵심입니다. 이러한 신호의 조작은 새로운 의학적 치료를 지원하기 위해 특정 운명 향해 줄기 세포를 지향 시키도록 요구 될 것이다. 신호 전달 경로의 상대적으로 적은 수의 TGF 상과 (nodals 및 BMPs에) 1-2 FGFs 3 Wnts 4 및 5에 대응 고슴도치 경로를 포함하여 개발하는 동안 반복된다. 이들 분비 단백질함으로써 유전자 발현 및 / 또는 세포의 행동을 변경하는 신호 전달을 활성화하는 세포막에 존재하는 수용체에 결합한다. 세포 기호의 꽉 규제Alling은 세포 혈통 사양과 정상적인 발전을 위해 필수적이다. 이들 경로들 사이의 크로스 토크는 세포의 운명을 결정하는 것도 중요하지만, 하나의 리간드는 그 자체가 다른 농도에서 별개의 응답을 이끌어 낼 수있다. Morphogen 구배는 세포 유형 세포 (6)의 필드에서 파생 할 수있는 방법 다른 설명하는 이론으로 100 년 전에 설명했다. 셀들의 하나의 그룹에 의해 생성 된 분자를 시그널링하는 것은 소스로부터 더 먼 거리와 농도의 감소, 특정 범위를 통해 확산 될 수있다. 신호에 노출 된 세포는 별개의 위치에 세포 신호의 상이한 레벨로 상이하게 응답하여, 전지의 분야에서 자신의 위치에 국소 농도에 반응 할 것이다. morphogens의 존재에 대한 증거는 초기 초파리 배아 7 및 8 날개 디스크뿐만 아니라 척추 사지 9 신경관 (10)의 연구로부터 온다. 방법은의에 필요설립 방법 morphogen 그라디언트 vestigate 이러한 구배를 조절에서 중요한 다른 분자를 식별 할 수 있습니다. 다른 유전 적 배경의 맥락에서, 생체 내에서 내인성 단백질을 가시화하기 위해 면역 조직 화학을 사용하여 우아한 실험 morphogen 구배 11-12을 조사하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 그러나, 좋은 항체 및 특정 돌연변이는 항상 사용할 수 없으며, 그래서 우리는 대안 외래 유전자 산물이 세포의 필드에 걸쳐 리간드의 분포에 영향을 미칠 수있는 방법을 절개하는 간단한 방법을 제공하는데, 제노 푸스에서 형광성 리간드의 과발현을 사용하여 여기 프로토콜을 설명한다. Xenopus의 laevis의은 초기 단계에 액세스 할 수 있도록 자신의 태아가 외부 개발로 실험 이러한 유형의를 수행 할 수있는 훌륭한 시스템을 제공합니다. 그들은 (아직도 약 20 상대적으로 큰만큼 그들의 큰 크기 (지름 1-1.5mm)는 미세 주입 및 수술 조작을 단순화하고 포배는 단계적으로 세포 이미지에 쉽게81)에 걸쳐 미터. Xenopus의에서 과발현 연구 할 간단하다 : 초기 배아에 주입 mRNA의 특정 세포를 타겟으로 할 수 있고, 효율적으로 변환됩니다. 찬란 태그 Wnt8a / Wnt11b-HA-eGFP는 구조가 PCS2 Wnt8a-HA (13), PCS2 Wnt11b-HA (14)와 eGFP는을 사용하여 생성되었다. HA 펩타이드는 유전자 산물 모두 작동하도록의 Wnt 및 eGFP는 단백질을 분리하는 스페이서의 역할을하는 것으로 생각되기 때문에 추가적인 분자 태그를 제공 할뿐만 아니라,하지만을 포함하는 것이 중요하다. 쉬의 시각화에 사용 구조체 이전 쉬-eGFP는 융합 단백질 (15)을 발현 트랜스 제닉 마우스를 생성하는 데 사용되었다; 이것은 친절 앤디 맥마흔에 의해 제공되었다. 중요하게는, 모든 구조에 대한 GFP 태그가 처리 후에도 유지되도록 신호 서열에 3 &#39;복제된다. 그것은 최종 단백질 변형에 필요한 서열, 예컨대 additio 포함되어 있는지 확인하는 것도 중요같은 지질의 N은 합성의 mRNA의 prodution에 최적화되어 PCS2 + 발현 벡터에 서브 클로닝 하였다 쉬와의 Wnt ligands.The 된 cDNA의 경우입니다; 그것은 SP6 프로모터 및 폴리아 데 닐화 신호 (http://sitemaker.umich.edu/dlturner.vectors)를 포함한다. 여기에 설명 된 작업은 분비와 형광의 확산을 비교하기위한 간단한 프로토콜의 Wnt 및 쉬가 리간드 태그 태그 제공합니다. 합성의 mRNA의 정의 양을 주입하여, 프로토콜은 서로 다른 프로모터를 사용하여 다른 벡터로부터 변수 표현과 관련된 모든 문제를 주항. 이러한 방법은 최근에 쉬-eGFP는과 Wnt8a / Xenopus의 16 ~ 17에서 Wnt11b-HA-eGFP는 분비 및 확산에 헤파 란 황산 endosulfatase Sulf1의 효과를 조사하기 위해 적용되었다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Melford</td><td>MB 1200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium acetate</td><td>Ambion</td><td>From Megascript SP6 Kit AM 1330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bicarbonate</td><td>VWR International</td><td>RC-091</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium nitrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C13961</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cap analog (m7G(5&#039;))</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>AM 8050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C 2432</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C7880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dNTPs</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>18427-013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>O3690</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>VWR International</td><td>20821.33</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll 400</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F 4375</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fiji image J software</td><td></td><td></td><td>Free download http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamycin</td><td>Melford</td><td>G 0124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A/0400/PB17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass cover slips, No.1.5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td><td>22X22-SGJ3015. 22X50-SGJ3030&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass needle puller</td><td>Narishige</td><td>Narishige PC -10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass pull needles</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>3-000-203-G/X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human chronic gonadotropin (HCG)</td><td>Intervet</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P/7500/PB17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium chloride (LiCl)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L-7026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LSM710 and Zen software (2008-2010)</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab software</td><td>Mathworks</td><td></td><td>http://uk.mathworks.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular grade water&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP 2819-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nail varnish&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Boots</td><td>Bar code 3600530 373048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Lab.tech International</td><td>ND-1000 / ND8000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Petri dish (55 mm)</td><td>VWR International</td><td>391-0865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenol-chloroform</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P3803</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photoshop software</td><td>Adobe</td><td></td><td>http://www.photoshop.com/products</td></tr><tr><td>High fidelity DNA polymerase and buffers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Biolabs</td><td>M0530S&amp;nbsp; Buffer - M0531S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P/4280/53</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVC insulation tape</td><td>Onecall</td><td>SH5006MPK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel extraction kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>S28704</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restriction enzymes buffers</td><td>Roche</td><td>SuRE/CUT Buffer Set 11082 035 001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNAse-free DNAse</td><td>Promega</td><td>ME10A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel back single edge blades</td><td>Personna</td><td>66-0403-0000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>27810.364</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SP6 transcription kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1330</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass slides</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>SHE 2505</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris base</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15504-020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten needles</td><td></td><td></td><td>homemade</td></tr><tr><td>Zen lite software</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td></td><td>Free download&amp;nbsp; http://www.zeiss.co.uk/microscopy/en_gb/downloads/zen.html</td></tr></tbody></table>

using confocal analysis of xenopus laevis to investigate modulators of wnt and shh morphogen gradients

이 프로토콜은 세포의 필드 분산 리간드를 시각화하는 방법을 설명한다. 함께 초기 배아에서의 세포의 큰 크기, 외래 단백질을 발현의 용이성, 제노 푸스는 GFP - 태그 리간드를 시각화하는 유용한 모델을 laevis의합니다. 합성 mRNA를 효과적으로 초기 Xenopus의 배아 내로 주입 한 후 변환되고, 주사는 단일 세포를 타겟으로 할 수있다. 이러한 막 닿는 RFP 같은 혈통 추적과 함께 사용하면 과잉 발현 된 단백질을 생산하고 주입 된 세포 (및 그 자손이) 쉽게 따라 할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 생산을위한 방법의 형광 주입의 mRNA에서의 Wnt 및 쉬 리간드 태그에 대해 설명합니다. 방법은 마일을 포함외배엽 외식 (동물 모자)와 여러 샘플 리간드 확산의 분석 CRO의 해부. 공 초점 영상을 사용하여, 세포의 필드 위에 리간드 분비 및 확산에 관한 정보를 얻을 수있다. 공 초점 이미지의 통계적인 분석은 리간드 구배의 형상 정량적 데이터를 제공한다. 이들 방법은 morphogen 그라디언트의 형상을 조절할 수있는 요소의 효과를 테스트 할 연구에 유용 할 수있다.

형광 태그로 단백질을 발현하는 동물 캡 이식편의 촛점 분석은 다양한 실험 조건 하에서 리간드 분포를 시각화하기위한 효과적인 시스템을 제공한다. 일 예에서, GFP의 분포는 쉬 (도 1)를 나타낸다 태그. 2- 세포 단계에서 Xenopus의 배아 제어의 mRNA 또는 mRNA를 Sulf1, 세포 표면 헤파 란 황산 수정 및 쉬 morphogen 구배 16 영향을 미치는 효소의 코딩 중 하나와 모두 세포 내로 주...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients at JoVE.com

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

원고는 여기 Xenopus의에서 찬란 태그 리간드의 분비 및 확산을 분석하는 방법의 간단한 세트를 제공합니다. 이는 리간드 분포를 수정하는 다른 단백질의 능력을 시험하고 morphogen 기울기 조절 메커니즘에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있도록 실험을위한 컨텍스트를 제공한다.

공 촛점 분석을 사용하여<em&gt; 아프리카 발톱 개구리 laevis의</em&gt;의 Wnt 및 쉬 Morphogen 그라디언트의 변조기를 조사하기 위해

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

using-confocal-analysis-xenopus-laevis-to-investigate-modulators-wnt

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

11.2K 조회수.  The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield.  원고는 여기 Xenopus의에서 찬란 태그 리간드의 분비 및 확산을 분석하는 방법의 간단한 세트를 제공합니다. 이는 리간드 분포를 수정하는 다른 단백질의 능력을 시험하고 morphogen 기울기 조절 메커니즘에 대한 통찰력을 제공 할 수 있도록 실험을위한 컨텍스트를 제공한다. 

비디오: Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

줄기 세포처럼<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 배아의 Explants는 초기 신경 발달의 특징을 연구하는<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 및<em&gt; 생체</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

연구

발생학

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술<em&gt; Xenopus의</em&gt; 신장

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and tissues in the adult body form. Yet, each year more components of individual signaling pathways are discovered, and studies indicate that depending on the context there is significant cross-talk among most of these pathways. This complexity makes studying cell-to-cell signaling in any in vivo developmental model system a difficult task. In addition, efficient functional analyses are required to characterize molecules associated with signaling pathways identified from the large data sets generated by next generation differential screens. Here, we illustrate a straightforward method to efficiently identify components of signal transduction pathways governing cell fate and axis specification in sea urchin embryos. The genomic and morphological simplicity of embryos similar to those of the sea urchin make them powerful in vivo developmental models for understanding complex signaling interactions. The methodology described here can be used as a template for identifying novel signal transduction molecules in individual pathways as well as the interactions among the molecules in the various pathways in many other organisms.

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

This video article details a straightforward in vivo methodology that can be used to systematically and efficiently characterize components of complex signaling pathways and regulatory networks in many invertebrate embryos.

단순함의 힘 : 같은 성게 배아<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 복잡한 세포 간 신호 전달 네트워크의 상호 작용 유학을위한 발달 모델

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and ...

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During axon outgrowth, the growth cone must integrate multiple sources of guidance cue information to modulate its cytoskeleton in order to propel the growth cone forward and accurately navigate to find its specific targets1. How this integration occurs at the cytoskeletal level is still emerging, and examination of cytoskeletal protein and effector dynamics within the growth cone can allow the elucidation of these mechanisms. Xenopus laevis growth cones are large enough (10-30 microns in diameter) to perform high-resolution live imaging of cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g.2-4 ) and are easy to isolate and manipulate in a lab setting compared to other vertebrates. The frog is a classic model system for developmental neurobiology studies, and important early insights into growth cone microtubule dynamics were initially found using this system5-7 . In this method8, eggs are collected and fertilized in vitro, injected with RNA encoding fluorescently tagged cytoskeletal fusion proteins or other constructs to manipulate gene expression, and then allowed to develop to the neural tube stage. Neural tubes are isolated by dissection and then are cultured, and growth cones on outgrowing neurites are imaged. In this article, we describe how to perform this method, the goal of which is to culture Xenopus laevis growth cones for subsequent high-resolution image analysis. While we provide the example of +TIP fusion protein EB1-GFP, this method can be applied to any number of proteins to elucidate their behaviors within the growth cone.

Neural Explant Cultures from Xenopus laevis

Culturing neural explants from dissected Xenopus laevis embryos that express fluorescent fusion proteins allows for imaging of growth cone cytoskeletal dynamics.

에서 신경 Explant의 문화<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em

The complex process of axon guidance is largely driven by the growth cone, which is the dynamic motile structure at the tip of the growing axon. During ...

신경과학

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

The process by which the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina continues to be a major focus of both clinical and basic research. In addition to the obvious medical relevance for understanding and treating retinal disease, the development of the vertebrate retina continues to serve as an important and elegant model system for understanding neuronal cell type determination and differentiation1-16. The neural retina consists of six discrete cell types (ganglion, amacrine, horizontal, photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and M&uuml;ller glial cells) arranged in stereotypical layers, a pattern that is largely conserved among all vertebrates 12,14-18.
While studying the retina in the intact developing embryo is clearly required for understanding how this complex organ develops from a protrusion of the forebrain into a layered structure, there are many questions that benefit from employing approaches using primary cell culture of presumptive retinal cells 7,19-23. For example, analyzing cells from tissues removed and dissociated at different stages allows one to discern the state of specification of individual cells at different developmental stages, that is, the fate of the cells in the absence of interactions with neighboring tissues 8,19-22,24-33. Primary cell culture also allows the investigator to treat the culture with specific reagents and analyze the results on a single cell level 5,8,21,24,27-30,33-39. Xenopus laevis, a classic model system for the study of early neural development 19,27,29,31-32,40-42, serves as a particularly suitable system for retinal primary cell culture 10,38,43-45.
Presumptive retinal tissue is accessible from the earliest stages of development, immediately following neural induction 25,38,43. In addition, given that each cell in the embryo contains a supply of yolk, retinal cells can be cultured in a very simple defined media consisting of a buffered salt solution, thus removing the confounding effects of incubation or other sera-based products 10,24,44-45.
However, the isolation of the retinal tissue from surrounding tissues and the subsequent processing is challenging. Here, we present a method for the dissection and dissociation of retinal cells in Xenopus laevis that will be used to prepare primary cell cultures that will, in turn, be analyzed for calcium activity and gene expression at the resolution of single cells. While the topic presented in this paper is the analysis of spontaneous calcium transients, the technique is broadly applicable to a wide array of research questions and approaches (Figure 1).

Dissection, Culture, and Analysis of Xenopus laevis Embryonic Retinal Tissue

Xenopus laevis provides an ideal model system for studying cell fate specification and physiological function of individual retinal cells in primary cell culture. Here we present a technique for dissecting retinal tissues and generating primary cell cultures that are imaged for calcium activity and analyzed by in situ hybridization.

의 해부, 문화, 및 분석<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; 배아 망막 조직

The process by which  the anterior region of the neural plate gives rise to the vertebrate retina  continues to be a major focus of both clinical and ...

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene knockdown approaches can be utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Second, large clutches of developmentally synchronized embryos provide large experimental sample sizes. Third, the optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo permits researchers to visualize progenitor, glial, and neuronal populations. Although zebrafish embryos are transparent, specimen thickness can impede effective microscopic visualization. One reason for this is the tandem development of the spinal cord and overlying somite tissue. Another reason is the large yolk ball, which is still present during periods of early neurogenesis. In this article, we demonstrate microdissection and removal of the yolk in fixed embryos, which allows microscopic visualization while preserving surrounding somite tissue. We also demonstrate semipermanent mounting of zebrafish embryos. This permits observation of neurodevelopment in the dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, as it preserves the three-dimensionality of the tissue.

Developmental processes such as proliferation, patterning, differentiation, and axon guidance can be readily modeled in the zebrafish spinal cord. In this article, we describe a mounting procedure for zebrafish embryos, which optimizes visualization of these events.

해부 및 제브라 피쉬 배아의 측면 장착 : 척수 개발의 분석

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene ...

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the development of neuronal connectivity. During establishment of the retino-tectal projection, optic axons extend from the eye and navigate through distinct regions of the brain to reach their target tissue, the optic tectum. Once optic axons enter the tectum, they elaborate terminal arbors that function to increase the number of synaptic connections they can make with target interneurons in the tectum. Here, we describe a method to express DNA encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and gain- and loss-of-function gene constructs, in optic neurons (retinal ganglion cells) in Xenopus embryos. We explain how to microinject a combined DNA/lipofection reagent into eyebuds of one day old embryos such that exogenous genes are expressed in single or small numbers of optic neurons. By tagging genes with GFP or co-injecting with a GFP plasmid, terminal axonal arbors of individual optic neurons with altered molecular signaling can be imaged directly in brains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles several days later, and their morphology can be quantified. This protocol allows for determination of cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of optic axon arborization in vivo.

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

This protocol aims to demonstrate how to microinject a DNA/DOTAP mixture into eyebuds of one day old Xenopus laevis embryos, and how to image and reconstruct individual green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing optic axonal arbors in tectal midbrains of intact, living Xenopus tadpoles.

제노푸스 laevis 배아에서 눈부안으로 DNA의 미세 주입 및 GFP의 이미징 그대로 광학 축색 아버를 표현, 살아있는 제노푸스 올챙이

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological processes. In particular, appropriate regulation of calcium activity patterns during embryogenesis is necessary for many aspects of vertebrate neural development, including proper neural tube closure, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter phenotype specification. While the observation that calcium activity patterns can differ in both frequency and amplitude suggests a compelling mechanism by which these fluxes might transmit encoded signals to downstream effectors and regulate gene expression, existing population-level approaches have lacked the precision necessary to further explore this possibility. Furthermore, these approaches limit studies of the role of cell-cell interactions by precluding the ability to assay the state of neuronal determination in the absence of cell-cell contact. Therefore, we have established an experimental workflow that pairs time-lapse calcium imaging of dissociated neuronal explants with a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, allowing the unambiguous correlation of calcium activity pattern with molecular phenotype on a single-cell level. We were successfully able to use this approach to distinguish and characterize specific calcium activity patterns associated with differentiating neural cells and neural progenitor cells, respectively; beyond this, however, the experimental framework described in this article could be readily adapted to investigate correlations between any time-series activity profile and expression of a gene or genes of interest.

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

We present a two-part protocol that combines fluorescent calcium imaging with in situ hybridization, allowing the experimenter to correlate patterns of calcium activity with gene expression profiles on a single-cell level.

제노푸스 라에비스의 신경 전구체 특성화를 위한 형광 칼슘 이미징 및 후속 시토 혼성화

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

라이브 셀 이미징 및 배아 상피 세포의 정량 분석 Xenopus laevis</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

생물학

Flow Cytometry and Confocal Imaging Analysis of Low Wnt Expression in Axin2-mTurquoise2 Reporter Thymocytes

Measuring Wnt expression levels is essential when trying to identify or test new Wnt therapeutic targets. Previous studies have shown that canonical Wnt signaling operates via a dosage-driven mechanism, motivating the need to study and measure Wnt signaling in various cell types. Although several reporter models have been proposed to represent physiological Wnt expression, either the genetic context or the reporter protein highly influenced the validity, accuracy, and flexibility of these tools. This paper describes methods for acquiring and analyzing data obtained with the Axin2-mTurquoise2 mouse Wnt reporter model, which contains a mutated Axin2em1Fstl allele. This model facilitates the study of endogenous canonical Wnt signaling in individual cells over a wide range of Wnt activity.
This protocol describes how to fully appreciate Axin2-mTurquoise2 reporter activity using cell population analysis of the hematopoietic system, combined with cell surface markers or &#946;-catenin intracellular staining. These procedures serve as a base for implementation and reproduction in other tissues or cells of interest. By combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting and confocal imaging, distinct canonical Wnt expression levels can be visualized. The recommended measurement and analysis strategies provide quantitative data on the fluorescent expression levels for precise assessment of canonical Wnt signaling. These methods will be useful for researchers who want to use the Axin2-mTurquise2 model for canonical Wnt expression patterns.

Signaling levels are known to regulate cell fate, indicating that regulation of Wnt signaling constitutes an interesting therapeutic target. Here, we describe flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis methods for a robust murine canonical Wnt signaling reporter model that measures distinct Wnt signaling levels.

Measuring Wnt expression levels is essential when trying to identify or test new Wnt therapeutic targets. Previous studies have shown that canonical Wnt ...

공 촛점 분석을 사용하여

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

줄기 세포처럼

개발에 미세 주입을 대상으로 기술

단순함의 힘 : 같은 성게 배아

에서 신경 Explant의 문화

의 해부, 문화, 및 분석

해부 및 제브라 피쉬 배아의 측면 장착 : 척수 개발의 분석

제노푸스 laevis 배아에서 눈부안으로 DNA의 미세 주입 및 GFP의 이미징 그대로 광학 축색 아버를 표현, 살아있는 제노푸스 올챙이

제노푸스 라에비스의 신경 전구체 특성화를 위한 형광 칼슘 이미징 및 후속 시토 혼성화

라이브 셀 이미징 및 배아 상피 세포의 정량 분석 Xenopus laevis

Flow Cytometry and Confocal Imaging Analysis of Low Wnt Expression in Axin2-mTurquoise2 Reporter Thymocytes